Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Hydrology -- Chapter 1: Environmental Flows and Their Assessment -- INTRODUCTION -- IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS IN ECOSYSTEM -- METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS ASSESSMENT -- CASE STUDIES -- The EF in Upper Ganga Basin -- Streamflow Variability -- Environmental Flow (EF) Assessment Using Modified Empirical Method -- Gazette Notification for EF Assessment in Upper Ganga Basin -- The EF in Yamuna Basin -- Integrated Modeling for Assessment of e-flows -- IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS -- SUMMARY -- References -- Chapter 2: Story of the Ganga River: Its Pollution and Rejuvenation -- INTRODUCTION -- STATUS AND IMPACT OF POLLUTION -- Municipal Sewage and Open Defecation -- Inadequate and sub-optimal functioning of sewage treatment plants (STPs) -- Open defecation and unsatisfactory sanitation -- Industrial Wastewater Discharge -- Agricultural Runoff and Soil Erosion -- Religious Activities and Inefficient Solid Waste Management -- Religious Activities -- Ineffective solid waste disposal and management -- Flow Obstructions and Water Abstractions -- OVERVIEW OF EFFORTS UNDERTAKEN FOR THE REJUVENATION FOR RIVER GANGA -- Source Control of Pollution -- Channelization, treatment, utilization and disposal of treated domestic sewage -- Industrial Pollution Control -- Solid Waste Management -- River Catchment/Basin Management -- Maintenances of environmental flows (e-flow) -- Water quality monitoring -- Controlled groundwater extraction -- Other Restoration Measures -- Variety of Riverfront Development Projects on Ganga and its Tributaries -- Afforestation and Biodiversity Conservation (BC) -- Protection of Flood Plains -- In-situ Bioremediation -- Public Awareness -- LESSONS FROM FEW GLOBAL RIVER REJUVENATION ATTEMPTS -- CHALLENGES CONCERNING TO REJUVENATION STRATEGIES -- INTERVENTIONS RECOMMENDED. , References -- Chapter 3: Ganges Groundwater Interaction at Varanasi -- INTRODUCTION -- STUDY AREA -- Gangetic River System -- Varanasi -- AQUIFER DELINEATION -- GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY -- SURFACE WATER-GROUNDWATER INTERACTION -- Water Level Fluctuation -- Mixing Model -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Chapter 4: Microbial Water Quality Assessment in River Ganga (Bihar) -- RIVER SYSTEM -- The Holy Ganga in Bihar -- Sources of Ganga Pollution -- COLIFORM BACTERIA IN RIVER WATER -- Bacterial Indicators Use in Water Quality -- Water Quality Indicator Microbes -- Indicator Microbes -- Total Coliform -- Escherichia coli (E. coli) -- SAMPLE COLLECTION SITE FOR MICROBIAL ANALYSIS IN GANGA WATER -- ANALYSIS OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF GANGA -- Microbial contamination observation -- WATERBORNE DISEASES -- HEALTH EFFECTS DUE TO FAECAL POLLUTION -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Chapter 5: Vulnerability and Resilience Status of River Systems of North-Eastern India: A Special Reference to Brahmaputra -- INTRODUCTION -- RIVER SYSTEMS IN NORTH-EASTERN INDIA -- The Brahmaputra river basin -- VULNERABILITY OF URBAN WATER BODIES -- RESEARCH STUDIES ON NORTH-EASTERN RIVERS (BRAHMAPUTRA) -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Chapter 6: Flood Hazard of the Brahmaputra River in Assam: Current Mitigation Approaches, Challenges and Sustainable Solution ... -- INTRODUCTION -- CAUSES OF FLOODS IN BRAHMAPUTRA -- EXISTING FLOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -- CHALLENGES -- WAY FORWARD -- References -- Chapter 7: Integrated Simulation of Surfacewater-Groundwater (SW-GW) Interactions Using SWAT-MODFLOW (Case study: Shiraz Basin... -- INTRODUCTION -- AIM AND SCOPE -- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY -- THEORY OF SW-GW INTERACTION -- DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA -- SWAT-MODFLOW MODEL DEVELOPMENT -- SWAT-MODFLOW CALIBRATION -- RESULT -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 8: Effect of Changing Climate on the Water Resources of Upper Jhelum Basin (UJB), India -- INTRODUCTION -- STUDY AREA -- HYDROLOGICAL SETUP -- METHODOLOGY ADOPTED -- END MEMBER-MIXING ANALYSIS (EMMA) -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- Variability of Stable Water Isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) in Source Waters -- Variability of Stable Water Isotopes (18O and 2H) in Stream Water -- Contribution of Rain, Snow and Glacier Melt to River Jhelum -- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISCHARGE AND PRECIPITATION REGIMES -- LONG-TERM CHANGE IN SNOW COVER -- INFLUENCE OF CHANGING CLIMATE ON THE WATER RESOURCES OF UJB -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Chapter 9: Geogenic and Anthropogenic Impacts on the Water Quality of Cauvery River -- INTRODUCTION -- FACTORS CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION OF RIVER WATER -- Meteorological and Geographical Factors -- Hydrological Factors -- Lithological Factors -- Landuse/Land Cover -- TEMPORAL VARIATION IN WATER QUALITY -- SOURCES AND TYPES OF CONTAMINATION -- Natural Source -- Anthropogenic Sources -- SOURCES OF ANTHROPOGENIC CONTAMINATION -- Point Source -- Non-point Source -- CLIMATE CHANGE -- TYPES OF POLLUTANTS -- Inorganic Pollutants -- Organic Pollutants -- Microbial Pollutants -- WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS -- Physical Parameters -- pH -- Electrical conductivity -- Turbidity -- Oxidation-reduction potential -- Temperature -- Dissolved oxygen -- Chemical Parameters -- Major ions, minor ions and trace elements -- Alkalinity -- Nutrients -- Biochemical oxygen demand -- Chemical oxygen demand -- METHODS TO IDENTIFY ANTHROPOGENIC AND GEOGENIC CONTAMINATION IN RIVERS -- Microbial Identification -- Isotopic Identification -- IDENTIFICATION USING MAJOR IONS -- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS -- Sampling Methodology -- Surface Water Quality in the Basin -- Groundwater Quality in the Basin -- Impact of river water recharge on groundwater quality. , FACTORS INFLUENCING RIVER WATER QUALITY IN CAUVERY BASIN -- Meteorological Conditions -- Hydrological Factors -- Lithology -- LANDUSE/LAND COVER -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Chapter 10: Fluvio-dynamics and Groundwater System in the Narmada River Basin, India -- INTRODUCTION -- THE NARMADA RIVER BASIN (NRB) -- NARMADA ALLUVIAL PLAIN -- NEOTECTONICS AND DYNAMICS IN THE NARMADA RIVER SYSTEM -- PALAEOCHANNELS IN NARMADA ALLUVIAL PLAINS -- ALLUVIAL HYDROGEOLOGY IN UPPER NARMADA RIVER BASIN IN MADHYA PRADESH -- Hydrogeological parameters of alluvial aquifers in NAP -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Chapter 11: Groundwater Resources in Punjab and Bist-Doab Area: An Appraisal and Overview -- INTRODUCTION -- HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL FEATURES -- Physiography -- Demography -- Climate and Rainfall -- Soils -- Rivers of Punjab -- Agriculture -- Water and Irrigation -- Groundwater Aquifer -- GROUNDWATER RESOURCES -- Water Quality -- BIST-DOAB REGION: A CASE STUDY -- Land-Use Changes (LUCs) -- Groundwater Fluctuation -- Satellite based (GRACE data) GWL analysis -- ISOTOPE ANALYSIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- Chapter 12: Environmental Flow Impacts on Water Quality of Peninsular River System: Tunga-Bhadra River, India -- INTRODUCTION -- DATA AND METHODOLOGY: CASE STUDY -- Threshold indices for low flows -- Standardized Runoff Index (SRI) -- Environmental Flows and Water Quality -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- Low Flow Analysis -- River Water Quality Analysis -- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- References -- Part II: Hydrosocial -- Chapter 13: Relationships First: Introducing Phenomenological Research Methodology in Hydrosocial Scholarship -- INTRODUCTION -- PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY -- Interpretive Approach in PRM -- PHENOMENOLOGICAL NARRATIVES ON CHANGE IN ENVIRONMENT AND LANDSCAPE OF SUNDARBANS -- CONCLUSION -- References. , Chapter 14: Socio-hydrology: A Holistic Approach to Water-Human Nexus in Large Riverine Islands of India, Bangladesh and Vietn... -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODOLOGY -- EXPECTED DELIVERABLES/OUTPUTS -- RELEVANCE -- APN´s Strategic Plan -- Policy Processes and Sustainability -- Scientific Capacity Development for Global Change Research -- CONCLUSION AND WAY FORWARD -- References -- Chapter 15: Interlinking of Indian Rivers: Floated Myths, Flouted Realities -- INTERLINKING RIVERS: A CONCERN -- ILR AS A REMEDY FOR INDIA´S WATER WOES -- Co-managing `Menace´ of Floods and `Curse´ of Drought -- Interlinking for Food- and Water-secure Future -- Hydropower and Other Incidental Benefits -- UNDERSTANDING THE CRITICISM FOR ILR -- Flawed Assumptions and Miscalculated Benefits -- Overlooking Alternatives: A Case for Local Solutions -- Emerging Ecological Concerns -- ILR IN LIGHT OF EMERGING NEW PARADIGM OF INTEGRATED WATER GOVERNANCE -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ANNEXURE -- References -- Chapter 16: Dynamics of Transboundary River Conflicts vis-à-vis Nature Based Negotiated Approach (NBNA) Solution: Case Study R... -- INTRODUCTION -- WATER CONFLICTS: HYDRO POLITICS OCCUPY THE PIVOTAL POINT -- TRANSBOUNDARY RIVER PARADIGM IN SOUTH ASIA -- INDIA BANGLADESH RIVER DYNAMICS -- TEESTA WATER SHARING POLITICS: REALITY VERSUS RHETORIC (CASE STUDY) -- Hardly any water available to split between India and Bangladesh -- Poor Planning: Priorities Changed -- Hydroelectricity Factor -- Measuring Water Flow During Wrong Time -- The Teesta-Mahananda Link Canal Impact -- The Climate Change Effect -- NATURE BASED NEGOTIATED APPROACH (NBNA)IS THE KEY -- References -- Part III: Hydro-heritage -- Chapter 17: A Deep Ecological Exploration of Indian River Systems: Review of Its Cultural Landscape and Triveni Sangam Case -- INTRODUCTION -- DEEP ECOLOGY AND FLOW OF RIVERS. , RIVERS IN INDIAN LANDSCAPE.

Note: Front Cover -- Global Groundwater -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- About the Editors -- Forewords -- I Foreword on groundwater as a resource -- II Foreword on groundwater for society -- III Foreword on groundwater for sustainability -- IV Foreword on groundwater for future -- V Foreword on groundwater research -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- Disclaimer -- Introduction: Why Study Global Groundwater? -- References -- Theme 1 Global groundwater -- 1 Global groundwater: from scarcity to security through sustainability and solutions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Groundwater source and availability -- 1.3 Groundwater scarcity -- 1.3.1 Quantity -- 1.3.2 Groundwater quality -- 1.4 Groundwater sustainability and security -- 1.4.1 Groundwater-food-energy nexus -- 1.4.2 Urbanization -- 1.4.3 Groundwater trade and hydro-economics -- 1.5 Solutions -- 1.5.1 Enhancing irrigation and urban groundwater efficiency -- 1.5.2 Groundwater rejuvenation -- 1.5.3 Desalination -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- Theme 2 Groundwater sources -- 2 Groundwater of carbonate aquifers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Carbonate geochemistry and hydrochemical evolution -- 2.3 Porosity and permeability -- 2.4 Recharge and flow -- 2.5 Water supply and environmental issues -- 2.6 Challenges in monitoring and modeling -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Groundwater resources in Australia-their occurrence, management, and future challenges -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Groundwater resources in Australia -- 3.3 Historical development of groundwater -- 3.4 Evolution of groundwater management -- 3.5 Current groundwater usage -- 3.6 Groundwater management issues -- 3.6.1 Overuse and overallocation of groundwater -- 3.6.2 Groundwater-dependent ecosystems -- 3.6.3 Impacts of groundwater extraction on surface-water systems -- 3.6.4 Effect of climate change on groundwater resources. , 3.6.5 Impacts of mining on groundwater resources -- 3.6.6 Land and groundwater salinization -- 3.6.7 Seawater intrusion -- 3.7 Future challenges -- 3.7.1 Managed aquifer recharge -- 3.7.2 Declining resources for understanding and managing groundwater -- 3.8 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 4 Groundwater storage dynamics in the Himalayan river basins and impacts of global change in the Anthropocene -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Hydrology and climate of Himalayan river basins -- 4.2.1 The Indus river basin -- 4.2.2 The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river basin -- 4.2.3 The Irrawaddy river basin -- 4.3 Groundwater for drinking and agricultural use -- 4.4 Groundwater storage dynamics in Himalayan river basins -- 4.4.1 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment: Earth observation satellite monitoring -- 4.4.2 Dynamics in Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment terrestrial water storage -- 4.4.3 Mapping groundwater storage using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment -- 4.4.4 Reported changes of groundwater storage and impacts of global change -- 4.5 Concluding discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Groundwater variations in the North China Plain: monitoring and modeling under climate change and human activities toward... -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Impacts of human activities on groundwater in the North China Plain -- 5.3 Climate change impact on groundwater in the North China Plain -- 5.4 China's South-to-North Water Diversion -- 5.5 Review on groundwater storage assessment in the North China Plain -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 Emerging groundwater and surface water trends in Alberta, Canada -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Data and methods -- 6.2.1 Study region -- 6.2.2 Groundwater level observation -- 6.2.3 Observations of surface water -- 6.2.4 Rainfall and snowmelt water -- 6.3 Results and discussions. , 6.3.1 Rainfall and snowmelt water -- 6.3.2 Surface water level changes -- 6.3.3 Groundwater level changes -- 6.4 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Groundwater irrigation and implication in the Nile river basin -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Surface water in the Nile basin -- 7.3 Land use and irrigation in the Nile basin -- 7.4 Groundwater in the Nile basin -- 7.5 Aquifers in Nile riparian countries -- 7.5.1 Groundwater in Egypt -- 7.5.2 Groundwater in Sudan and South Sudan -- 7.5.3 Groundwater in Ethiopia -- 7.5.4 Groundwater in the Extended Lake Victoria basin -- 7.6 Discussion and conclusion -- References -- 8 Groundwater availability and security in the Kingston Basin, Jamaica -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Kingston Hydrologic Basin -- 8.2.1 Population and water supply -- 8.2.2 Hydrogeology of the KHB -- 8.2.3 Climate of the KHB -- 8.3 Methodology and analytical procedures -- 8.3.1 Field work -- 8.3.2 Water quality analysis -- 8.4 Results and discussion -- 8.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Transboundary aquifers: a shared subsurface asset, in urgent need of sound governance -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Definition of transboundary aquifer: international and intranational -- 9.3 Governance-collaboration, potential dispute resolution -- 9.4 Water availability as a driver for governance -- 9.5 Current global inventory and classification of transboundary aquifers -- 9.6 Review of recent developments-the Red Queen effect -- 9.7 The place of transboundary aquifers in national priorities -- 9.8 SDGs as a driver toward sound governance of transboundary aquifers -- 9.9 The climate change megatrend and relevance to transboundary aquifers -- 9.10 Transboundary aquifers under high developmental stress -- 9.11 Estimating the urgency of sound governance as a function of water abundance/water scarcity. , 9.12 Case history: the Stampriet aquifer-Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa -- 9.13 Hurdles to progress in intercountry dialogue-the "invisibility cape"? -- 9.14 The hiatus in the progress to adoption of the Draft Articles -- 9.15 Conclusion: light at the end of the tunnel -- Conflict of interest -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 10 Transboundary groundwater of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River delta system -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Geologic and geomorphologic setting -- 10.3 Aquifer framework -- 10.4 Groundwater flow system -- 10.5 Hydrogeochemistry -- 10.6 Groundwater arsenic contamination -- 10.7 Policy interventions and management options for arsenic mitigation -- References -- Further reading -- Theme 3 Groundwater scarcity: quantity and quality -- 11 Groundwater drought: environmental controls and monitoring -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Environmental controls on groundwater -- 11.2.1 Precipitation -- 11.2.2 Subsurface hydrogeological conditions -- 11.2.3 Large-scale climate phenomena -- 11.3 Groundwater drought monitoring -- 11.3.1 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data assimilation for groundwater drought monitoring -- 11.3.2 Other groundwater drought indicators -- 11.4 Characteristics of groundwater drought at the global domain -- 11.5 Discussions and future research -- References -- 12 Groundwater scarcity in the Middle East -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Water resources: current use and future trends -- 12.3 Impacts of water scarcity -- 12.3.1 Water resources and climate change -- 12.3.2 Water quality -- 12.4 Water resources management -- 12.4.1 Mitigation to water scarcity -- 12.4.1.1 Desalination -- 12.4.1.2 Treated wastewater reuse -- 12.4.1.3 Rainwater harvesting and artificial aquifer recharge -- 12.5 Case studies -- 12.5.1 Jordan River -- 12.5.2 Tigris-Euphrates River -- 12.5.3 Nile River. , 12.5.3.1 Victoria Nile or the White Nile -- 12.5.3.2 Blue Nile River basin -- References -- 13 Groundwater scarcity and management in the arid areas in East Africa -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Typical characteristics of the dryland areas -- 13.3 Typologies of hydrogeology difficulties in arid areas in the East Africa -- 13.3.1 Arid volcanic mountains (old rugged volcanics) -- 13.3.2 Rift volcanics and pyroclastics -- 13.3.3 Nazareth series ignimbrites -- 13.3.4 Extensive limestone and sandstone plateaus, rocky hills, and plains in arid environments -- 13.3.5 Extensive loose inland alluvio-lacustrine, inland deltaic, and coastal plain aquifers -- 13.3.5.1 Permissible hydrogeology environments -- 13.4 Current and past drinking water delivery practices -- 13.5 Securing water in difficult hydrogeological environments -- 13.5.1 Identifying and protecting viable aquifers -- 13.5.2 Adaptation of customary water schemes -- 13.5.3 Enhancing water availability by water harvesting -- 13.5.4 Water quality management -- 13.5.5 Long distance and interbasin water transfer -- 13.5.6 Investing in sustainability of existing systems -- 13.6 Policy and practice implication -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Further reading -- 14 Global geogenic groundwater pollution -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Global distribution of geogenic groundwater pollutants -- 14.2.1 Arsenic -- 14.2.2 Fluoride -- 14.2.3 Selenium -- 14.2.4 Uranium -- 14.2.5 Salinity -- 14.3 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Out of sight, but not out of mind: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Analytical methods for monitoring per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances -- 15.3 Sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the environment -- 15.3.1 Aqueous film-forming foam -- 15.3.2 Landfill leachate -- 15.3.3 Industrial sources -- 15.3.4 Other sources. , 15.4 Occurrence studies.