Note: Front Cover -- Naturally Occurring Chemicals against Alzheimer's Disease -- Naturally Occurring Chemicals against Alzheimer's Disease -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Editors' biographies -- 1 - Introduction -- Introduction -- References -- 2 - Alzheimer's disease: ethanobotanical studies -- Introduction -- Medicinal plants used against AD -- Gingko biloba -- Curcuma longa -- Salvia officinalis -- Tinospora cordifolia -- Melissa officinalis -- Glycyrrhiza glabra -- Centella asiatica -- Convolvulus pluricaulis -- Withania somnifera -- Bacopa monnieri -- Gaps and future challenges -- Proper documentation of traditional medicinal system -- Lack of information of scientific evidences on dose and ways of administration -- Globalization effects and species lost -- Challenges in mass cultivation -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 3 - Phytochemicals/plant extract against Alzheimer's -- 3.1 - Phytochemicals (pure compounds) -- 3.1.1 - Resveratrol -- Introduction -- Sources -- Natural sources -- Pharmacokinetics -- Chemistry -- Resveratrol in Alzheimer's disease -- Toxicology and adverse drug reactions -- Clinical trials -- References -- 3.1.2 - Curcumin -- Introduction -- Alzheimer's disease, symptoms, and pathophysiology -- Phytomedicinal properties of curcumin in relation to Alzheimer's disease -- Role of curcumin in clinical studies/trials -- Impact of curcumin on Alzheimer disease -- Treatment of Alzheimer's disease -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.3 - Omega 3 PUFA -- Introduction -- Alzheimer's disease (AD) -- Why omega 3? -- Importance of omega 3 -- Clinical trials -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.4 - Galantamine -- Introduction -- Biological and geographical distribution -- Biological sources -- In vitro production of galantamine -- Chemistry -- Pharmacology -- Galantamine in Alzheimer's disease. , Toxicology and adverse drug reactions -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.5 - Rivastigmine -- Introduction -- Rivastigmine -- Sources -- Chemistry of rivastigmine -- Methods of synthesis -- Mechanism of action -- Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics -- Drug interactions -- Different hybrids and their actions -- Available dosage forms of rivastigmine -- Intranasal route -- Injections -- Oral -- Inhalation -- Transdermal -- Tolerability -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.6 - Quercetin -- Introduction -- Quercetin and its pharmacological properties -- Preclinical studies on the anti-AD activity of que -- Clinical studies on the anti-AD activity of que -- Side effects and toxicological profile of que -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.7 - Valerenic and acetoxyvalerenic acid -- Introduction -- Occurrence -- Chemical structure -- Pharmacological potential of valerenic acid and acetoxyvalerenic acid -- Role in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Alzheimer's disease -- Dementia -- Anesthetic action -- Sedative and anxiolytic potential -- Insomnia -- Physical and psychological stress -- Antiinflammatory -- Gastrointestinal activity -- Inhibitory effects on CYP3A4-mediated metabolism -- Anticonvulsant -- Clinical studies -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.8 - Huperzine A -- Introduction -- Chemistry of huperzine A -- Conclusions -- References -- 3.1.9 - Caprylic/capric triglyceride -- Caprylic/capric triglyceride -- Synthesis and chemistry of caprylic triglyceride -- Properties of capric triglyceride -- Uses of capric triglyceride -- Alzheimer's disease and capric triglyceride-based medical food -- Mechanism of action and biochemistry -- Case studies related to caprylic triglyceride-based treatment in Alzheimer's disease -- Precautionary advice -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.10 - Berberine -- Introduction. , Berberine and its pharmacological properties -- Anti-oxidant activity of BBR -- Anti-apoptotic activity of BBR -- Anti-inflammatory activity of BBR -- Anti‐cholinesterase activity of BBR -- Anti-amyloidogenic activity of BBR -- Side effects and toxicological profile of BBR -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.11 - Hypericin and pseudohypericin -- Introduction -- Description of Hypericum perforatum L. -- Bioactive constituents -- Hypericin and pseudohypericin -- Pharmacological activities of HP -- Effect on AChE inhibitor -- Effects on β-amyloid peptides -- Antiinflammatory -- Antioxidant activity -- Safety -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.12 - Protopine -- Introduction -- Synthesis of protopine -- Crystal structure of protopine hydrochloride (salt of protopine) -- Biological activities of protopine -- Acetylcholinesterase inhibition/anti-Alzheimer's activity -- Other pharmacological activity -- Hepatoprotective activity -- Antioxidant and anticancer activity -- Concluding remarks -- References -- 3.1.13 - Spinosin -- Introduction -- Causes and mechanism of Alzheimer's disease -- Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease -- Current therapies for Alzheimer's disease -- Spinosin -- Potential of spinosin against Alzheimer's disease -- Future directions and conclusion -- References -- 3.1.14 - Nobiletin -- Introduction -- Chemistry and sources of nobiletin -- Metabolism and distribution in the human body -- Pharmacological effects of nobiletin in the prevention and treatment of AD -- Antineuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities -- Neuroprotective effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress -- Cholinesterase inhibitory activities -- Effects in cognitive impairment -- Effects on amyloid-β protein (Aβ) -- Studies in humans -- Conclusions -- References -- 3.2 - Plants and their extracts -- 3.2.1 - Ginkgo biloba -- Introduction -- Ginkgo biloba. , Alzheimer's disease -- Major constituents of Ginkgo biloba and their modes of action -- Antioxidant activity -- Protective effects on mitochondrial function -- Antiapoptotic effect -- Antiinflammatory effect -- Preventive effects on amyloidogenesis and Aβ aggregation -- Some other mechanisms -- Possible mechanism of actions -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.2 - Panax ginseng c.a. Meyer -- Introduction -- Taxonomy and distribution -- Bioactive constituents -- Mechanism of action -- Pharmacological studies -- Dosage -- Side effects -- Conclusion and recommendations -- References -- 3.2.3 - Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) -- Introduction -- Taxonomy -- Cultivation -- Phytochemical profile -- Traditional uses and pharmacology -- Treatment -- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) -- N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists -- Alternative treatment by Melissa officinalis -- Mechanism of action -- Effect of M. officinalis on AchE -- Effects of M. officinalis on β-amyloid (Aβ) -- Antioxidant activity of M. officinalis -- Anti-inflammatory activity -- Safety -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.4 - Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) -- Introduction -- Taxonomical classification of B. monnieri -- Mechanism of action of B. monnieri in Alzheimer's disease (AD) -- Experiments on B. monnieri related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) using in vitro and in vivo methods -- Clinical studies on B. monnieri with respect to Alzheimer's disease (AD) -- Adverse effects associated with B. monnieri -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.5 - Centella asiatica -- Introduction -- Distribution -- Chemical constituents -- Pharmacological activity -- Alzheimer's disease -- In vitro and in vivo studies -- Clinical studies -- Toxicity and interactions -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.6 - Rosmarinus officinalis L. -- Introduction, botanical description, and distribution. , Bioactive compounds -- Rosemary-drug interactions -- Impact of rosemary on diseases of central nervous system -- Side effects -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.7 - Valeriana officinalis (valerian) -- Valeriana officinalis -- Natural chemicals in V. officinalis -- Medicinal uses of V. officinalis -- Mechanism of action of key constituent of V. officinalis plant -- V. officinalis and Alzheimer disease -- Clinical studies -- Safety issues -- Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 3.2.8 - Matricaria recutita -- Introduction -- M. recutita L -- Preclinical studies -- Clinical studies -- Side effects of M. recutita L. -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.9 - Galanthus nivalis L. (snowdrop) -- Background -- Distribution and habitat associated with Galanthus nivalis -- Botany of Galanthus nivalis -- Phytochemistry and structure-activity relationship -- Importance of snowdrops in neurodegenerative disorders -- Galanthus nivalis against AD -- Galanthus nivalis actions against other neurodegenerative diseases -- Clinical studies on Galanthus nivalis with respect to Alzheimer's disease -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.10 - Guggulu [Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari.] -- Introduction -- Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) -- Antioxidants and Alzheimer's disease -- Guggulu (Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari) -- Chemistry -- Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity (preclinical and clinical studies) -- Preclinical studies -- Clinical studies -- Mechanism of action -- Safety issues -- Drug interactions -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.11 - Lepidium meyenii -- Introduction -- Chemical composition of maca -- Mechanism of action and pharmacological actions of Lepidium meyenii -- Clinical studies of Lepidium meyenii -- Toxicity profile of Lepidium meyenii -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.12 - Acorus calamus -- Introduction. , Phytochemical investigation of Acorus calamus L.