Note: Front Cover -- RISK FACTORS FOR PSYCHOSIS -- RISK FACTORS FOR PSYCHOSIS -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- 1 - Historical perspectives on psychosis risk -- Introduction -- The prodrome concept -- Clinical implications of the prodrome -- Conceptual limitations -- Early research characterizing the psychosis prodrome -- Characterizing illness course -- Identifying individuals in the prodromal phase -- Conclusion: challenges and future directions -- References -- 2 - Principles of risk, screening, and prevention in psychiatry -- Introduction -- Risk -- Risk, relative risk, and excess risk-the mathematical underpinnings -- Risk calculations -- Risk factors for mental ill health -- Moderators -- Early developmental -- Pre- and perinatal risk factors -- Gender -- Ethnicity and migration -- Childhood and adolescence -- Adverse childhood experiences -- Substance use -- Lifetime -- Social determinants of health -- Income inequality and socioeconomic disadvantage -- Mediators -- Identification of mental disorders and screening -- Definitions-universal and selective -- The screening tool-psychometric properties -- Screening criteria -- Settings for universal psychiatric screening -- Schools -- Primary care -- Pros and cons of screening for mental disorders -- Prevention -- The economic argument for prevention -- Levels of prevention strategies -- Conclusion -- References -- 1 - Risk paradigms -- 3 - At-risk mental states -- Identifying the prodrome of psychotic disorder -- True positives, false positives, and false false positives -- Operationalization of the ARMS criteria-The Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS) -- The predictive validity of the ARMS criteria -- Intervention studies to prevent transition to psychotic disorder -- Broadening the outcomes of interest -- The attenuated psychosis syndrome. , The next wave of research-refining prediction -- References -- 4 - Subjective disturbances in emerging psychosis: basic symptoms and self-disturbances -- Subjective experiences in early psychoses -- Concept of basic symptoms -- Definition of basic symptoms and original basic symptom model -- Assessments of basic symptoms -- Basic symptom criteria -- Concept of self-disturbances -- Relation of basic symptoms to other psychosis-risk concepts -- Phenomenological differences and similarities between concepts -- Structural relationships between concepts -- Current evidence for the basic symptom model -- Basic symptoms and their association to neurobiological aberrations -- Developmental aspects of basic symptoms and attenuated psychotic symptoms in the general population -- Prediction of psychosis -- Conversion to psychosis in samples meeting basic symptom criteria -- Prediction of psychosis by self-disturbances -- Conclusion -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- References -- 5 - Schizotypy, schizotypal personality, and psychosis risk -- Schizotypy as a framework to study psychosis risk -- Schizotypy and schizotypal personality disorder as predictors of psychosis spectrum psychopathology -- Schizotypy as a marker of psychosis proneness in nonclinical samples -- Schizotypy in genetically at-risk samples -- Schizotypy and schizotypal personality disorder in clinical at-risk samples -- Psychosis spectrum personalities as predictors of psychosis in samples with schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorders -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 - Familial high risk and high-risk studies -- Introduction -- Schizophrenia -- Baseline findings/trait effects on structural magnetic resonance imaging -- Psychotic symptom associations/state effects on structural magnetic resonance imaging. , Functional magnetic resonance imaging -- Predicting schizophrenia -- Summary -- Bipolar disorder -- Structural imaging -- Functional imaging -- Summary -- Discussion -- A transdiagnostic approach? -- Tracking environmental factors -- Limitations -- Areas for future work -- Conclusion -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 - Psychotic-like experiences in the general population -- History and definition of psychotic-like experiences -- What is the prevalence of psychotic-like experiences? -- How can we measure PLEs? -- What are the risk factors for PLEs? -- What are the neurodevelopmental correlates of PLEs? -- What are the risk factors for persistent PLEs? -- Overview of risk factors and correlates -- What are the outcomes of having PLEs? -- Negative psychosocial outcomes -- Other outcomes associated with psychotic-like experiences -- Overview of outcomes associated with psychotic-like experiences -- Current challenges -- What do we do about PLE? -- Overall conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- 8 - 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a neurodevelopmental model of psychosis -- Introduction -- Epidemiology and genetic pathophysiology -- Somatic phenotype -- Neurocognitive profile -- Global cognition -- Executive functioning -- Social cognition -- Psychiatric phenotype (other than psychosis) throughout development -- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder -- Anxiety disorders -- Autism spectrum disorder -- Mood disorders -- Substance abuse -- Psychosis in 22q11DS -- Pathophysiology of the neuropsychiatric phenotype -- Evidence from neuroimaging studies in humans -- Evidence from animal models -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 - Specific areas and risk -- 9 - Neuroimaging studies in people at clinical high risk for psychosis -- Introduction -- Structural magnetic resonance imaging -- Diffusion tensor imaging. , Functional magnetic resonance imaging -- Electroencephalography -- Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy -- Positron emission tomography -- Multicenter studies -- Machine learning -- Network analysis -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- References -- 10 - Genetic studies of psychosis -- Introduction -- Candidate gene studies -- The era of genome-wide association studies -- SNP-based heritability and genetic correlations -- Investigating polygenic liability -- Copy number variants and sequencing studies -- Causal inference using Mendelian randomization -- Epigenetics -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- References -- 11 - Immune processes and risk of psychosis -- Introduction -- Genetics -- Epidemiology and infection -- Cytokines, microglial phenotype, and neurodevelopment -- Lymphocytes and antigen-specific autoimmunity -- Conclusion -- References -- 12 - Neurochemical models of psychosis risk and onset -- Introduction -- Neonatal hippocampal lesion -- Anatomical and neurophysiological effects -- Behavioral effects -- Limitations -- Prenatal immune activation -- Human influenza virus -- Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid -- Chronic phencyclidine -- Phencyclidine and ketamine in humans -- Phencyclidine in rodents -- Anatomical effects -- Neurophysiological effects -- Behavioral effects -- Methylazoxymethanol acetate -- Dopamine -- Glutamate -- γ-Aminobutyric acid -- Limitations of the model -- Conclusion -- References -- 13 - Clinical risk factors for psychosis -- Introduction -- Method -- Results -- Cohorts that have identified clinical risk markers -- Familial high-risk studies -- Ultra high risk, clinical high risk, and basic symptom studies -- Other high-risk/Stage 1 cohorts -- Identified predictors in high-risk familial and clinical cohorts -- Demographic risk markers. , Psychotic-like symptoms, attenuated psychotic symptoms -- Social difficulties (including schizotypy, social withdrawal, and skill difficulties) -- Functional impairment -- Childhood behavioral antecedents -- Family history of psychosis -- Depressive, anxiety, or related symptoms -- Cannabis and substance use -- Trauma, life events, and bullying -- Ethnicity and migration -- Gestational and early-life risk factors -- Markers of aberrant neurodevelopment -- Discussion -- Clinical implications of the identified predictors -- Issues to consider in interpreting the nature of risk -- References -- 14 - Cognitive risk factors for psychosis -- Introduction -- Definition of cognition and cognitive deficit -- Individuals without psychotic symptoms -- Neurodevelopmental disorders -- Birth or conscript cohort studies -- Familial high risk -- The clinical high-risk state -- Basic symptoms -- Cognition in transition versus non transition clinical high-risk individuals -- Cognition as a significant independent predictor of transition to psychotic disorder -- Cognitive change in at risk for psychosis: what is the evidence for progression? -- Cognition as a risk marker for nonpsychosis outcomes -- Conclusion -- References -- 15 - Society and risk of psychosis -- Recent developments -- Variations in incidence by place and social group -- Heterogeneity -- A continuum of psychosis -- The etiological architecture of psychoses -- Social risks -- Contexts: ecologies of risk -- Migrant and minority ethnic populations -- Social position, disadvantage, and experience: vulnerability and resilience -- Timing, severity, specificity -- Clusters of adversity: cumulative and synergistic effects -- Mechanisms -- Variations in population rates of psychoses -- A sociodevelopmental pathway to psychosis -- Future research -- Implications -- References. , 16 - Is there sufficient evidence that cannabis use is a risk factor for psychosis?.

Note: Front Cover -- Contents -- Back Cover.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- The Changing Social and Spatial Character of Public Space and Its Modus Operandi -- References -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- General Introduction -- Appropriation, a Brief Background -- Temporary Appropriation in the Urban Environment -- References -- Understanding Temporary Appropriation and Social Sustainability -- Introduction -- Temporary Appropriation Vs Use of the Space -- The Relationship Between Temporary Appropriation and Place -- Temporary Appropriation and Culture -- Urban Social Sustainability -- Urban Sustainability and Culture -- Past Studies About Social Sustainability -- The Missing Link -- Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Between Assemblages and Temporary Appropriation: The Case of Mexico City -- Introduction -- Assemblage Thinking and Territorialisation -- Temporary Appropriation and Public Space -- Highly Coded City -- Cultural Assemblage -- Legal Framework Assemblage -- Analysing Assemblages -- Analysing the Legal Framework -- Analysing Visual Complexity -- Findings and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Temporary Appropriation and Informality -- Introduction -- Defining Informality -- Urban Informality -- Temporary Appropriation -- Temporary Appropriation and Informality -- Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Ongoing Appropriation: Invisible Seattle and Red May -- Introduction -- Normative Ontology and the Politics of Time -- The Politics of Transindividuality -- Red May -- Invisible Seattle -- Conclusion -- References -- Temporary Appropriation and Public Space: Assessing the CPTED Principle of Activity Support -- Introduction -- Environmental Crime Prevention, Urban Design and Public Space -- CPTED Principles -- The CPTED Principle of Activity Support -- CPTED, Territoriality and Temporary Appropriation. , Methodology -- The Case Study -- Mapping the CPTED Principle of Activity Support -- Findings and Discussion -- Quantifying Activity Support Through Signage -- Qualifying Signage and Activities -- Conclusion -- References -- Temporary Appropriation of Public Spaces: The Influence of Outdoor Comfort -- Introduction -- Climatewalk, Sensing the Environment -- Case of Rome -- Case of Singapore -- Thermal Perception and Appropriation -- Impact -- References -- Origins of Informality: Examining the Historical and Spatial Roots of Informal Day-Labor Hiring Sites -- Introduction -- Research Area and Methods -- Day Labour and Social Sustainability -- Temporary Appropriation and Day-Labour Spaces -- Day-Labour Spaces -- Case Study 1: Establishment of New Day-Labour Spaces -- Case Study 2: End of Appropriation -- Death of a Day-Labour Space -- Concluding Discussion: Social Sustainability of Day-Labour Spaces -- References -- Unsheltered Homelessness and the Right to Metabolism: An Urban Political Ecology of Health and Sustainability -- Introduction -- Metabolism -- Marx and Metabolism -- Metabolism in Urban Political Ecology -- From the Right to the City to the Right to Metabolism -- Unsheltered Homelessness and the Right to Metabolism -- Homelessness, Temporary Appropriation, and Urban Metabolism -- References -- Temporary Appropriation in Shanghai and Hong Kong: Two Study Cases Assessing the Resilience of Women Faced with the Lack of Affordable Housing -- Introduction -- Temporary Appropriation as a Strategy to Address Housing Affordability Issues in Big Cities -- Shanghai Creation of an Outdoor Domestic Landscape to Deal with the Limited Availability of Housing Space -- Temporary Social Landscape in Hong Kong -- Temporary Appropriation and Domestic Landscapes -- Conclusions -- References -- (Temporary) Appropriation (of Space), Makassar, and Urban Kampung. , Introduction -- Appropriation -- Makassar: Social Context and Public Space -- Urban Kampung: Development and Spatial Relations -- Expanding Temporary Appropriation -- Revitalising Informal Settlements and Their Environments (RISE) -- Conclusion -- References -- Extending Temporary Appropriation Through Architecture: The Role of Adaptive Reuse in Shaping New Zealand's Built Environment -- The Impacts of New Uses in the Adaptation of Historically Significant Buildings -- Understanding the Links Between Building Adaptation and Urban Design in New Zealand -- Heritage, Identity and the Appropriation of Space -- Permanence and Impermanence in the Creation of New Public and Shared Spaces -- Conclusions -- References -- Using the Street in Mexico City Centre: Temporary Appropriation of Public Space Versus Legislation Governing Street Use -- Introduction -- Temporary Appropriation in the Urban Context -- Forms of Temporary Appropriation of Public Space -- The Official Use of the Street in Mexico City Centre -- Mexican Laws and Regulations Regarding Street Use -- The View of the Authorities on Temporary Appropriation -- Summary -- Appropriation of Streets in Mexico City Centre -- Mexico City Centre: Historical Use -- Mexico City Centre: The Current Situation -- Economic Actions and Temporary Appropriation -- Other Categories of Temporary Appropriation -- Discussion -- Temporary Appropriation of the Street, and the Laws and Regulations of MCC -- The Changing Use of the Street -- Conclusion -- References -- Transforming Everyday Public Space: Human Appropriations in Search for Citizenship and Urban Well-Being -- Introduction -- Urbanity on Demand: DIY Urbanism -- Temporary Occupations Need Space: Approaching the Human Scale -- Co-designing Cities: Engaging the Experts -- Conclusion: Defining a New Urban Paradigm -- References -- General Conclusion -- References. , Why Can't We Build Cities That Make Us Feel Safe, Happy and Healthy Anymore? -- Man the Walking Animal -- Streets the Basic Building Blocks of a Place -- The Curse of the Seed -- Our Very Own Extinction Event -- There Is Light at the End of the Tunnel! Its Only About Invitations, but the Choice Is Yours -- Afterword -- Glossary of Key Terms.

Note: Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- FACT 1: A compost heap generates as much energy as the Sun! -- FACT 2: Venus smells like rotten eggs -- FACT 3: You are made of stardust -- FACT 4: Footprints on the Moon will last for millions of years -- FACT 5: Oceans of liquid diamond may exist on Neptune -- FACT 6: Astronauts have feet as soft as babies -- FACT 7: Space is completely silent -- FACT 8: Hot stars are blue, cold stars are red… our taps are wrong! -- FACT 9: Some stars spin 700 times per second -- FACT 10: Venus and Uranus are upside down -- FACT 11: Saturn is not the only planet with rings -- FACT 12: Dark sunspots are as bright as the full Moon -- FACT 13: Metal sticks together in space -- FACT 14: Astronauts cannot burp in space -- FACT 15: The days really are getting longer -- FACT 16: Neptune is home to the fastest winds in the Solar System -- FACT 17: There is no dark side to the Moon -- FACT 18: Black holes are not actually holes! -- FACT 19: Clusters of galaxies are used as gigantic cosmic telescopes -- FACT 20: Mercury is the fastest planet -- FACT 21: On Mars you need flip flops and a hat -- FACT 22: The moons of Jupiter told us the speed of light -- FACT 23: Earth is travelling through space at 225 km per second -- FACT 24: The light from stars tell astronomers what the Universe is made of -- FACT 25: Space agencies use planets to steer spacecraft around the Solar System -- FACT 26: Shepherds keep the rings of Saturn in order -- FACT 27: The Universe is expanding faster now than in the past -- FACT 28: Zero gravity makes copulation rather tricky -- FACT 29: The sight of a larger than usual Moon rising is just an illusion -- FACT 30: Twinkle twinkle little star! Stars do not twinkle -- FACT 31: Europa, a moon of Jupiter, could harbour alien life -- FACT 32: Pluto is no longer a planet. , FACT 33: The first spacewalk nearly ended in tragedy -- FACT 34: The Andromeda galaxy is on a collision course with the Milky Way -- FACT 35: A Martian volcano is almost three times the size of Mount Everest -- FACT 36: The telescope was invented by an optician -- FACT 37: Astronomers use black and white cameras to take colour pictures -- FACT 38: There are thousands of planets beyond our Solar System -- FACT 39: There is a hurricane on Jupiter nearly three times the size of Earth -- FACT 40: If you fell into a black hole you would be stretched like spaghetti -- FACT 41: There are clouds of water floating in space -- FACT 42: It is very likely that the Sun will one day swallow up the Earth -- FACT 43: Shooting stars are not stars at all -- FACT 44: Inhabitants of Saturn could enjoy the northern lights too -- FACT 45: Comets have two tails -- FACT 46: The Moon was once part of Earth -- FACT 47: To find black holes, astronomers look for the brightest objects in the night sky -- FACT 48: There are three laws which govern the motion of the planets -- FACT 49: The most common star is a red dwarf -- FACT 50: The Kessler effect suggests one day we may get cut off from space! -- FACT 51: The first telescope mirrors used arsenic -- FACT 52: A gas cloud contains enough alcohol for everyone for a billion years -- FACT 53: Our eyes are rubbish colour detectors in the dark -- FACT 54: Light takes around one million years to reach us from the core of the Sun -- FACT 55: A hurricane force wind is just a breeze on Mars -- FACT 56: An astronaut in space would last about 15 seconds without a spacesuit -- FACT 57: Travel fast to stay young -- FACT 58: The sky has co-ordinates just like latitude and longitude -- FACT 59: The Grand Canyon is dwarfed by the largest valley in the Solar System -- FACT 60: Earth is closer to the Sun in winter. , FACT 61: There is water on the Moon -- FACT 62: Dark matter exists but we do not know what it is -- FACT 63: Studying the light from galaxies tells us how fast they are moving -- FACT 64: The largest single mirror telescope has a mirror 8.2m across -- FACT 65: Pigeon droppings were once mistakenly identified to explain the radiation from the Big Bang -- FACT 66: Saturn's moon Mimas looks like the Death Star from Star Wars -- FACT 67: Neptune was first discovered by mathematics -- FACT 68: Meteorites are not hot! -- FACT 69: The Sun looks white in space -- FACT 70: Voyager 1 will reach its destination in 40,000 years -- FACT 71: We are sending signals into outer space and aliens could be listening -- FACT 72: Mercury is shrinking! -- FACT 73: The Hubble Space Telescope was launched with the wrong mirror -- FACT 74: A veritable menagerie of animals have been sent into space -- FACT 75: The movement of the Earth allows astronomers to measure distances in space -- FACT 76: Stars do not live forever -- FACT 77: The different shapes of galaxies relate to their evolutionary stage -- FACT 78: The rotation of the Sun is not uniform -- FACT 79: Some variable stars can tell us how far away they are -- FACT 80: Spacecraft docking in space is a tricky manoeuvre -- FACT 81: The Universe is 92 billion light years across -- FACT 82: In 1977 astronomers thought they had detected an alien radio signal -- FACT 83: Gamma ray bursts are among the most powerful explosions in the Universe -- FACT 84: The constellations of today will not be recognisable in a hundred thousand years -- FACT 85: VY Canis Majoris is the largest known star in the Universe -- FACT 86: Jupiter is a failed star -- FACT 87: Dung beetles use the Milky Way to navigate -- FACT 88: Jupiter is the Solar System's vacuum cleaner. , FACT 89: Polaris is the north pole star but in 12,000 years it will be replaced by Vega -- FACT 90: The night sky in a globular cluster would be glittering with thousands of bright stars -- FACT 91: Eratosthenes measured the circumference of Earth in 240bc -- FACT 92: A star called Lucy is a large cosmic diamond -- FACT 93: Lunar eclipses cause massive temperature drops on the Moon -- FACT 94: A teaspoon of neutron star material weighs 10 million tonnes -- FACT 95: The Pistol Star is 10 million times brighter than the Sun -- FACT 96: The atmosphere of the Sun is hotter than its visible surface -- FACT 97: Some rocket engines produce enough thrust to lift a sheet of A4 paper! -- FACT 98: The Sun is a very faint star! -- FACT 99: Astronomers have their very own tape measures -- FACT 100: A Martian meteorite has the fossilised building blocks of life inside it . -- FACT 101: There are alien lakes on Saturn's moon Titan.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- About the Author -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: The Premise -- Chapter 2: Photographs -- Chapter 3: Videos -- Chapter 4: Paintings -- Chapter 5: Ancient Astronaut -- Chapter 6: The Verdict -- Try This! -- Learn More -- Glossary -- Index -- Back Cover.