Note: Cover Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Chromosome 22 Deletion Syndrome And Schizophrenia -- I. Introduction -- II. 22q11DS: Mechanism of the Deletion -- III. 22q11DS: Clinical Phenotype -- IV. 22q11DS: Psychosis -- V. 22q11DS: Neuropathology -- VI. 22q11DS: Positional Cloning Schizophrenia Susceptibility Loci -- VII. 22q11DS: Murine Models -- VIII. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase -- IX. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Characterization of Proteome of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid -- I. Introduction -- II. Materials and Methods -- A. Collection of Human CSF by Lumbar Puncture and Exclusion Criteria -- B. CSF Sample Preparation and Fractionation with SDS-PAGE -- C. In-Gel Digestion -- D. Protein Identification Using LC Followed by LCQ-MS -- E. Protein Identification Using Off-Line SCX Chromatography Followed by LTQ-FT MS -- F. Data Processing and Analysis -- III. Results -- A. Proteins Identified by muLC-LCQ-MS/MS -- B. Proteins Identified by nanoLC-LTQ-FT MS/MS Following Off-Line SCX Separation -- C. Reexamination of Previously Identified Proteins -- D. Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Hormonal Pathways Regulating Intermale And Interfemale Aggression -- I. Introduction -- A. Common Regulatory Concepts in Males and Females -- II. Females -- A. DHEA as a Neurosteroid -- III. Males -- A. Regulation in the Adult -- B. Neural Steroid Receptors -- IV. Hormonal Modulation of Serotonin Function -- V. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Neuronal GAP Junctions: Expression, Function, And Implications For Behavior -- I. A Brief History of Gap Junctions -- II. Gap Junction Structure -- III. Gap Junctions in the Brain -- IV. Electrical Coupling in the Brain -- V. Properties and Function of Electrical Synapses -- VI. Modulation of Electrical Synapses and Gap-Junctional Coupling. , VII. Use-Dependent Plasticity -- VIII. Local Factors: Voltage, pH, and Calcium -- IX. Neurotransmitter and Second Messenger Modulation -- X. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5: Effects of Genes and Stress on the Neurobiology of Depression -- I. Introduction -- II. Stress and Depression -- III. Genetics and Depression -- IV. Serotonergic System -- V. Candidate Gene Studies of the Serotonergic System -- A. Serotonin Transporter -- B. Serotonin Receptors -- C. Other Serotonin Receptors -- D. Tryptophan Hydroxylase -- VI. Current Stress and the Serotonergic System -- A. Early Life Stress and the Serotonergic System -- VII. Gene Stress Interaction -- VIII. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) Axis -- A. Genetics and the HPA Axis -- B. Early Life Stress and the HPA Axis -- IX. Noradrenergic System -- A. Genetics and the Noradrenergic System -- B. Current Stress and the Noradrenergic System -- C. Early Life Stress and the Noradrenergic System -- X. Dopaminergic System in Depression -- A. Genetics and the Dopaminergic System -- B. Current Stress and the Dopaminergic System -- C. Early Life Stress and the Dopaminergic System -- XI. GABAergic System -- A. Genetics and the GABAergic System -- B. Early Life Stress and the GABAergic System -- XII. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor -- A. Genetics and BDNF -- B. Current Stress and BDNF -- C. Early Life Stress and BDNF -- XIII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Quantitative Imaging with the Micro-pet Small-Animal Pet Tomograph -- I. Introduction -- II. Setup and Calibration -- A. Scanner Setup -- B. Calibration -- C. Quality Control -- D. External Radioactivity Measurements -- E. Animal Positioning -- III. Physical Corrections -- A. Randoms -- B. Deadtime -- C. Attenuation -- D. Scatter -- E. Normalization -- F. Natural Background Radioactivity of LSO -- IV. Image Reconstruction. , V. Data Analysis -- A. Anatomical Segmentation and Image Registration -- B. Partial Volume Correction -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Understanding Myelination Through Studying Its Evolution -- I. Introduction -- II. Evidence that Glial Cells First Interacted with Large Axons in a "Nonmyelin" Relationship -- III. Myelin-like Sheaths in Invertebrates -- A. Morphological Considerations -- B. Physiological Properties of Invertebrate Myelinated Fibers -- C. Biochemical Properties of Invertebrate Myelinated Fibers -- D. Concluding Remarks on Invertebrate Fiber Myelination -- IV. Vertebrate Myelinated Nervous System -- A. Morphological Features -- B. Biochemical and Molecular Features of Vertebrate Myelin Sheaths -- C. Differentiation of Myelinating CNS and PNS Glial Cells -- V. Use of Comparative Myelin Studies to Understand CNS Regeneration -- A. Myelin Inhibition, a Historical Perspective -- B. Characterization of Regeneration Inhibitors in Mammals -- C. Phylogeny of CNS Regeneration -- D. Comparative Genomics of the Myelin Inhibitory Machinery -- E. CNS Regeneration Despite Myelin Inhibitors-Does the Immune System Make the Difference? -- F. Conclusion: Collision of Biological Necessity and Clinical Needs -- VI. Future Studies of Myelin Evolution -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- Contents of Recent Volumes.

Note: front cover -- copyright -- table of contents -- contributors -- MAPPING NEURORECEPTORS AT WORK: ON THE DEFINITION AND INTERPRETATION OF BINDING POTENTIALS AFTER 20 YEARS OF PROGRESS -- I. Twenty Years of Progress -- II. Remaining Issues -- III. Solutions -- References 1 -- MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN BIPOLAR DISORDER: FROM MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPIC FINDINGS TO THEIR MOLECULAR MECHANISMS -- I. Introduction 2 -- II. Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- III. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy -- IV. Molecular Genetic Findings -- V. Roles of Mitochondrial Calcium Regulation -- VI. Conclusions -- References 2 -- LARGE-SCALE MICROARRAY STUDIES OF GENE EXPRESSION IN MULTIPLE REGIONS OF THE BRAIN IN SCHIZOPHRENIA AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE -- I. Introduction 3 -- II. Gene Expression Profiling Using Microarrays: Technologies Overview -- III. Postmortem Brains and Gene Expression Studies -- IV. Comparison of Gene Expression Profiles among Normal Brain Regions -- V. Gene Expression Profiles of Brain Regions in Alzheimer's Disease -- VI. Gene Expression Profiling in Schizophrenia -- VII. Future Perspectives -- References 3 -- REGULATION OF SEROTONIN 2C RECEPTOR PRE-mRNA EDITING BY SEROTONIN -- I. Introduction 4 -- II. Modification of RNA Sequences by RNA Editing via Hydrolytic Deaminations of Adenosines -- III. Enzymes Responsible for A-to-I Editing and Their Substrate Requirements -- IV. A-to-I Editing of the 5- HT2C Receptor Pre- mRNA -- V. Modulation of 5- HT2C Receptor Function by RNA Editing -- VI. 5- HT2C Pre- mRNA Editing Responses to Sustained Changes of Postsynaptic 5-HT2C Receptor Activation -- VII. 5- HT2C Pre- mRNA Editing in the Human Prefrontal Cortex and Alterations in Editing-Site Preferences in Brains of Subjects with Major Depression -- VIII. Conclusions and Future Directions -- References 4. , THE DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS OF DRUG ADDICTION: HYPODOPAMINERGIC STATE -- I. Drug Addiction as a Brain Disease -- II. The Mesolimbic Dopamine System -- III. Behavioral Animal Models -- IV. Biochemical Studies -- V. Primate Studies -- VI. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments 5 -- References 5 -- HUMAN AND ANIMAL SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ARE AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: A NOVEL THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE -- I. Introduction 6 -- II. A New Theory on the Mechanism of Pathogenesis of Spongiform Encephalopathies (SEs) -- III. Supporting Evidence -- IV. Early Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Various SE Diseases -- V. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments 6 -- References 6 -- ADENOSINE AND BRAIN FUNCTION -- I. Introduction 7 -- II. Regulation of Brain Adenosine Levels in the Central Nervous System -- III. Adenosine Receptors -- IV. Functions of Adenosine Receptors -- V. Adenosine-Dopamine Interactions in Brain -- VI. Phenotypes of Knockout Mice -- VII. Adenosine Receptors and Protection against Ischemic and Excitotoxic Brain Injuries -- VIII. Adenosine A2A Receptors and Neurodegenerative Disorders -- IX. Adenosine Receptors and Psychiatric Disorders -- X. Adenosine and the Regulation of Sleep- Wake Cycles -- XI. Adenosine and Epilepsy -- XII. Adenosine and Pain -- Acknowledgments 7 -- References 7 -- Index -- Contents of Recent Volumes.

Note: Front Cover -- Cytogenetics of Cells in Culture -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- CHARLES MARC POMERAT -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1. CYTOGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN MIXED CULTURES OF MAMMALIAN SOMATIC CELLS IN VITRO -- INTRODUCTION -- CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2. HYBRIDIZATION OF SOMATIC CELLS JN VITRO -- INTRODUCTION -- HYBRIDS OBTAINED UP TO DATE -- SELECTION AND VIABILITY OF HYBRIDS -- CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION^ -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3. SELECTION PRESSURE IN MAMMALIAN CELL POPULATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- THE CONTRIBUTION OF ERROR -- NORMAL SOMATIC TISSUES -- IRRADIATED SOMATIC TISSUES -- DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4. PHASE CINEMATOGRAPHY STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF RADIATION AND OF SOME CHEMICALS ON CELLS AND CHROMOSOMES -- INTRODUCTION -- CYTOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF VARIOUS CELLULAR ORGANELLES TO CERTAIN CHEMICALS -- BEHAVIOR OF CHROMOSOMES IN GRASSHOPPER SPERMATOCYTES FOLLOWING β-IRRADIATION -- BEHAVIOR OF THE TELOPHASE CHROMOSOME GROUP IN SILKWORM SPERMATOCYTES FOLLOWING ULTRAVIOLET MICROBEAM IRRADIATION -- GENERAL SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5. CELLULAR INTERPRETATION OF ASPECTS OF THE ACUTE MAMMALIAN RADIATION SYNDROME -- INTRODUCTION -- DIFFICULTIES IN INTERPRETATION OF THE RADIATION SYNDROME -- SURVIVAL CURVES FOR MAMMALIAN CELLS IN VITRO -- INTERPRETATION OF THE ACUTE WHOLE-BODY RADIATION SYNDROME ON THE BASIS OF CELL REPRODUCTIVE KILLING -- FURTHER EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR THIS FORMULATION -- IDENTIFICATION OF THE SITE WITHIN THE CELL RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LETHAL ACTION -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6. RETENTION OF EUPLOIDY AND MUTAGENICITY OF HETEROCHROMATIN IN CULTURE -- INTRODUCTION -- SEX HETEROCHROMATIN -- RETENTION OF EUPLOIDY IN VITRO -- EUPLOID SPONTANEOUS NEOPLASIA -- INDUCED MALIGNANCIES. , IN VIVO TRANSPLANTATION OF POLYOMA-TRANSFORMED EUPLOID CELL LINES -- SPONTANEOUS TUMOR 89 -- SPECIFICITY OF BUDR FOR SECONDARY CONSTRICTIONS -- TELOMERIC ASSOCIATION -- LESION OF SECONDARY CONSTRICTIONS OF X-CHROMOSOMES OF POLYOMA-TRANSFORMED CELLS -- CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ADENOVIRUS -- SUMMARY -- ADDENDUM -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7. THE NATURE, ORIGIN, AND GENETIC IMPLICATIONS OF STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE SEX CHROMOSOMES IN MAN -- INTRODUCTION -- ABNORMALITIES OF THE Y-CHROMOSOME -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8. CHROMOSOME STUDIES IN THE GENERAL POPULATION -- INTRODUCTION -- COMPOSITION OF THE STUDY POPULATION -- METHOD -- RESULTS: GERIATRIC POPULATION -- GENERAL POPULATION -- DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9. ALTÉRATIONS CHROMOSOMIQUES DANS DES CELLULES CULTIVÉES EN PRÉSENCE D'EXTRAITS TISSULAIRES HÉTÉROSPÉCIFIQUES1 -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIEL ET TECHNIQUES -- RESULTATS -- DISCUSSION -- RESUME -- SUMMARY -- BIBLIOGRAPHIE -- Chapter 10. CHROMOSOMAL STUDIES ON HUMAN LEUCOCYTES FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH RADIOACTIVE IODINE IN VIVO AND IN VITRO -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11. THE LIMITED IN VITRO LIFETIME OF HUMAN DIPLOID CELL STRAINS -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12. REGULATION OF DNA REPLICATION AND VARIEGATION-TYPE POSITION EFFECTS -- PATTERNS OF ASYNCHRONOUS REPLICATION -- LATE REPLICATION, HETEROPYCNOSIS, AND GENETIC INACTIVATION -- TESTS OF THE INACTIVATION HYPOTHESIS -- INDUCTION OF THE REPRESSED STATE -- HYPOTHESIS FOR A GENERAL REPRESSOR SYSTEM -- SUMMARY AND PREDICTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13. IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN CHROMOSOMES BY DNA REPLICATION SEQUENCE -- INTRODUCTION. , CHROMOSOMAL CHARACTERISTICS -- COMMENTS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14. MUTAGENIC RESPONSE OF HUMAN SOMATIC CELL LINES -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15. DNA SYNTHESIS AND CHROMOSOMAL MORPHOLOGY OF CHINESE HAMSTER CELLS CULTURED IN MEDIA CONTAINING N-DEACETYL-N-METHYLCOLCHICINE (COLCEMID) -- INTRODUCTION -- PROCEDURES -- EXPERIMENTAL DATA -- DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16. HETEROCHROMATIN IN THE HUMAN MALE -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- RESULTS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 17. CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE ASSOCIATED WITH VIRUSES AND DNA INHIBITORS -- INTRODUCTION -- ROUS SARCOMA -- MEASLES -- DEOXYADENOSINE AND CYTOSINE ARABINOSIDE -- ROUS VIRUS AND HUMAN LEUCOCYTE CULTURES -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 18. QUANTITATION AND AUTOMATION OF CHROMOSOMAL DATA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CHROMOSOMES OF THE HAMSHIRE PIG -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- AUTHOR INDEX.

Note: Front Cover -- Neuroimmune Signaling in Drug Actions and Addictions -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter One: Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Alcohol and Drug Addiction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Neuroimmune Modulation of Synaptic Function -- 3. Neuroinflammation -- 4. Neuroimmune Molecules in Neurodevelopment -- 5. Neuroimmune Factors Modulate Neuroendocrine Function -- 6. Neuroimmune Mechanism and Addiction -- 7. Summary -- References -- Chapter Two: Neuroimmune Pathways in Alcohol Consumption: Evidence from Behavioral and Genetic Studies in Rodents and Humans -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Immune Regulation of Ethanol Consumption and Ethanol Regulation of Immune Signaling -- 3. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: Anti-Inflammatory Action and Role in Alcohol Consumption -- 4. Alcohol Consumption and Neuroimmune-Related Gene Expression -- 5. Alcohol Consumption and Neuroimmune-Related microRNAs -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Three: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Neuroimmune Changes -- 1. Overview of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders -- 2. Normal Brain Development -- 3. FASD Neuropathology in Humans -- 4. FASD Neuropathology in Animal Models -- 5. Behavioral Consequences in Humans with FASD -- 6. Behavioral Consequences in Rodent Models of FASD -- 7. Overview: Alcohol Effects on Immune Response in the Brain -- 8. Microglia -- 8.1. Overview -- 8.2. Role in the CNS development -- 8.3. Function in the healthy CNS -- 8.4. Immune response -- 9. Potential Long-Term Consequences of Immune Activation in the Developing CNS -- 10. Link Between Ethanol and Immune Responses -- 10.1. Human studies -- 10.2. Animal studies -- 10.3. Signaling pathways -- 11. Therapies -- 11.1. Early diagnosis of FASD -- 11.2. Development of novel anti-inflammatory therapies for FASD -- 11.2.1. Pioglitazone -- 11.2.2. Minocycline. , 11.2.3. Naltrexone -- 12. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Four: Role of Microglia in Regulation of Ethanol Neurotoxic Action -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Microglial Cell Functions in the CNS -- 2.1. Microglial response to pathogens and tissue damage -- 2.2. Microglia, inflammation, and cell death -- 2.3. Microglial modulation of neuronal activity and development -- 3. Microglial Mechanisms of the Neurotoxic Effects of Alcohol -- 3.1. Alcohol-induced microglial activation, inflammation, and neurotoxicity -- 3.2. Alcohol-induced microglial production of ROS and neurotoxicity -- 4. Protective Effects of Microglia -- 5. Alcohol-Related Disease, Neurotoxicity, and Microglia -- 5.1. Adult alcohol-use disorders -- 5.2. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders -- 5.3. Microglia priming hypothesis -- 6. Summary and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Five: Functions of the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 in the Central Nervous System and Its Regulation by μ-Opioid Rece... -- 1. Chemokine System Overview -- 2. Opioid System Overview -- 3. CXCR4 and Opioids Actions in the Central Nervous System -- 3.1. Physiological and pathological roles of CXCR4 -- 3.2. Effects of opioids on neuronal and non-neuronal cells -- 4. CXCR4 Interactions with Opioids -- 4.1. Heterologous desensitization -- 4.2. Transcriptional regulation/changes in expression -- 4.3. Receptor dimerization -- 4.4. Novel regulatory mechanisms: Ferritin heavy chain -- 5. Chemokine and Opioid Interactions in HAND -- 6. Gaps and Future Challenges -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Six: Discovery of a Novel Site of Opioid Action at the Innate Immune Pattern-Recognition Receptor TLR4 and its Ro... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Innate Immunity of the Central Nervous System -- 3. Parallels Between an Immune Response to Lipopolysaccharide and Opioids. , 4. How Immune Mediators Can Alter Behavior -- 5. Stress and the Central Nervous System´s Innate Immune System -- 6. Addiction -- 6.1. Opponent theory and allostasis -- 7. Integrating Addiction Neuroscience with Immunology -- 7.1. Binge and intoxication -- 7.2. Withdrawal and negative affect -- 7.2.1. Within system adaptations-A desensitized reward pathway -- 7.2.2. Between system adaptations-Recruitment of antireward pathway -- 7.3. Preoccupation and craving -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter Seven: Neuroimmune Basis of Methamphetamine Toxicity -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Part 1 -- 2.1. Microglia and astrocytes -- 2.1.1. Microglia -- 2.1.2. Astrocytes -- 2.2. Inflammatory signaling -- 2.3. Molecular/cellular: receptors and transporters -- 2.3.1. Neurotransmitter modulation of methamphetamine´s inflammatory effects -- 3. Part 2 -- 3.1. Animal models -- 4. Part 3 -- 4.1. Blood-brain barrier and clinical considerations -- 4.1.1. Blood-brain barrier -- 4.1.2. Methamphetamine exposure and BBB integrity -- 4.1.3. Clinical picture: immune signaling in addictive and related behaviors -- 4.1.4. Chronic infection with human immunodeficiency virus and/or hepatitis C virus -- 5. Part 4 -- 5.1. Vaccine development -- 5.2. Neuroimmune-based and other anti-inflammatory treatment strategies -- 5.3. Future directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Eight: Marijuana Use and Brain Immune Mechanisms -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Phytocannabinoids and Immune Function -- 3. Immune Modulation and Cannabinoid Receptors -- 4. Marijuana and Neuroimmunity -- 5. Effect of Phytocannabinoids on Microglia -- 6. Marijuana and Astrocytes -- 7. Marijuana and Infectious Agents That Target the CNS -- 8. Summary and Future Prospectives -- References -- Chapter Nine: Interactions of HIV and Drugs of Abuse: The Importance of Glia, Neural Progenitors, and Host Genetic Factors. , 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Opiates and HIV-Preclinical and clinical findings -- 1.2. Psychostimulants and HIV -- 1.3. The central role of glia -- 2. Microglia -- 2.1. Microglia as innate immune effectors -- 2.2. Microglia and HIV -- 2.2.1. Opioid and HIV actions in microglia -- 2.2.2. Psychostimulant and HIV actions in microglia -- 2.2.2.1. Methamphetamine and HIV -- 3. Astroglia -- 3.1. Critical functions in neuronal support and gliotransmission -- 3.2. Innate immune effectors -- 3.3. Astroglia and HIV -- 3.4. Effects of opiates and HIV in astroglia -- 3.5. Effects of psychostimulants and HIV in astroglia -- 4. Genetic Factors That Modulate HIV-1 Infectivity and Neuropathogenesis -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.1.1. Mitochondrial genetics -- 4.2. Gene variation in opiate drug abuse and HIV interactions -- 5. Neural/Glial Progenitors and HIV -- 5.1. Opiate and opiate-HIV interactions on progenitors and cell populations -- 5.2. Psychostimulant-HIV interactions on progenitors and cell populations -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Ten: Neuroimmune Basis of Alcoholic Brain Damage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Alcohol-Induced Neurodegeneration and Alcoholism -- 3. Loss of Neurogenesis Could Contribute to Alcoholic Neurodegeneration -- 4. Monocytes and Innate Immune Genes -- 5. Alcohol, Neuroimmune Signaling, and Neurodegeneration -- 6. Ethanol Induction of HMGB1-TLR Signaling in Brain -- 7. NADPH Oxidase and Neurodegeneration -- 8. Neuroimmune Signaling, Hyperexcitability, and Neuronal Death -- 9. Adolescence: A Major Period of Risk for Alcohol Dependence -- 10. Neuroimmune Gene Expression in Postmortem Human Alcoholic Brain -- 11. Summary -- References -- Chapter Eleven: Converging Actions of Alcohol on Liver and Brain Immune Signaling -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Pathology and Cellular Characteristics of Neuroinflammation After Alcohol Exposure -- 2.1. Microglia and astrocytes -- 2.2. Neurons -- 2.3. Cytokines and chemokines -- 3. Molecular Mechanisms of Alcohol-Induced Neuroinflammation -- 3.1. Pattern recognition receptors sense danger signals in the brain (TLRs and NLRs) -- 3.2. Exogenous and endogenous danger signals are induced by alcohol use -- 3.3. Micro-RNAs -- 3.4. Oxidative stress -- 4. Crosstalk Between Organs -- 4.1. Gut-liver-brain axis -- 5. Therapeutic Targets -- 5.1. General consideration -- 5.2. TNFα system -- 5.3. IL-1β system -- 5.4. miR-155 -- 5.5. HMGB1 -- 5.6. TLR4 pathway -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter Twelve: Opportunities for the Development of Neuroimmune Therapies in Addiction -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Neuroinflammation and alcohol dependence -- 1.2. Neuroinflammation and MA dependence -- 1.3. Neuroinflammation and HIV -- 2. Neuroimmune Treatments -- 2.1. Ibudilast -- 2.2. Minocycline and doxycycline -- 2.3. Topiramate -- 2.4. Indomethacin -- 2.5. Rolipram -- 2.6. Anakinra (IL-1Ra) -- 2.7. PPAR agonists -- 2.8. Naltrexone/naloxone -- 2.9. Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter Thirteen: NeuroHIV and Use of Addictive Substances -- 1. Brain-Immune Interactions: Induction of Neuroinflammation by Systemic Infections -- 2. Medical Uses and Adverse Effects of Addictive Substances -- 3. HIV-1 Infection and HIV-Associated Neuropathology -- 4. HIV-1 Infection, NeuroHIV, and the Use of Addictive Substances -- 4.1. Addiction and neuroHIV -- 4.2. Endogenous opioid system -- 4.3. HIV-1 and the dopaminergic system -- 4.4. Morphine and neuroHIV -- 4.5. Alcohol and HIV-1 -- 4.6. Nicotine and HIV-1 -- 4.7. Interactive effects of alcohol and nicotine in neuroHIV -- 4.8. Cocaine and HIV-1 -- 4.9. Methamphetamine and HIV-1 -- 4.10. Marijuana and HIV-1 -- 4.11. Summary. , 5. Conclusion.

Note: NM9780851862729-FX001 -- NM9780851862729-FP001 -- NM9780851862729-FP003 -- NM9780851862729-FP005 -- NM9780851862729-FP017 -- NM9780851862729-FP023 -- NM9780851862729-00001 -- NM9780851862729-00050 -- NM9780851862729-00106 -- NM9780851862729-00156 -- NM9780851862729-00181 -- NM9780851862729-00223 -- NM9780851862729-00249 -- NM9780851862729-00279 -- NM9780851862729-00311 -- NM9780851862729-00342 -- NM9780851862729-00368 -- NM9780851862729-00378 -- NM9780851862729-00408.

Note: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Nuclear Shielding -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basic Aspects of Nuclear Shielding -- A General Theory -- B Basic Physical Aspects -- 3 Calculations of Nuclear Shielding -- 4 Transmission of Shielding Effects within Molecules -- A Introduction -- B Inductive Effects -- C Resonance Effects -- D Magnetic Anisotropy Effects -- E Electric Field Effects -- F The Ring-current Effect -- G Van der Waals and Steric Effects -- H Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding -- I Isotope Shifts -- 5 Shieldings of Particular Nuclear Species -- A Introduction -- B Carbon Chemical Shifts -- C Fluorine Chemical Shifts -- D Phosphorus Chemical Shifts -- E Nitrogen Chemical Shifts -- F Chemical Shifts of Nuclei Other than H,C,F,P, and N -- 6 Chemical Shift Anisotropy -- Chapter 2 Nuclear Spin-Spin Coupling -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basic Theory: Notation and Abbreviations -- A Sum-Over-States Perturbation Theory (SOS) -- B Finite Perturbation Theory (FPT) -- C Semi-empirical Molecular Orbital Methods -- D Units -- 3 Theoretical Work -- A Calculations on H2 or HD -- B Ab Initio Calculations of Coupling in Small Molecules -- C Semi-empirical Calculations -- D π-Electron Coupling -- E Nuclear-spin and Electron-spin Coupling -- F Solvent Effects -- 4 Coupling of Directly Bonded Nuclei -- A Coupling in HD -- B Coupling between 13C and 1H -- C Coupling between 15N and 1H -- D Coupling between 31P and 1H -- E Coupling between 1H and Other Nuclei -- F 1J(13C,13C), 1J(l3C,15N), 1(11B,13C), and 1J(11B,11B) -- G Coupling between 13C and 31P -- H Coupling between 13C and 19F -- I Coupling between 13C and Metals -- J Coupling to 19F, except 1J(19F,31P) and 1J(19F,13C) -- K Coupling between 31P and 19F -- L Other One-Bond Couplings involving 31P -- 5 Coupling between Nuclei Separated by Two Chemical Bonds, 2J. , A Geminal Proton-Proton Coupling across Carbon -- B Geminal Proton-Proton Coupling across Other Elements -- C 2J(13CC1H) -- D Coupling of Other Nuclei to Protons via Carbon, 2J(XC1H) -- (i) X = 199Hg -- (ii) X = 11B and 27A1 -- (iii) X = 73Ge, 119,117Sn, and 207Pb -- (iv) X = 15,14N and 31P -- (v) X = 77Se -- (vi) X = 19F -- (vii)X = 183W and 19SPt -- E 2J(19FC19F) -- F 2J(13CC13C), 2J(31PC13C), and 2J(15NC13C) -- G 2J(31PN13C) and 2/(31PN31P) -- H 2J(31PM13C), where M is a metal -- I 2J(31PM31P), where M is a Metal -- J 2J(13CO13C) and 2J(31PO13C) -- K Other Two-bond Coupling Constants -- 6 Coupling between Nuclei Separated by Three Chemical Bonds, 3J -- A Coupling of Protons via Two Carbon Atoms -- B Three-bond Coupling of Protons via Other Atoms -- C Three-bond Coupling of Carbon to Protons -- D Three-bond Coupling of Other Nuclei to Protons via Two Carbon Atoms, 3J(XCC1H) -- (i) X = 15,14N -- (ii) X = 11B and 27A1 -- E Three-bond Coupling to Fluorine via Two Carbon Atoms, 3J(XCC19F) -- (i) X = 1H -- (ii) X = 19F -- (iii) X = 15N and 199Hg -- F Three-bond Couplings between Phosphorus and Hydrogen, 3J(31PXC1H) -- (i) X = O -- (ii) X = N -- (iii) X = S -- (iv) X = a Group IVB Element -- (v) X = Au and Pt -- G 3J(13CCC31P) and 3/(13CC031P) -- H 3J(13CCC13C) -- I 3J(199HgXC1H) -- J 3J(195PtXC1H), X = N, P, and As -- K Other Three-bond Coupling Constants -- 7 Coupling between Nuclei Separated by Four Chemical Bonds, 4J -- A 4J(1HCCC1H) -- B Other Four-bond (H,H) Couplings -- C Four-bond Coupling of 13C, 14N, and 31P to 1H via Carbon Atoms -- D Four-bond Coupling of Metals to Protons -- E 4J(1HCCC19F) and 4J(19FCCC19F) -- F Other Four-bond Couplings -- 8 Coupling between Nuclei Separated by Five Chemical Bonds, 5J -- A 5J(1HCCCC1H) -- B 5J(1HCCXC1H), X = N, O, and S -- C Five-bond Coupling of 1H to 19F -- D Other Five-bond Couplings. , 9 Coupling between Nuclei Separated by Six or More Chemical Bonds -- A 6J -- B 7J and 8J -- 10 Coupling in Aromatic Systems -- A (1H,1H) Coupling in Benzenoid Aromatic Systems -- B (1H,1H) Coupling in Heteroaromatic Systems -- C Coupling in Metal-Cyclopentadienyl Compounds -- D (1H,19F) Coupling in Aromatic Systems -- E (1H,13C) Coupling in Aromatic Systems -- F (1H,31P) Coupling in Aromatic Systems -- G Coupling of Protons to Other Nuclei in Aromatic Systems -- H (13C,15N) Coupling in Aromatic Systems -- I Other Couplings in Aromatic Systems -- 11 'Through-space' Coupling -- 12 Isotope Effects -- 13 Experimental Work of Significance for the Measurement or Interpretation of Spin-Spin Coupling Constants -- A Multiple-resonance Experiments -- B Bandshape Analyses -- C Effects of Paramagnetic Materials -- D Fourier-transform Experiments -- E Other Experimental Techniques -- Chapter 3 Nuclear Spin Relaxation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Spin Relaxation in Gases -- A Introduction -- B Theoretical Developments -- C Diatomic Molecules -- D Polyatomic Molecules -- E Spin Diffusion Measurements -- 3 Spin Relaxation in Liquids -- A Introduction -- B Pure Liquids -- Linear Molecules -- Spherically Symmetric Molecules -- Axially Symmetric Molecules -- Asymmetric Molecules -- C Internal Rotation of Methyl Groups -- D Molecular Motion and Association in Mixtures of Liquids -- Molecular Rotation Studies -- Molecular Association Studies -- Aqueous Solutions of Non-electrolytes -- Hydrogen-bonded Systems -- E Ionic Solutions -- Diamagnetic Solutions -- Paramagnetic Solutions -- F Relaxation by Translational Diffusion -- G Spin-diffusion Measurements in Liquids -- H Transverse Relaxation and Spin-echo Studies -- Spin-echo Spectroscopy -- Selective Measurement of Transverse Relaxation Rates -- Chemical Exchange Studies -- I Models for Molecular Rotation. , J Studies of Critical Phenomena in Fluids -- K 13C Relaxation Studies -- Small Molecules -- Complex Molecules -- L 15N Relaxation Studies -- M 31P Relaxation Studies -- N Determination of Spin Interaction Constants from Spin-Relaxation Measurements -- Scalar Spin-Spin Coupling Constants -- Nuclear Quadrupole Coupling Constants -- Spin-Rotation Interaction Constants and Chemical Shielding Anisotropics -- O Miscellaneous Papers -- 4 Spin Relaxation in Liquid Crystals -- A Nematic Phases -- B Cholesteric Phases -- C Isotropic Phases -- D Spin-diffusion Studies -- 5 Spin Relaxation in Solids -- A Spin-Lattice Relaxation in the Rotating Frame and Dipolar Relaxation -- B Spin-Lattice Relaxation by Anisotropic Chemical Shielding Interaction -- C Spin-Lattice Relaxation by Spin-Rotation Interaction -- D Spin-Lattice Relaxation by Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction -- E Spin-Lattice Relaxation due to Paramagnetic Impurities -- F Investigations of Molecular Reorientation -- Molecular Solids -- Internal Rotation in Molecular Solids -- Internal Rotation in Ionic Solids -- Spin-Lattice Relaxation by Quantum Mechanical Rotation at Low Temperatures -- G Investigations of Self-diffusion -- General Developments -- Metals -- Metal Hydrides -- Ionic Crystals -- Molecular Crystals -- H Studies of Molecules Bound to Solid Surfaces -- I Ferroelectric Materials -- Chapter 4 Experimental Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Probes -- A Variable Temperature -- B High Pressure -- C High Field -- 3 Frequency Generation -- 4 Pulse-sequence Generation -- 5 Continuous-wave Spectroscopy -- A Double-resonance Techniques -- B 'Other' Nuclei -- C Use of Computers -- D Relaxation Measurements -- 6 High-resolution Fourier-transform Spectroscopy -- A Introduction -- B Fourier Spectrometers -- C Relaxation Measurements -- T1 -- Spin Echoes -- D Gated Double Resonance. , E Difference Spectroscopy -- 7 General Pulsed Spectroscopy -- A Introduction -- B Spectrometers -- C Relaxation Measurements in Liquids -- T1ρ -- Spin Echoes -- T1 -- D High-resolution Studies in Solids -- Chapter 5 Spectral Analysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 New Methods of Studying Known Spin Systems -- A Proton Spin-echo N.M.R. Spectra of 2,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane: Sub-spectral Analysis -- B Spin Hamiltonian for Twofold Symmetry -- Matrix Elements of the Hamiltonian with Symmetrized Spin Operators -- Symmetry Properties of the | A,M > -- Basis Functions -- C Double-quantum Effects in the Spectrum of 2-Bromothiazole -- D The Direct Method Applied to Nuclear Magnetic Double Resonance -- 3 Known Spin Systems -- A AB-Based N.M.R. Systems: Choice of Bounds for θ in Trigonometric Forms of Co-factors in Mixed Wave-functions -- B Systems involving Protons Only -- Saturated Acyclic Systems -- (i) n-Propyl derivatives -- [AB]2C3 -- (ii) 2,2'-Dihalogenodiethyl ethers -- [AB]2 -- Saturated Cyclic Systems -- (i) 1,3-Dioxans -- AB, AMX, ABX, [AX]2 -- (ii) D-Aldopentapyranosyl derivatives -- ABX -- (iii) N-Substituted styreneimines -- ABX -- (iv) L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (L-ACA) and N-acetyl-L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (N-A-L-ACA) -- ABCDE -- (v) 1,2,3-Substituted prolines -- ABCDEF -- Olefinic Compounds: Dichloropentenes -- ABCDE -- Unsaturated Five-membered Ring Compounds -- (i) 3,5-Disubstituted 1,2-dihydro-furans and -thiophens -- ABX, ABXY3, ABXY2, ABC -- (ii) Dimers of cyclopentadienyl compounds -- Sesquiterpenoids -- ABX{H} -- Aromatic Systems -- Aromatic substitution patterns -- Biologically important aromatic acids -- Benzocycloheptenes -- Carbanions and Ion Pairing -- [AM]2X, AMRX, [AX]2, AA'X -- Aryldi-t-butylmethanol -- Acridine and Five Monomethyl Derivatives -- 'ABCDX' -- Sulphur Heterocycles -- syn- and anti-2-Furanaldoximes. , C Compounds containing Fluorine.