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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Poor nutritional condition promotes high‐risk behaviours: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Biological Reviews Vol. 96, No. 1 ( 2021-02), p. 269-288
    Details
    In: Biological Reviews, Wiley, Vol. 96, No. 1 ( 2021-02), p. 269-288
    Abstract: Animal behaviour can lead to varying levels of risk, and an individual's physical condition can alter the potential costs and benefits of undertaking risky behaviours. How risk‐taking behaviour depends on condition is subject to contrasting hypotheses. The asset protection principle proposes that individuals in better condition should be more risk averse, as they have higher future reproductive potential (i.e. more to lose). The state‐dependent safety hypothesis proposes that high‐condition individuals that are more likely to survive and maximise the benefits of risky situations may make apparently riskier choices, as their individual risk is in fact lower. We systematically searched for studies that experimentally manipulated animals’ nutritional or energetic condition through diet treatments, and subsequently measured risk‐taking behaviour in contexts relating to predation, novelty and exploration. Our meta‐analysis quantified condition effects on risk‐taking behaviour at both the mean and variance level. We preregistered our methods and hypotheses prior to conducting the study. Phylogenetic multilevel meta‐analysis revealed that the lower‐nutritional‐condition individuals showed on average ca. 26% greater tendency towards risk than high‐condition individuals (95% confidence interval: 15–38%; N = 126 studies, 1297 effect sizes). Meta‐regressions revealed several factors influencing the overall effect, such as the experimental context used to measure risk‐taking behaviour, and the life stage when condition was manipulated. Meta‐analysis of variance revealed no clear overall effect of condition on behavioural variance (on average ca . 3% decrease in variance in low‐ versus high‐condition groups; 95% confidence interval: −8 to 3%; N = 119 studies, 1235 effect sizes), however, the experimental context was an important factor influencing the strength and direction of the variance effect. Our comprehensive systematic review and meta‐analysis provide insights into the roles of state dependency and plasticity in intraspecific behavioural variation. While heterogeneity among effect sizes was high, our results show that poor nutritional state on average increases risk taking in ecological contexts involving predation, novelty and exploration.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1464-7931 , 1469-185X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/brv.v96.1
    DOI: 10.1111/brv.12655
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1423558-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1476789-2
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  • 2
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    Condition dependence of (un)predictability in escape behavior of a grasshopper species
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2023
    In:  Behavioral Ecology Vol. 34, No. 5 ( 2023-09-22), p. 741-750
    Details
    In: Behavioral Ecology, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 34, No. 5 ( 2023-09-22), p. 741-750
    Abstract: (Un)predictability has only recently been recognized as an important dimension of animal behavior. Currently, we neither know if (un)predictability encompasses one or multiple traits nor how (un)predictability is dependent on individual conditions. Knowledge about condition dependence, in particular, could inform us about whether predictability or unpredictability is costly in a specific context. Here, we study the condition dependence of (un)predictability in the escape behavior of the steppe grasshopper Chorthippus dorsatus. Predator–prey interactions represent a behavioral context in which we expect unpredictability to be particularly beneficial. By exposing grasshoppers to an immune challenge, we explore if individuals in poor condition become more or less predictable. We quantified three aspects of escape behavior (flight initiation distance, jump distance, and jump angle) in a standardized setup and analyzed the data using a multivariate double-hierarchical generalized linear model. The immune challenge did not affect (un)predictability in flight initiation distance and jump angle, but decreased unpredictability in jump distances, suggesting that unpredictability can be costly. Variance decomposition shows that 3–7% of the total phenotypic variance was explained by individual differences in (un)predictability. Covariation between traits was found both among averages and among unpredictabilities for one of the three trait pairs. The latter might suggest an (un)predictability syndrome, but the lack of (un)predictability correlation in the third trait suggests modularity. Our results indicated condition dependence of (un)predictability in grasshopper escape behavior in one of the traits, and illustrate the value of mean and residual variance decomposition for analyzing animal behavior.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1045-2249 , 1465-7279
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arad047
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496189-1
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  • 3
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    A Phylogenomic Assessment of Processes Underpinning Convergent Evolution in Open-Habitat Chats
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2023
    In:  Molecular Biology and Evolution Vol. 40, No. 1 ( 2023-01-04)
    Details
    In: Molecular Biology and Evolution, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 40, No. 1 ( 2023-01-04)
    Abstract: Insights into the processes underpinning convergent evolution advance our understanding of the contributions of ancestral, introgressed, and novel genetic variation to phenotypic evolution. Phylogenomic analyses characterizing genome-wide gene tree heterogeneity can provide first clues about the extent of ILS and of introgression and thereby into the potential of these processes or (in their absence) the need to invoke novel mutations to underpin convergent evolution. Here, we were interested in understanding the processes involved in convergent evolution in open-habitat chats (wheatears of the genus Oenanthe and their relatives). To this end, based on whole-genome resequencing data from 50 taxa of 44 species, we established the species tree, characterized gene tree heterogeneity, and investigated the footprints of ILS and introgression within the latter. The species tree corroborates the pattern of abundant convergent evolution, especially in wheatears. The high levels of gene tree heterogeneity in wheatears are explained by ILS alone only for 30% of internal branches. For multiple branches with high gene tree heterogeneity, D-statistics and phylogenetic networks identified footprints of introgression. Finally, long branches without extensive ILS between clades sporting similar phenotypes provide suggestive evidence for the role of novel mutations in the evolution of these phenotypes. Together, our results suggest that convergent evolution in open-habitat chats involved diverse processes and highlight that phenotypic diversification is often complex and best depicted as a network of interacting lineages.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0737-4038 , 1537-1719
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac278
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2024221-9
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  • 4
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    Robustness of linear mixed‐effects models to violations of distributional assumptions
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Methods in Ecology and Evolution Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2020-09), p. 1141-1152
    Details
    In: Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Wiley, Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2020-09), p. 1141-1152
    Abstract: Linear mixed‐effects models are powerful tools for analysing complex datasets with repeated or clustered observations, a common data structure in ecology and evolution. Mixed‐effects models involve complex fitting procedures and make several assumptions, in particular about the distribution of residual and random effects. Violations of these assumptions are common in real datasets, yet it is not always clear how much these violations matter to accurate and unbiased estimation. Here we address the consequences of violations in distributional assumptions and the impact of missing random effect components on model estimates. In particular, we evaluate the effects of skewed, bimodal and heteroscedastic random effect and residual variances, of missing random effect terms and of correlated fixed effect predictors. We focus on bias and prediction error on estimates of fixed and random effects. Model estimates were usually robust to violations of assumptions, with the exception of slight upward biases in estimates of random effect variance if the generating distribution was bimodal but was modelled by Gaussian error distributions. Further, estimates for (random effect) components that violated distributional assumptions became less precise but remained unbiased. However, this particular problem did not affect other parameters of the model. The same pattern was found for strongly correlated fixed effects, which led to imprecise, but unbiased estimates, with uncertainty estimates reflecting imprecision. Unmodelled sources of random effect variance had predictable effects on variance component estimates. The pattern is best viewed as a cascade of hierarchical grouping factors. Variances trickle down the hierarchy such that missing higher‐level random effect variances pool at lower levels and missing lower‐level and crossed random effect variances manifest as residual variance. Overall, our results show remarkable robustness of mixed‐effects models that should allow researchers to use mixed‐effects models even if the distributional assumptions are objectively violated. However, this does not free researchers from careful evaluation of the model. Estimates that are based on data that show clear violations of key assumptions should be treated with caution because individual datasets might give highly imprecise estimates, even if they will be unbiased on average across datasets.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2041-210X , 2041-210X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/mee3.v11.9
    DOI: 10.1111/2041-210X.13434
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2528492-7
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  • 5
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    Supplemental Information 1: Annotated example code for partR2 analysis
    PeerJ ; 2021
    In:  PeerJ Vol. 9 ( 2021-05-25), p. e11414-
    Details
    In: PeerJ, PeerJ, Vol. 9 ( 2021-05-25), p. e11414-
    Abstract: The coefficient of determination R 2 quantifies the amount of variance explained by regression coefficients in a linear model. It can be seen as the fixed-effects complement to the repeatability R (intra-class correlation) for the variance explained by random effects and thus as a tool for variance decomposition. The R 2 of a model can be further partitioned into the variance explained by a particular predictor or a combination of predictors using semi-partial (part) R 2 and structure coefficients, but this is rarely done due to a lack of software implementing these statistics. Here, we introduce partR2 , an R package that quantifies part R 2 for fixed effect predictors based on (generalized) linear mixed-effect model fits. The package iteratively removes predictors of interest from the model and monitors the change in the variance of the linear predictor. The difference to the full model gives a measure of the amount of variance explained uniquely by a particular predictor or a set of predictors. partR2 also estimates structure coefficients as the correlation between a predictor and fitted values, which provide an estimate of the total contribution of a fixed effect to the overall prediction, independent of other predictors. Structure coefficients can be converted to the total variance explained by a predictor, here called ‘inclusive’ R 2 , as the square of the structure coefficients times total R 2 . Furthermore, the package reports beta weights (standardized regression coefficients). Finally, partR2 implements parametric bootstrapping to quantify confidence intervals for each estimate. We illustrate the use of partR2 with real example datasets for Gaussian and binomial GLMMs and discuss interactions, which pose a specific challenge for partitioning the explained variance among predictors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2167-8359
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11414
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11414/fig-1
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11414/fig-2
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11414/fig-3
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11414/fig-4
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11414/supp-1
    Language: English
    Publisher: PeerJ
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703241-3
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  • 6
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    State dependency of behavioural traits is a function of the life stage in a holometabolous insect
    Elsevier BV ; 2023
    In:  Animal Behaviour Vol. 203 ( 2023-09), p. 29-39
    Details
    In: Animal Behaviour, Elsevier BV, Vol. 203 ( 2023-09), p. 29-39
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-3472
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.06.013
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461112-0
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    SSG: 5,2
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  • 7
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    Comparative analysis of the multivariate genetic architecture of morphological traits in three species of Gomphocerine grasshoppers
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2020
    In:  Heredity Vol. 124, No. 2 ( 2020-02), p. 367-382
    Details
    In: Heredity, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 124, No. 2 ( 2020-02), p. 367-382
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0018-067X , 1365-2540
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0276-1
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2006446-9
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  • 8
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    Linked‐read sequencing enables haplotype‐resolved resequencing at population scale
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Molecular Ecology Resources Vol. 20, No. 5 ( 2020-09), p. 1311-1322
    Details
    In: Molecular Ecology Resources, Wiley, Vol. 20, No. 5 ( 2020-09), p. 1311-1322
    Abstract: The feasibility to sequence entire genomes of virtually any organism provides unprecedented insights into the evolutionary history of populations and species. Nevertheless, many population genomic inferences – including the quantification and dating of admixture, introgression and demographic events, and inference of selective sweeps – are still limited by the lack of high‐quality haplotype information. The newest generation of sequencing technology now promises significant progress. To establish the feasibility of haplotype‐resolved genome resequencing at population scale, we investigated properties of linked‐read sequencing data of songbirds of the genus Oenanthe across a range of sequencing depths. Our results based on the comparison of downsampled (25×, 20×, 15×, 10×, 7×, and 5×) with high‐coverage data (46–68×) of seven bird genomes mapped to a reference suggest that phasing contiguities and accuracies adequate for most population genomic analyses can be reached already with moderate sequencing effort. At 15× coverage, phased haplotypes span about 90% of the genome assembly, with 50% and 90% of phased sequences located in phase blocks longer than 1.25–4.6 Mb (N50) and 0.27–0.72 Mb (N90). Phasing accuracy reaches beyond 99% starting from 15× coverage. Higher coverages yielded higher contiguities (up to about 7 Mb/1 Mb [N50/N90] at 25× coverage), but only marginally improved phasing accuracy. Phase block contiguity improved with input DNA molecule length; thus, higher‐quality DNA may help keeping sequencing costs at bay. In conclusion, even for organisms with gigabase‐sized genomes like birds, linked‐read sequencing at moderate depth opens an affordable avenue towards haplotype‐resolved genome resequencing at population scale.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1755-098X , 1755-0998
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/men.v20.5
    DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13192
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2406833-0
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  • 9
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    The green-brown polymorphism of the club-legged grasshopper Gomphocerus sibiricus is heritable and appears genetically simple
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2020
    In:  BMC Evolutionary Biology Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 2020-12)
    Details
    In: BMC Evolutionary Biology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 2020-12)
    Abstract: Local coexistence of distinct, genetically determined color morphs can be unstable and transitional. Stable, long-term coexistence requires some form of balancing selection to protect morphs from getting lost by directional selection or genetic drift. However, not all phenotypic polymorphism need to have a genetic basis. We here report on the genetic basis of two color polymorphisms in the club-legged grasshopper Gomphocerus sibiricus : a green-brown polymorphism that is phylogenetically and geographically widespread among orthopteran insects and a pied-brown pattern polymorphism that is shared among many gomphocerine grasshoppers. Results We found a remarkably clear outcome of matings within and between morph that suggest not only that the green-brown polymorphism is heritable in this species, but that results can be most parsimoniously explained by a single autosomal locus with two alleles in which the green allele is dominant over the brown allele. A few individuals did not match this pattern and suggest the existence of genetic modifiers and/or developmental phenocopies. We also show that the pied-brown polymorphism is highly heritable, although the evidence for the involvement of one or more loci is less clear-cut. Conclusions Overall, our data demonstrate that the two polymorphisms are heritable in the club-legged grasshopper and appear genetically simple, at least with respect to green morphs. The results are consistent with the idea that the synthesis or transport of a pigment involved in the production of green coloration (likely biliverdin) is lost by homozygosity for loss-of-function alleles in brown individuals. The apparently simple genetic architecture of the green-brown polymorphism offer potential for studying balancing selection in the field and for genetic mapping in this species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1471-2148
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01630-7
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2041493-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3053924-9
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  • 10
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    Nutrient enrichment increases invertebrate herbivory and pathogen damage in grasslands
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Ecology Vol. 110, No. 2 ( 2022-02), p. 327-339
    Details
    In: Journal of Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 110, No. 2 ( 2022-02), p. 327-339
    Abstract: Plant damage by invertebrate herbivores and pathogens influences the dynamics of grassland ecosystems, but anthropogenic changes in nitrogen and phosphorus availability can modify these relationships. Using a globally distributed experiment, we describe leaf damage on 153 plant taxa from 27 grasslands worldwide, under ambient conditions and with experimentally elevated nitrogen and phosphorus. Invertebrate damage significantly increased with nitrogen addition, especially in grasses and non‐leguminous forbs. Pathogen damage increased with nitrogen in grasses and legumes but not forbs. Effects of phosphorus were generally weaker. Damage was higher in grasslands with more precipitation, but climatic conditions did not change effects of nutrients on leaf damage. On average, invertebrate damage was relatively higher on legumes and pathogen damage was relatively higher on grasses. Community‐weighted mean damage reflected these functional group patterns, with no effects of N on community‐weighted pathogen damage (due to opposing responses of grasses and forbs) but stronger effects of N on community‐weighted invertebrate damage (due to consistent responses of grasses and forbs). Synthesis . As human‐induced inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus continue to increase, understanding their impacts on invertebrate and pathogen damage becomes increasingly important. Our results demonstrate that eutrophication frequently increases plant damage and that damage increases with precipitation across a wide array of grasslands. Invertebrate and pathogen damage in grasslands is likely to increase in the future, with potential consequences for plant, invertebrate and pathogen communities, as well as the transfer of energy and nutrients across trophic levels.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0477 , 1365-2745
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jec.v110.2
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13801
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3023-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2004136-6
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