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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Space use of ungulate prey relative to lions is affected by prey species and predator behavior but not wind direction
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Ecological Research Vol. 38, No. 5 ( 2023-09), p. 639-650
    Details
    In: Ecological Research, Wiley, Vol. 38, No. 5 ( 2023-09), p. 639-650
    Abstract: Predators can induce behavioral changes in prey that influence vigilance, grouping patterns, and space use, and these can ultimately affect prey demography and trophic interactions. Consequently, prey must respond to the risk of predation, but little is known about the features that drive the spatial responses of prey species to predators. We tested what factors affected the proximity of prey to the lions reintroduced to Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. We also tested whether prey species that are preferentially killed by lions revealed greater responsiveness than those that are not, and whether prey respond to predator behavioral states and hunger. From 1588 observations of potential prey locations in relation to lions under varying wind directions, lion behaviors, and hunger states throughout the day and night, we found no evidence of wind‐driven odor responses affecting prey proximity to lions. Prey species that were not preferentially preyed upon by lions occurred closer to lions than those species that lions prefer to hunt. Prey were closer to lions performing noisy behaviors compared to those performing quiet behaviors. Prey were more likely to be closer to covertly behaving lions and further from stationary lions. Our results, compared to the published literature and accepted dogma of the primacy of odor in predator detection, suggest large vertebrate prey responses to predators in intact, multi‐species assemblages are context dependent.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0912-3814 , 1440-1703
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ere.v38.5
    DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12397
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2023900-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spatial patterns of large African cats: a large‐scale study on density, home range size, and home range overlap of lions Panthera leo and leopards Panthera pardus
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Mammal Review Vol. 53, No. 2 ( 2023-04), p. 49-64
    Details
    In: Mammal Review, Wiley, Vol. 53, No. 2 ( 2023-04), p. 49-64
    Abstract: Spatial patterns of and competition for resources by territorial carnivores are typically explained by two hypotheses: 1) the territorial defence hypothesis and 2) the searching efficiency hypothesis. According to the territorial defence hypothesis, when food resources are abundant, carnivore densities will be high and home ranges small. In addition, carnivores can maximise their necessary energy intake with minimal territorial defence. At medium resource levels, larger ranges will be needed, and it will become more economically beneficial to defend resources against a lower density of competitors. At low resource levels, carnivore densities will be low and home ranges large, but resources will be too scarce to make it beneficial to defend such large territories. Thus, home range overlap will be minimal at intermediate carnivore densities. According to the searching efficiency hypothesis, there is a cost to knowing a home range. Larger areas are harder to learn and easier to forget, so carnivores constantly need to keep their cognitive map updated by regularly revisiting parts of their home ranges. Consequently, when resources are scarce, carnivores require larger home ranges to acquire sufficient food. These larger home ranges lead to more overlap among individuals' ranges, so that overlap in home ranges is largest when food availability is the lowest. Since conspecific density is low when food availability is low, this hypothesis predicts that overlap is largest when densities are the lowest. We measured home range overlap and used a novel method to compare intraspecific home range overlaps for lions Panthera leo ( n  = 149) and leopards Panthera pardus ( n  = 111) in Africa. We estimated home range sizes from telemetry location data and gathered carnivore density data from the literature. Our results did not support the territorial defence hypothesis for either species. Lion prides increased their home range overlap at conspecific lower densities whereas leopards did not. Lion pride changes in overlap were primarily due to increases in group size at lower densities. By contrast, the unique dispersal strategies of leopards led to reduced overlap at lower densities. However, when human‐caused mortality was higher, leopards increased their home range overlap. Although lions and leopards are territorial, their territorial behaviour was less important than the acquisition of food in determining their space use. Such information is crucial for the future conservation of these two iconic African carnivores.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0305-1838 , 1365-2907
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/mam.v53.2
    DOI: 10.1111/mam.12309
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020637-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The implications of large home range size in a solitary felid, the Leopard ( Panthera pardus )
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Mammalogy ( 2023-09-11)
    Details
    In: Journal of Mammalogy, Oxford University Press (OUP), ( 2023-09-11)
    Abstract: The size of the home range of a mammal is affected by numerous factors. However, in the normally solitary, but polygynous, Leopard (Panthera pardus), home range size and maintenance is complicated by their transitory social grouping behavior, which is dependent on life history stage and/or reproductive status. In addition, the necessity to avoid competition with conspecifics and other large predators (including humans) also impacts upon home range size. We used movement data from 31 sites across Africa, comprising 147 individuals (67 males and 80 females) to estimate the home range sizes of leopards. We found that leopards with larger home ranges, and in areas with more vegetation, spent longer being active and generally traveled faster, and in straighter lines, than leopards with smaller home ranges. We suggest that a combination of bottom-up (i.e., preferred prey availability), top-down (i.e., competition with conspecifics), and reproductive (i.e., access to mates) factors likely drive the variability in Leopard home range sizes across Africa. However, the maintenance of a large home range is energetically expensive for leopards, likely resulting in a complex evolutionary trade-off between the satisfaction of basic requirements and preventing potentially dangerous encounters with conspecifics, other predators, and people.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-2372 , 1545-1542
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyad074
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066602-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A call to scale up biodiversity monitoring from idiosyncratic, small-scale programmes to coordinated, comprehensive and continuous monitoring across large scales
    Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales ; 2022
    In:  Australian Zoologist Vol. 42, No. 2 ( 2022-08-31), p. 514-533
    Details
    In: Australian Zoologist, Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Vol. 42, No. 2 ( 2022-08-31), p. 514-533
    Abstract: Conservation managers cannot manage what they don’t know about, yet our existing biodiversity monitoring is idiosyncratic and small in scale. One of Australia’s commitments to the Convention for Biological Diversity in 2015 was the creation of a national biodiversity monitoring programme. This has not yet occurred despite the urgent need to monitor common and threatened species, as highlighted by the challenges of determining the biodiversity impacts of the Black Summer fires of 2019/20. In light of improvements to automation, miniaturisation and powering devices, the world urgently needs to scale-up biodiversity monitoring to become coordinated, comprehensive and continuous across large scales. We propose the BIOMON project that could achieve this where individual sensor nodes use machine learning models to identify biodiversity via sound or photos onboard. This could be coupled with abiotic data on temperature and humidity, plus factors such as bushfire smoke. Nodes would be set within networks that transmit the results back to a central cloud repository where robust analyses are conducted and provided free to the public (along with the raw data). Network arrays could be set up across entire continents to measure the change in biodiversity. No one has achieved this yet, and significant challenges remain associated with training the algorithms, low power cellular network coverage, sensor power versus memory trade-offs, and sensor network placement. Much work is still needed to achieve these goals; however we are living in the 21st Century and such lofty goals cannot be achieved unless we start working towards them.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2204-2105 , 0067-2238
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.7882/AZ.2022.004
    Language: English
    Publisher: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2479156-8
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Widespread exposure of marine parks, whales, and whale sharks to shipping
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2022
    In:  Marine and Freshwater Research Vol. 74, No. 1 ( 2022-11-28), p. 75-85
    Details
    In: Marine and Freshwater Research, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 74, No. 1 ( 2022-11-28), p. 75-85
    Abstract: Context Shipping impacts are a major environmental concern that can affect the behaviour and health of marine mammals and fishes. The potential impacts of shipping within marine parks is rarely considered during the planning process. Aims We assessed the areal disturbance footprint of shipping around Australia, its overlap with marine parks, and known locations of megafauna, so as to identify areas of concern that warrant further investigation. Methods Automatic Identification System (AIS) shipping data from 2018 to 2021 were interpreted through a kernel-density distribution and compared with satellite data from ∼200 individuals of megafauna amalgamated from 2003 to 2018, and the locations of marine parks. Key results Over 18% of marine parks had shipping exposure in excess of 365 vessels per year. Around all of Australia, 39% of satellite-tag reports from whale shark and 36.7% of pygmy blue and humpback whale satellite-tag reports were in moderate shipping-exposure areas ( 〉 90 ships per year). Shipping exposure significantly increased from 2018 despite the pandemic, including within marine parks. Conclusions These results highlight the wide-scale footprint of commercial shipping on marine ecosystems that may be increasing in intensity over time. Implications Consideration should be made for assessing and potentially limiting shipping impacts along migration routes and within marine parks.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1323-1650 , 1448-6059
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/MF22050
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1283028-8
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 21,3
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Functionally connecting collaring and conservation to create more actionable telemetry research
    Elsevier BV ; 2023
    In:  Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation Vol. 21, No. 3 ( 2023-07), p. 209-215
    Details
    In: Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, Elsevier BV, Vol. 21, No. 3 ( 2023-07), p. 209-215
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2530-0644
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2023.07.004
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2900007-5
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    First photographic records and conservation status of Asiatic black and sun bears in Nagaland, India
    Ursus ; 2022
    In:  Ursus Vol. 2022, No. 33e14 ( 2022-12-19)
    Details
    In: Ursus, Ursus, Vol. 2022, No. 33e14 ( 2022-12-19)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1537-6176
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-21-00021.2
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Ursus
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2210269-3
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Large area used by squirrel gliders in an urban area, uncovered using GPS telemetry
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Ecology and Evolution Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2021-06), p. 7147-7153
    Details
    In: Ecology and Evolution, Wiley, Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2021-06), p. 7147-7153
    Abstract: The squirrel glider ( Petaurus norfolcensis ) is a threatened, gliding marsupial that persists in fragmented landscapes despite its restricted capacity to cross large gaps. As measures to maintain and/or restore suitable habitat depend on knowledge about the species' ecological requirements, we investigated the area used by squirrel gliders in an urban area near Newcastle, Australia. Using GPS telemetry data and the autocorrelated kernel density estimator, we estimated area used to average 10.8 ha and varied from 4.6 to 15 ha, which is equal to or greater than found in previous studies that spanned longer time periods. This has implications when identifying the minimum patch size necessary for ensuring the long‐term conservation of a squirrel glider population.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-7758 , 2045-7758
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.v11.12
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7644
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2635675-2
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Uncovering inbreeding, small populations, and strong genetic isolation in an Australian threatened frog, Litoria littlejohni
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Conservation Genetics Vol. 24, No. 5 ( 2023-10), p. 575-588
    Details
    In: Conservation Genetics, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 24, No. 5 ( 2023-10), p. 575-588
    Abstract: The status of many amphibian populations remains unclear due to undetected declines driven by disease and difficulties in obtaining accurate population estimates. Here, we used genome complexity reduction-based sequencing technology to study the poorly understood Littlejohn’s treefrog , Litoria littlejohni across its fragmented distribution in eastern Australia. We detected five identifiable genetic clusters, with moderate to strong genetic isolation. At a regional scale, population isolation was likely driven by population crashes, resulting in small populations impacted by founder effects. Moderate genetic isolation was detected among populations on the Woronora Plateau despite short distances between population clusters. Evidence of recent declines was apparent in three populations that had very small effective population size, reduced genetic diversity and high inbreeding values. The rates of inbreeding detected in these populations combined with their small size leave these populations at elevated risk of extinction. The Cordeaux Cluster was identified as the most robust population as it was the largest and most genetically diverse. This study exemplifies the value of employing genetic methods to study rare, cryptic species. Despite low recapture rates using traditional capture-recapture demographic methods, we were able to derive population estimates, describe patterns of gene flow, and demonstrate the need for urgent conservation management.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1566-0621 , 1572-9737
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s10592-023-01522-5
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2015081-7
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    A Framework for the Eltonian Niche of Humans
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2021
    In:  BioScience Vol. 71, No. 9 ( 2021-09-01), p. 928-941
    Details
    In: BioScience, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 71, No. 9 ( 2021-09-01), p. 928-941
    Abstract: Recent research has highlighted several influential roles that humans play in ecosystems, including that of a superpredator, hyperkeystone species, and niche constructor. This work has begun to describe the Eltonian niche of humans, which encompasses humanity's cumulative ecological and evolutionary roles in trophic systems. However, we lack a unifying framework that brings together these strands of research, links them to ecoevolutionary and sociocultural theory, and identifies current research needs. In this article, we present such a framework in hope of facilitating a more holistic approach to operationalizing human roles in trophic systems across an increasingly anthropogenic biosphere. The framework underscores how humans play numerous nuanced roles in trophic systems, from top-down to bottom-up, that entail not only pernicious effects but also benefits for many nonhuman species. Such a nuanced view of the Eltonian niche of humans is important for understanding complex social–ecological system functioning and enacting effective policies and conservation measures.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0006-3568 , 1525-3244
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab055
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066019-4
    SSG: 12
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