Keywords:
Geology.
;
Electronic books.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (295 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9783031082306
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=7135375
DDC:
557.2921
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Physiography of the Cayman Islands -- 1.3 Cayman Research-University of Alberta -- 1.4 Methods -- 1.4.1 Field Work and Drilling -- 1.4.2 Thin Sections -- 1.4.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy -- 1.4.4 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis -- 1.4.5 Electron Microprobe -- 1.4.6 Stable Isotope Analyses -- 1.4.7 87Sr/86Sr Analyses -- 1.4.8 Elemental and Rare Earth Elements -- 1.4.9 U/Th Dating -- References -- 2 Tectonic Setting of the Cayman Islands -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Earthquakes and Tsunamis -- 2.3 Tectonic Elements on the Cayman Islands -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Bluff Group-the Brac Formation -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Distribution -- 3.3 Lower Boundary -- 3.4 Upper Boundary -- 3.5 Thickness -- 3.6 Lithology -- 3.6.1 Cayman Brac -- Lepidocyclina Facies -- Mollusc Facies -- Foraminifera Facies -- Fabric Retentive Dolomite Facies -- Fabric Destructive Finely Crystalline Dolomite Facies -- Sucrosic Dolomite Facies -- 3.6.2 Grand Cayman -- 3.7 Porosity -- 3.8 Diagenesis -- 3.9 Dolomite Stoichiometry -- 3.10 Stable Isotopes -- 3.11 87Sr/86Sr Geochronology -- 3.12 Age -- 3.13 Depositional Regimes -- 3.14 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Bluff Group-The Cayman Formation -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Distribution -- 4.3 Lower Boundary -- 4.4 Upper Boundary -- 4.5 Thickness -- 4.6 Limestone-Dolostone Distribution -- 4.7 Biota -- 4.8 Facies -- 4.8.1 Grand Cayman -- 4.8.2 Cayman Brac -- 4.9 Depositional Regimes -- 4.10 Porosity and Permeability -- 4.11 Stable Isotopes -- 4.12 87Sr/86Sr Ratios -- 4.13 Age -- 4.13.1 Fossils -- 4.13.2 87Sr/86Sr Geochronology -- 4.13.3 Sea Level -- 4.14 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Bluff Group-Pedro Castle Formation -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Distribution -- 5.3 Lower Boundary -- 5.4 Upper Boundary.
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5.5 Thickness -- 5.6 Lithology -- 5.6.1 Grand Cayman -- 5.6.2 Cayman Brac -- 5.7 Stable Isotopes -- 5.8 Porosity and Permeability -- 5.9 87Sr/86Sr Geochronology -- 5.10 Age -- 5.11 Depositional Regimes -- 5.12 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Diagenesis-Bluff Group -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Dolostones of the Bluff Group -- 6.2.1 Dolomite Crystals -- Crystal Size -- Internal Structures and Compositional Zoning in Dolomite of the Cayman Islands -- Hollow Dolomite Crystals -- 6.2.2 Low and High Calcian Dolomite -- 6.2.3 Distribution of Low and High Calcian Dolomite -- Cayman Brac -- Grand Cayman -- 6.2.4 Stable Isotopes -- Brac Formation -- Cayman Formation -- Pedro Castle Formation -- 6.2.5 Trace Elements -- Na in Dolomite/Limestones -- Mn in Dolostones/Limestones -- Fe in Dolostones/Limestones -- Sr in Dolostones/Limestones -- Rare Earth Elements in Dolostones/Limestones -- 6.2.6 87Sr/86Sr Ratios -- Brac Formation -- Cayman Formation -- Pedro Castle Formation -- Modern Seawater -- Potential Problems with 87Sr/86Sr Ratios -- Brac Formation -- Cayman Formation and Pedro Castle Formation -- Comparison with Other Island Dolostones -- 6.3 Discussion -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Ironshore Formation -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Distribution -- 7.3 Lower Boundary -- 7.4 Upper Boundary -- 7.5 Thickness -- 7.6 Internal Stratigraphy -- 7.6.1 Lithological and Biological Characteristics of Units A to F -- 7.7 The 6 m Sea Level Notch -- 7.8 Key Exposures of the Ironshore Formation -- 7.8.1 Grand Cayman -- Salt Creek -- Canary Lane Quarry -- Boat Launch, Northwest Coast -- 7.8.2 Cayman Brac -- 7.8.3 Little Cayman -- Little Cayman Quarry -- Salt Rocks -- Unnamed Hill -- 7.9 Biota of the Ironshore Formation -- 7.9.1 Corals -- 7.9.2 Rhodolites -- 7.9.3 Stromatolites -- 7.9.4 Bivalves and Gastropods -- 7.10 Trace Elements.
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7.11 Diagenesis in the Ironshore Formation -- 7.11.1 Alteration of Skeletal Material -- Strombus Gigas Shells -- Corals -- 7.11.2 Calcretes -- 7.11.3 Rhizoliths -- 7.11.4 Roots and Caliche -- 7.11.5 Roots and Peloids -- 7.12 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Modern Carbonate Environments -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Coastal Shelves of the Cayman Islands -- 8.3 Corals and Coral Reefs -- 8.3.1 Modern Corals of the Cayman Islands -- 8.3.2 Shelf-Edge Reef of Grand Cayman -- 8.4 Lagoons of Grand Cayman -- 8.4.1 North Sound -- The Fresh-Brackish Water Association -- The Marine Facies Association -- Rare Earth Elements -- Age -- Facies Architecture -- 8.4.2 South Sound -- Facies -- Age of Sediments -- Facies Changes Through Time -- Sedimentary Processes -- 8.4.3 Frank Sound and Pease Bay -- Facies -- Facies Changes Through Time -- Foraminifera in Frank Sound -- 8.4.4 East Sound -- 8.5 Bioerosion -- 8.6 Temporal Changes in Surface Seawater Temperatures -- 8.7 The Critical Role of Thalassia in the Lagoons of the Cayman Islands -- 8.8 Impact of Storms on the Coastal Areas of the Cayman Islands -- 8.8.1 Storm Boulders -- 8.8.2 Boulder Ramparts -- 8.8.3 Storm Impact on Lagoonal Sediments -- 8.9 Vermetid Buildups -- 8.10 Beachrock -- 8.11 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Karst on the Cayman Islands -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Modern Karst of the Cayman Islands -- 9.2.1 Phytokarst -- 9.2.2 Caves and Speleothems on Cayman Brac -- Caves in the Brac Formation -- Caves in the Cayman Formation -- Cave Speleothems -- Notch Speleothems -- 9.2.3 Caves and Speleothems on Grand Cayman -- The Twilight Zone -- Stalactites and Stalagmites -- Cave Pearls -- Calcite Versus Aragonite Precipitation -- Comparison of Notch Speleothems and Cave Speleothems -- 9.3 Vertebrate Fossils -- 9.4 Paleokarst on the Cayman Islands -- 9.4.1 Paleokarst Surfaces.
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The Brac Unconformity -- The Cayman Unconformity -- The Pedro Castle Unconformity -- 9.5 Subsurface Paleokarst Features -- 9.5.1 Caymanite -- 9.5.2 Paleo-Caves -- 9.5.3 Sinkholes, Joints, and Other Cavities -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Terra Rossa, Phosphate, and Mangrove Swamps -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Terra Rossa -- 10.2.1 Stratigraphic Distribution of Lithified Terra Rossa on the Cayman Islands -- 10.2.2 Composition -- Clays, X-ray Amorphous Material, Anatase, Hematite, Goethite, and Manganese Precipitates -- Biofragments -- Glaebules -- Clay-Coated Grains and Terra Rossa Ooids -- Fractures -- 10.2.3 Stable Isotopes -- 10.2.4 Rare Earth Elements -- 10.2.5 Origin of Terra Rossa on the Cayman Islands -- 10.3 Phosphate Deposits -- 10.3.1 Composition of Phosphatic Limestone -- 10.3.2 Petrography of Phosphatic Limestones -- Lithoclasts and Detrital Phosphate Grains -- Glaebules -- Phosphate Rafts -- Matrix -- Microbes -- Calcite Cement -- 10.3.3 Stable Isotopes -- 10.3.4 Rare Earth Elements -- 10.3.5 Origin of Phosphate Deposits -- 10.4 Mangrove Deposits -- 10.4.1 Barkers Peninsula and West Bay Peninsula -- 10.4.2 Barkers Peninsula and West Bay Peninsula -- Laminated and Non-laminated Crusts -- Plastic Mud -- Peat -- 10.4.3 South Sound -- 10.4.4 Age and Development of Mangrove Swamps -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Hydrogeology -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Stage I -- 11.1.2 Stage II -- 11.1.3 Stage III -- 11.2 Bedrock Geology -- 11.3 Porosity and Permeability -- 11.4 Rainfall -- 11.5 Freshwater Lenses -- 11.5.1 Joints, Factures, and Water Lenses -- 11.5.2 Groundwater on the Cayman Islands -- Seawater -- Rainwater -- Pond Water -- Water in Sinkholes -- Cave Water -- Groundwater-Perched Water Zone -- Groundwater-Highly Brackish to Saline Water -- 11.5.3 Hydrochemical Facies -- Chloride Ions.
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Bicarbonate Ions -- Calcium and Magnesium Ions -- 11.6 Groundwater Calcite and Dolomite Saturation States -- 11.6.1 Rainwater -- 11.6.2 Perched Water -- 11.6.3 Groundwater-Fresh Water Zone -- 11.6.4 Groundwater-Lightly Brackish Water Zone -- 11.6.5 Groundwater-Types I and II -- 11.7 Groundwater and Bedrock in and Around the East End Freshwater Lens -- 11.8 Development of Reverse Osmosis Plants -- 11.9 Conclusions -- References -- Appendix_1.
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