Note: Intro -- Preface -- Introduction -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Warren Lewis: Early Life, Educational Background, and Early Research -- Chapter 2: Margaret Reed: Early Life, Educational Background, and Early Research -- Chapter 3: Early Collaborative Research -- Chapter 4: Move to the Carnegie Institution -- Chapter 5: Research and Family Life in the Early 1920s -- Chapter 6: Research in the Late 1920s -- Chapter 7: Warren´s Research in the 1930s -- Chapter 8: Margaret´s Research in the 1930s -- Chapter 9: Impact, Accolades, and a Cottage in Maine -- Chapter 10: Research After Warren´s ``Retirement´´ -- Chapter 11: Final Years: The End of Research, But Not Honors -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Ancient Supercontinents and the Paleogeography of Earth -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Precambrian supercontinents and supercycles-an overview -- 1.1 The history of the supercontinent research-the five milestones -- 1.2 The Earth and the solar system -- 1.3 Some tectonic concepts -- 1.4 Precambrian supercontinents and their cyclicity-observational evidence -- 1.5 How to reconstruct Precambrian terranes? -- 1.6 Models of the Precambrian supercontinents-some remarks -- 1.7 Precambrian paleomagnetism and paleogeography: a guideline -- 1.7.1 Target rocks -- 1.7.2 Steps 1 and 2 -- 1.7.3 Steps 3−6 -- 1.7.4 Step 7 -- 1.7.5 Step 8 -- 1.8 Precambrian paleomagnetism applied to paleoreconstructions-an example -- 1.8.1 Example 1: closest approach technique for reconstructions -- 1.8.2 Matching apparent polar wander paths-another technique for reconstructions -- 1.9 Precambrian paleomagnetic databases -- 1.9.1 Precambrian pole distributions -- 1.9.2 Some aspects of Precambrian paleomagnetic data -- 1.10 Global and terrane geological maps for reconstructions -- 1.11 Precambrian supercontinent cycle -- 1.11.1 The Precambrian supercontinents and supercycles -- 1.11.2 Secular evolution trends during the Precambrian -- 1.11.2.1 Proxies of core and mantle -- 1.11.2.2 Proxies of crustal extraction -- 1.11.2.3 Proxies reflecting plate tectonics -- 1.11.2.4 Paleolatitude proxies -- 1.11.2.5 Paleoclimate and other proxies -- 1.11.2.6 Kinematic proxies -- 1.11.3 Are the supercontinents the same, similar, or different? -- 1.11.4 Precambrian events and supercontinent cycle -- 1.12 Conclusions and suggestions for future work -- 1.13 How we proceed in this book -- Acknowledgments -- Appendices -- References. , 2 A mantle dynamics perspective on the drift of cratons and supercontinent formation in Earth's history -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methodology -- 2.2.1 Geodynamic modeling -- 2.2.2 Specific model setup -- 2.2.2.1 Continent configuration -- 2.2.3 Continental drift diagnostics -- 2.2.4 Computed evolutions -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 Average mantle structure -- 2.3.2 Temporal changes in surface plate motions and continental drift -- 2.3.3 Geodynamic surface evolutions -- 2.3.3.1 Homogeneous continent-size distribution (case A) -- 2.3.3.2 Heterogeneous continent-size distribution (case B) -- 2.3.3.3 More vigorous mantle flow (case C) -- 2.4 Long-term cooling of the mantle (case D) -- 2.5 Discussion -- 2.5.1 Supercontinent formation scenarios and grouping of continental units -- 2.5.2 Inclination frequency sampling and inferences on the GAD hypothesis -- 2.5.3 Challenges in the comparison to paleomagnetic data -- 2.5.4 Model limitations and future directions -- 2.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Precambrian geomagnetic field-an overview -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Precambrian geomagnetic field-characteristic features -- 3.3 Inclination frequency analysis -- 3.4 Field reversals -- 3.5 Paleosecular variation -- 3.6 Paleointensity -- 3.7 Continental drift -- 3.8 Results -- 3.9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 The Precambrian paleogeography of Laurentia -- 4.1 Introduction and broad tectonic history -- 4.1.1 Laurentia's initial formation -- 4.1.2 Protracted Proterozoic accretionary growth followed by collisional orogenesis -- 4.1.3 Neoproterozoic rifting -- 4.1.4 Similarities in Laurentia's Proterozoic and Phanerozoic tectonic histories -- 4.2 Paleomagnetic pole compilation -- 4.3 Differential motion before Laurentia amalgamation -- 4.4 Paleogeography of an assembled Laurentia. , 4.5 Comparing paleogeographic models to the paleomagnetic compilation -- 4.6 Paleoenvironmental constraints on paleolatitude -- 4.7 Evaluating Laurentia's Proterozoic paleogeographic neighbors -- 4.7.1 Paleogeographic connections prior to initial Laurentia assembly -- 4.7.2 Amazonia -- 4.7.3 Australia and East Antarctica -- 4.7.4 Baltica -- 4.7.5 Kalahari -- 4.7.6 North China -- 4.7.7 Siberia -- 4.8 The record implies plate tectonics throughout the Proterozoic -- 4.9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- Glossary -- References -- 5 The Precambrian drift history and paleogeography of Baltica -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Geological evolution of Baltica -- 5.2.1 General geological outline for Baltica -- 5.2.2 Geological evolution of Fennoscandia and formation of Baltica -- 5.2.2.1 Geological evolution of the Archean Karelian and Kola cratons of Fennoscandia -- 5.2.2.2 Crustal growth of Fennoscandia-the Svecofennian orogen -- 5.2.3 Geological evolution of Volgo-Sarmatia and formation of Baltica -- 5.2.4 Geological evolution of Baltica -- 5.2.4.1 Baltica within Nuna-different tectonic regimes -- 5.2.4.2 Igneous activity and rifting in Baltica reflecting initiation of the breakup on Nuna? -- 5.2.4.3 Late Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic geological evolution of Baltica-the Rodinia cycle -- 5.3 Material and methods -- 5.3.1 Paleomagnetic poles of Baltica-latitudinal drift history and drift rate -- 5.3.2 Paleoclimatic indicators of Baltica-testing the reconstructed latitudinal drift history -- 5.4 Paleomagnetic evidence for the drift of Baltica -- 5.4.1 Review of the paleomagnetic poles of Baltica -- 5.4.1.1 Archean-Paleoproterozoic poles of subcratons of Baltica -- 5.4.1.2 Late Paleoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic poles for amalgamated Baltica -- 5.4.2 Latitudinal drift of Baltica -- 5.4.2.1 Archean-Paleoproterozoic latitudinal drift and amalgamation of Baltica. , 5.4.2.2 Late Paleoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic latitudinal drift of amalgamated Baltica -- 5.5 Paleoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic climatic indicators for Baltica -- 5.6 Drift velocities of Baltica and its subcratons with implication to tectonics -- 5.6.1 Archean-Paleoproterozoic drift velocities with implication to tectonics -- 5.6.2 Late Paleoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic drift velocities with implication to tectonics -- 5.7 Implications for Baltica in Superia supercraton and Nuna and Rodinia supercontinents -- 5.7.1 Karelian and Kola in Superia -- 5.7.2 Baltica in Nuna and Rodinia cycles -- 5.7.2.1 Baltica-Laurentia-Siberia -- 5.7.2.2 Baltica-Congo-São Francisco -- 5.7.2.3 Baltica-India in Nuna and Rodinia cycles -- 5.7.2.4 Baltica-Amazonia in Nuna and Rodinia cycles -- 5.8 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Supplementary table -- References -- 6 The Precambrian drift history and paleogeography of Amazonia -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Amazonian Craton -- 6.3 Quality criteria of paleomagnetic poles -- 6.4 Amazonian paleomagnetic data and apparent polar wander path -- 6.4.1 Amazonian latitude drift -- 6.4.2 Amazonian apparent polar wander path and the polarity time scale -- 6.4.3 Amazonia pre-Columbia -- 6.4.4 Amazonia in a long-lived Columbia? -- 6.4.5 Amazonian Craton in the Rodinia supercontinent -- 6.4.6 Amazonian Craton in Gondwana -- 6.5 Final remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 The Precambrian drift history and paleogeography of Río de la Plata craton -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Geology of the Río de la Plata craton -- 7.2.1 Piedra Alta Terrane (PA) -- 7.2.2 Tandilia terrane (T) -- 7.2.3 Nico Perez terrane (NP) and Dom Feliciano Belt (DFB) -- 7.3 Material -- 7.4 Results -- 7.5 Discussion -- 7.5.1 RP and Precambrian continents -- 7.5.2 Paleoclimatic record of RP -- 7.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 8 Precambrian paleogeography of Siberia -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Geology of the Siberian Craton -- 8.3 Paleomagnetic data and paleolatitudes of Siberian Craton -- 8.4 Possible neighbors of Siberian Craton -- 8.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Whence Australia: Its Precambrian drift history and paleogeography -- 9.1 Introduction to the Precambrian geology of Australia -- 9.2 Material -- 9.2.1 Paleomagnetic studies -- 9.2.1.1 Archean poles -- Archean Hamersley banded-iron formations and iron ores -- 9.2.1.2 Paleo-Mesoproterozoic -- Kimberley Craton -- Paleo-Mesoproterozoic McArthur Basin/Pine Creek Inlier -- 9.2.1.3 Mesoproterozoic -- Middleback Ranges -- Gawler Craton -- Warakurna large igneous province -- The Albany-Fraser Belt -- 9.2.1.4 Neoproterozoic -- Mundine Dyke Swarm, WA -- Central Australian successions -- Dykes of the Yilgarn Craton, WA -- South Australian successions -- 9.2.2 Data selection -- 9.3 Results: original and age-binned apparent polar wander paths -- 9.3.1 Raw apparent polar wander curve -- 9.3.2 Age-binned APW curve -- 9.4 Discussion -- 9.4.1 Implications for supercontinents -- 9.4.1.1 Australian Cratons in Kenorland (c. 2.77-2.47Ga) -- 9.4.1.2 Australian Cratons in Nuna -- 9.4.1.3 Australian Cratons in Rodinia -- 9.4.2 Neoproterozoic intracontinental rotation -- 9.4.3 Implications for assembly and potential separation events of the Australian cratons -- 9.4.4 Paleoclimate indicators -- 9.4.5 Australian paleolatitudes in a global perspective -- 9.5 Summary -- References -- 10 The Precambrian drift history and paleogeography of India -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Data selection -- 10.2.1 Southern Indian Block (Dharwar, Bastar, and Singhbhum cratons) -- 10.2.1.1 Dharwar craton results -- 10.2.1.1.1 Bastar craton -- 10.2.1.1.2 Singhbhum craton. , 10.2.2 Northern Indian Block (Aravalli-Delhi-Marwar-Banded Gneiss Complex/Bundelkhand craton).

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- The Physiology of Fishes: Fifth Edition -- Preface for the Fifth Edition of The Physiology of Fishes -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Evolution and Phylogeny -- 1.1 General Introduction -- 1.2 Jawless Vertebrates (Agnathans) -- 1.2.1 Order Myxiniformes (Hagfishes) -- 1.2.2 Order Petromyzontiformes (Lampreys) -- 1.3 Superclass Gnathostomata -- 1.4 Class Chondrichthyes (Ratfishes, Sharks, and Rays) -- 1.4.1 Subclass Holocephali (Chimaeras) -- 1.4.2 Subclass Euselachii, Infraclass Elasmobranchii (Neoselachii) -- 1.4.2.1 Division Selachii (Sharks) -- 1.4.2.2 Division Batomorphi (Rays) -- 1.5 Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes Including Tetrapods) -- 1.5.1 Subclass Sarcopterygii (Lobe-Finned Fishes and Tetrapods) -- 1.5.2 Subclass Actinopterygii (Ray-Finned Fishes) -- 1.5.2.1 Early-Branching Actinopterygii -- 1.5.2.2 Division Teleostei -- 1.5.2.3 Cohort Elopomorpha (Tarpons, Tenpounders, Bonefishes, Eels) -- 1.5.2.4 Cohort Osteoglossomorpha (Bony-Tongues) -- 1.5.2.5 Cohort Otocephala -- 1.5.2.6 Cohort Euteleostei -- 1.5.2.7 Unranked Clade Neoteleostei -- 1.5.2.8 Unranked Clade Acanthomorpha (Spiny-Rayed Fishes) -- 1.5.2.9 Series Percomorpha -- 1.6 Conclusion -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 2 Locomotion and Biomechanics -- 2.1 History of Fish Locomotion -- 2.1.1 Classification of Swimming -- 2.1.2 Body Caudal Fin Locomotion -- 2.1.3 Median and Paired Fin Locomotion -- 2.1.4 Gait Changes -- 2.2 Complexity of Fish Forces -- 2.2.1 General Biomechanics: Force, Power and Thrust -- 2.2.2 A Little about Muscle: Motor, Spring or Break? -- 2.2.3 Muscle Anatomy -- 2.2.4 Diversity of Fin Anatomy and Structure -- 2.3 Muscle Activity and Neurocontrol -- 2.3.1 Muscle Activity -- 2.3.2 BCF Swimming -- 2.3.3 Labriform Locomotion -- 2.3.4 Unsteady Swimming. , 2.3.5 Escape Response -- 2.3.6 Swimming in Unsteady Flow -- 2.3.7 Neuro Control -- 2.4 Amphibious Locomotion in Fishes -- 2.4.1 Diversity of Terrestrial Locomotion -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Gas Exchange -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 From Environment to Gill Branchial Gas Transfer -- 3.2.1 Ventilation -- 3.2.2 Morphology -- 3.2.3 Diffusion across Membranes -- 3.2.4 The Osmorespiratory Compromise -- 3.3 Circulatory Transport of Respiratory Gases -- 3.3.1 Blood -- 3.3.1.1 Oxygen -- 3.3.1.2 Carbon Dioxide -- 3.3.2 Blood Flow and Perfusion -- 3.4 Diffusion at the Tissue Level -- 3.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 The Cardiovascular System -- 4.1 General Introduction -- 4.2 General Features of the Fish Cardiovascular System -- 4.2.1 Blood -- 4.2.2 Heart Morphology and Blood Flow Patterns -- 4.2.3 Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling and Cardiovascular Parameters -- 4.2.4 Vasculature -- 4.2.5 Control Systems -- 4.3 Integrative Cardiovascular Function -- 4.3.1 Exercise -- 4.3.2 Digestion -- 4.3.3 High Temperature -- 4.3.4 Low Temperature -- 4.3.5 Limiting Oxygen Levels -- 4.4 Conclusion and Future Cardiovascular Research -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Iono- and Osmoregulation -- 5.1 General Introduction -- 5.2 Evolutionary Strategies -- 5.2.1 Hagfish -- 5.2.2 Lamprey -- 5.2.3 Elasmobranchs -- 5.2.4 Teleosts -- 5.3 Physiology of Iono- and Osmoregulatory Tissues -- 5.3.1 Skin -- 5.3.2 Gills -- 5.3.2.1 Freshwater Fishes -- 5.3.2.2 Marine Fishes -- 5.3.3 Kidney -- 5.3.3.1 Freshwater Fishes -- 5.3.3.2 Marine Fishes -- 5.3.4 Gastrointestinal Tract -- 5.3.4.1 Marine Fishes -- 5.4 Euryhalinity -- 5.4.1 When Does Natural Selection Favour Euryhalinity? -- 5.4.2 Cellular Mechanisms of Osmosensing and Signal Transduction -- 5.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6 The Digestive System. , 6.1 Overview -- 6.2 Primary Function of the Digestive System -- 6.3 Digestive System Morphology -- 6.3.1 Buccal Cavity, Pharynx, and Associated Structures -- 6.3.2 Oesophagus -- 6.3.3 Stomach -- 6.3.4 Intestine -- 6.3.5 Colon and Rectum -- 6.3.6 Associated Organs -- 6.3.7 Microbiome -- 6.4 Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 Thermal Biology -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Thermal Strategies -- 7.1.2 Mechanisms of Endothermy in Fishes -- 7.2 Characterizing the Thermal Niche of a Fish -- 7.2.1 Thermal Tolerance -- 7.2.2 Thermal Performance -- 7.2.3 Thermal Compensation -- 7.3 Cellular and Molecular Effects of Temperature -- 7.3.1 Cellular Stress Response -- 7.3.2 Effects on Cellular Metabolism -- 7.3.3 Effects on Membranes -- 7.3.4 Temperature and Oxidative Stress -- 7.4 Effects on Whole-Organism Performance -- 7.4.1 Effects on Metabolism -- 7.4.2 Effects on the Cardiorespiratory System -- 7.4.3 Effects on Swimming Performance and Behaviour -- 7.5 Developmental Plasticity -- 7.5.1 Epigenetic Effects of Temperature -- 7.6 Thermal Adaptation -- 7.6.1 Adaptations to Constant Cold in Antarctic Fishes -- 7.7 Thermal Biology in a Changing World -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Endocrinology: An Evolutionary Perspective on Neuroendocrine Axes in Teleosts -- 8.1 Neuroendocrine Axes in Vertebrates and Special Features in Teleosts -- 8.1.1 Control of Physiological Functions and Life Cycles -- 8.1.2 The Innovation of the Pituitary Gland in Vertebrates -- 8.1.3 Specific Aspects of Pituitary Functional Anatomy in Teleosts -- 8.2 Diversification of Neuroendocrine Actors via Gene Duplications -- 8.2.1 Ancient Origin of the Molecular Families of Neuroendocrine Actors -- 8.2.2 Gene Duplications of Neuroendocrine Actors -- 8.2.3 Vertebrate- and Teleost-Specific Whole-Genome Duplications and Impact on Neuroendocrine Actors. , 8.2.4 Conservation or Loss of Duplicated Paralogs and Species-Specific Diversity of Neuroendocrine Actors -- 8.3 The Thyrotropic Axis and the Control of Development, Metabolism, and Metamorphosis in Teleosts -- 8.3.1 Introduction to the Thyrotropic Axis -- 8.3.2 Specific Features of the Thyrotropic Axis in Teleosts -- 8.3.2.1 Teleost Metamorphosis and Role of the Thyroid Hormones (TH) -- 8.3.2.2 Knowledge Gaps in the Teleost Thyrotropic Axis -- 8.3.2.3 Impact of Gene Duplication, Conservation, or Loss on Teleost Thyrotropic Axis -- 8.4 The Somatotropic Axis and the Control of Growth and Pleiotropic Functions in Teleosts -- 8.4.1 Introduction to the Somatotropic Axis -- 8.4.2 Specific Features of the Somatotropic Axis in Teleosts -- 8.4.2.1 Various Roles in Teleosts -- 8.4.2.2 Multiple Hypophysiotropic Controls Integrated at the Pituitary Somatotroph Level in Teleosts -- 8.4.2.3 Impact of Gene Duplication, Conservation, or Loss on Teleost Somatotropic Axis -- References -- Chapter 9 Reproduction -- 9.1 General Introduction -- 9.2 Neuroendocrinology of Reproduction -- 9.2.1 GnRH -- 9.2.2 Other Neural Factors -- 9.2.2.1 Dopamine -- 9.2.2.2 KiSS -- 9.2.2.3 Additional Factors -- 9.3 Pituitary-Gonadal Axis -- 9.3.1 Steroids and Steroid Receptors -- 9.3.2 Oocyte Development and Maturation -- 9.3.3 Spermatogenesis -- 9.3.4 Sexual Determination and Sexual Differentiation -- 9.4 Environmental Effects on Fish Reproduction -- 9.4.1 Environmental Cues -- 9.4.1.1 Photoperiod -- 9.4.1.2 Temperature -- 9.4.2 Environmental Endocrine Disruption -- 9.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 10 Metabolism -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Levels of Metabolic Rate -- 10.3 Modulators of Metabolic Rate -- 10.3.1 Body Mass -- 10.3.2 Temperature -- 10.3.3 Hypoxia -- 10.4 Variation in Metabolic Rate Among and within Species. , 10.5 Ecological and Evolutionary Relevance of (Varation in) Metabolic Rate -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 Hearing -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 How and Why Hearing? -- 11.3 The Importance of Sound to Fishes Today -- 11.4 Primer on Underwater Sound -- 11.4.1 Underwater Sound and Fishes -- 11.5 How Do Fishes Hear? -- 11.5.1 The Inner Ear -- 11.5.2 Response of the Ear to Sound Stimulation -- 11.5.3 Ancillary Structures -- 11.6 Diversity of Fish Ears -- 11.7 What Do Fishses Hear? -- 11.7.1 Other Aspects of Hearing by Fishes -- 11.8 What Don't we Know about Fish Hearing (Future Directions)? -- 11.9 Anthropogenic Sound and Fishes -- References -- Chapter 12 Active Electroreception and Electrocommunication -- 12.1 Introduction to Electroreception and Electrogenesis -- 12.2 Classification of Electric Fishes Based on Electric Signal Type -- 12.3 Electrocommunication -- 12.4 Generalized Anatomy of the Electro-Sensory-Motor Pathways in Gymnotiform Weakly Electric Fishes -- 12.5 Structural Organization and Premotor Neural Regulation of the Pacemaker Nucleus -- 12.6 Endocrine Regulation and Neuromodulation of the Premotor and Motor Brain Centers -- 12.7 Endocrine Regulation of the Peripheral Electric Organ -- 12.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13 Vision -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Eye -- 13.2.1 Adnexa -- 13.2.2 Sclera/Cornea -- 13.2.3 Uvea -- 13.2.4 Lens -- 13.2.5 Aqueous and Vitreous Humour -- 13.2.6 Retina -- 13.2.6.1 Rods and Cones -- 13.2.6.2 Light/Dark Adaptation -- 13.2.6.3 Regional Variation in Retinal Structure -- 13.2.6.4 Visual Pigments -- 13.3 Visual Optics -- 13.3.1 Eye Shape -- 13.3.2 Image Formation -- 13.3.2.1 Resting Refractive State and Accommodation -- 13.3.2.2 Amphibious Vision -- 13.3.3 Pupil -- 13.3.4 Tapeta -- 13.3.5 Intraocular Filters -- 13.4 Visual Abilities -- 13.4.1 Absolute Sensitivity. , 13.4.2 Contrast.