Note: cover -- Beyond Interdisciplinarity -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Glossary -- Introduction: Beyond Interdisciplinarity -- part 1 -- 1. Boundary Work -- 2. Discourses of Boundary Crossing -- 3. Interdisciplinary Fields -- part 2 -- 4. Communicating and Collaborating -- 5. Learning -- 6. From Failing to Succeeding -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Acknowledgments -- 1 15,000 years of climate change in the MENA: Big history, big questions -- 2 Climate change from the Younger Dryas to the Little Ice Age -- 3 The origins of agriculture, drought, and ancient empires -- 4 Drought and political-economic transformations in the ancient Near East -- 5 Cooling, water scarcity, and societal crises in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt -- 6 Environmental fragility in the MENA from Late Antiquity to Early Modern eras -- 7 Global warming in the MENA today and in the coming decades -- 8 Climate wars - canaries in the coal mine? -- 9 Water, food, and adaptation -- 10 The end of the MENA? -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- How to Use This Guide -- Trail Finder -- Map Legend -- Southwest Virginia -- 1 Three Falls on the Little Stony -- 2 Big Falls -- 3 Tank Hollow Falls -- 4 Three Falls on Tumbling Creek -- 5 Big Rock Falls -- 6 Waterfall on Wilson Creek -- 7 Two Falls on Cabin Creek -- 8 Comers Creek Falls -- 9 Fox Creek Falls -- 10 Waterfall on Garrett Creek -- 11 Falls of Dismal -- Valley and Ridge -- 12 Waterfall at Falls Ridge -- 13 The Cascades -- 14 Roaring Run Falls -- 15 Falling Spring Falls -- 16 Stony Run Falls -- 17 Blue Suck Falls -- 18 Hone Quarry Falls -- 19 Falls on Tributary to Middle River -- 20 Cypress Falls -- 21 Lace Falls -- Blue Ridge Parkway -- 22 St. Mary's Falls -- 23 White Rock Falls -- 24 Crabtree Falls -- 25 Wigwam Falls -- 26 Statons Creek Falls -- 27 Panther Falls -- 29 Apple Orchard Falls -- 29 Fallingwater Cascades -- 30 Bent Mountain Falls -- Shenandoah National Park -- North District -- 31 Lands Run Falls -- 32 Overall Run Falls -- Central District -- 33 Hazel Falls -- 34 Six Falls of Whiteoak Canyon -- 35 Four Falls on Cedar Run -- 36 Rose River Falls -- 37 Dark Hollow Falls -- 38 Lewis Falls -- 39 Big Rock Falls (SNP) -- 40 South River Falls -- South District -- 41 Two Waterfalls on Doyles River -- 42 Jones Run Falls -- 43 Waterfall on Big Branch -- Piedmont -- 44 Forest Hill Park Dam -- 45 Waterfall at Maymont -- 46 Falls of the Nottoway -- Northern Virginia -- 47 Scott's Run Falls -- 48 Great Falls -- The Art of Hiking -- Hike Index -- About the Author.

Note: Front Cover -- RISK FACTORS FOR PSYCHOSIS -- RISK FACTORS FOR PSYCHOSIS -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- 1 - Historical perspectives on psychosis risk -- Introduction -- The prodrome concept -- Clinical implications of the prodrome -- Conceptual limitations -- Early research characterizing the psychosis prodrome -- Characterizing illness course -- Identifying individuals in the prodromal phase -- Conclusion: challenges and future directions -- References -- 2 - Principles of risk, screening, and prevention in psychiatry -- Introduction -- Risk -- Risk, relative risk, and excess risk-the mathematical underpinnings -- Risk calculations -- Risk factors for mental ill health -- Moderators -- Early developmental -- Pre- and perinatal risk factors -- Gender -- Ethnicity and migration -- Childhood and adolescence -- Adverse childhood experiences -- Substance use -- Lifetime -- Social determinants of health -- Income inequality and socioeconomic disadvantage -- Mediators -- Identification of mental disorders and screening -- Definitions-universal and selective -- The screening tool-psychometric properties -- Screening criteria -- Settings for universal psychiatric screening -- Schools -- Primary care -- Pros and cons of screening for mental disorders -- Prevention -- The economic argument for prevention -- Levels of prevention strategies -- Conclusion -- References -- 1 - Risk paradigms -- 3 - At-risk mental states -- Identifying the prodrome of psychotic disorder -- True positives, false positives, and false false positives -- Operationalization of the ARMS criteria-The Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS) -- The predictive validity of the ARMS criteria -- Intervention studies to prevent transition to psychotic disorder -- Broadening the outcomes of interest -- The attenuated psychosis syndrome. , The next wave of research-refining prediction -- References -- 4 - Subjective disturbances in emerging psychosis: basic symptoms and self-disturbances -- Subjective experiences in early psychoses -- Concept of basic symptoms -- Definition of basic symptoms and original basic symptom model -- Assessments of basic symptoms -- Basic symptom criteria -- Concept of self-disturbances -- Relation of basic symptoms to other psychosis-risk concepts -- Phenomenological differences and similarities between concepts -- Structural relationships between concepts -- Current evidence for the basic symptom model -- Basic symptoms and their association to neurobiological aberrations -- Developmental aspects of basic symptoms and attenuated psychotic symptoms in the general population -- Prediction of psychosis -- Conversion to psychosis in samples meeting basic symptom criteria -- Prediction of psychosis by self-disturbances -- Conclusion -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- References -- 5 - Schizotypy, schizotypal personality, and psychosis risk -- Schizotypy as a framework to study psychosis risk -- Schizotypy and schizotypal personality disorder as predictors of psychosis spectrum psychopathology -- Schizotypy as a marker of psychosis proneness in nonclinical samples -- Schizotypy in genetically at-risk samples -- Schizotypy and schizotypal personality disorder in clinical at-risk samples -- Psychosis spectrum personalities as predictors of psychosis in samples with schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorders -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 - Familial high risk and high-risk studies -- Introduction -- Schizophrenia -- Baseline findings/trait effects on structural magnetic resonance imaging -- Psychotic symptom associations/state effects on structural magnetic resonance imaging. , Functional magnetic resonance imaging -- Predicting schizophrenia -- Summary -- Bipolar disorder -- Structural imaging -- Functional imaging -- Summary -- Discussion -- A transdiagnostic approach? -- Tracking environmental factors -- Limitations -- Areas for future work -- Conclusion -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 - Psychotic-like experiences in the general population -- History and definition of psychotic-like experiences -- What is the prevalence of psychotic-like experiences? -- How can we measure PLEs? -- What are the risk factors for PLEs? -- What are the neurodevelopmental correlates of PLEs? -- What are the risk factors for persistent PLEs? -- Overview of risk factors and correlates -- What are the outcomes of having PLEs? -- Negative psychosocial outcomes -- Other outcomes associated with psychotic-like experiences -- Overview of outcomes associated with psychotic-like experiences -- Current challenges -- What do we do about PLE? -- Overall conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- 8 - 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a neurodevelopmental model of psychosis -- Introduction -- Epidemiology and genetic pathophysiology -- Somatic phenotype -- Neurocognitive profile -- Global cognition -- Executive functioning -- Social cognition -- Psychiatric phenotype (other than psychosis) throughout development -- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder -- Anxiety disorders -- Autism spectrum disorder -- Mood disorders -- Substance abuse -- Psychosis in 22q11DS -- Pathophysiology of the neuropsychiatric phenotype -- Evidence from neuroimaging studies in humans -- Evidence from animal models -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 - Specific areas and risk -- 9 - Neuroimaging studies in people at clinical high risk for psychosis -- Introduction -- Structural magnetic resonance imaging -- Diffusion tensor imaging. , Functional magnetic resonance imaging -- Electroencephalography -- Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy -- Positron emission tomography -- Multicenter studies -- Machine learning -- Network analysis -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- References -- 10 - Genetic studies of psychosis -- Introduction -- Candidate gene studies -- The era of genome-wide association studies -- SNP-based heritability and genetic correlations -- Investigating polygenic liability -- Copy number variants and sequencing studies -- Causal inference using Mendelian randomization -- Epigenetics -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- References -- 11 - Immune processes and risk of psychosis -- Introduction -- Genetics -- Epidemiology and infection -- Cytokines, microglial phenotype, and neurodevelopment -- Lymphocytes and antigen-specific autoimmunity -- Conclusion -- References -- 12 - Neurochemical models of psychosis risk and onset -- Introduction -- Neonatal hippocampal lesion -- Anatomical and neurophysiological effects -- Behavioral effects -- Limitations -- Prenatal immune activation -- Human influenza virus -- Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid -- Chronic phencyclidine -- Phencyclidine and ketamine in humans -- Phencyclidine in rodents -- Anatomical effects -- Neurophysiological effects -- Behavioral effects -- Methylazoxymethanol acetate -- Dopamine -- Glutamate -- γ-Aminobutyric acid -- Limitations of the model -- Conclusion -- References -- 13 - Clinical risk factors for psychosis -- Introduction -- Method -- Results -- Cohorts that have identified clinical risk markers -- Familial high-risk studies -- Ultra high risk, clinical high risk, and basic symptom studies -- Other high-risk/Stage 1 cohorts -- Identified predictors in high-risk familial and clinical cohorts -- Demographic risk markers. , Psychotic-like symptoms, attenuated psychotic symptoms -- Social difficulties (including schizotypy, social withdrawal, and skill difficulties) -- Functional impairment -- Childhood behavioral antecedents -- Family history of psychosis -- Depressive, anxiety, or related symptoms -- Cannabis and substance use -- Trauma, life events, and bullying -- Ethnicity and migration -- Gestational and early-life risk factors -- Markers of aberrant neurodevelopment -- Discussion -- Clinical implications of the identified predictors -- Issues to consider in interpreting the nature of risk -- References -- 14 - Cognitive risk factors for psychosis -- Introduction -- Definition of cognition and cognitive deficit -- Individuals without psychotic symptoms -- Neurodevelopmental disorders -- Birth or conscript cohort studies -- Familial high risk -- The clinical high-risk state -- Basic symptoms -- Cognition in transition versus non transition clinical high-risk individuals -- Cognition as a significant independent predictor of transition to psychotic disorder -- Cognitive change in at risk for psychosis: what is the evidence for progression? -- Cognition as a risk marker for nonpsychosis outcomes -- Conclusion -- References -- 15 - Society and risk of psychosis -- Recent developments -- Variations in incidence by place and social group -- Heterogeneity -- A continuum of psychosis -- The etiological architecture of psychoses -- Social risks -- Contexts: ecologies of risk -- Migrant and minority ethnic populations -- Social position, disadvantage, and experience: vulnerability and resilience -- Timing, severity, specificity -- Clusters of adversity: cumulative and synergistic effects -- Mechanisms -- Variations in population rates of psychoses -- A sociodevelopmental pathway to psychosis -- Future research -- Implications -- References. , 16 - Is there sufficient evidence that cannabis use is a risk factor for psychosis?.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Progress in the Microbiological Applications of Mass Spectrometry: from Electron Impact to Soft Ionization Techniques, MALDI-TOF MS and Beyond -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Algorithms Based upon Traditional Carbohydrate Fermentation Tests -- 1.1.2 Dynamic Changes in the Chemotaxonomic Era (c. 1970-1985) through the Lens of the Genus Bacteroides -- 1.1.3 Microbial Lipids as Diagnostic Biomarkers -- Resurgence of Interest in MALDI-TOF MS with Advances in Lipidomics -- 1.2 The Dawn of MALDI-TOF MS: Establishing Proof of Concept for Diagnostic Microbiology -- 1.2.1 Development of a MALDI-TOF MS Database for Human Infectious Diseases -- 1.2.2 The Dilemma with Clostridium difficile: from Intact Cells to Intracellular Proteins, MALDI-TOF MS Enters a New Phase -- 1.3 Linear/Reflectron MALDI-TOF MS to Tandem Mass Spectrometry -- 1.3.1 Tandem MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry -- 1.3.2 Electrospray-based Mass Analysers -- 1.3.3 Tandem Mass Spectrometry -- 1.3.4 Mass Spectrometry-based Proteomics -- 1.3.5 Case Study: LC-MS/MS of Biothreat Agents, Proteomes of Pathogens and Strain-level Tying Using Bottom-up and Top-down Proteomics -- 1.3.6 Discovery Proteomics -- 1.3.7 Targeted Proteomics -- 1.3.8 Top-down Proteomics -- 1.3.9 Targeted Protein Quantitation -- 1.4 The Application of MALDI-MS Profiling and Imaging in Microbial Forensics: Perspectives -- 1.4.1 MALDI-MSP of Microorganisms and their Products -- 1.5 Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry in Microbiology -- 1.6 The Omnitrap, a Novel MS Instrument that Combines Many Applications of Mass Spectrometry -- References -- Chapter 2 Machine Learning in Analysis of Complex FloraUsing Mass Spectrometry -- 2.1 Introduction. , 2.2 An Improved MALDI-TOF MS Data Analysis Pipeline for the Identification of Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae -- 2.2.1 Motivation -- 2.2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.3 Spectra Acquisition -- 2.2.4 Results -- 2.2.5 Discussion -- 2.3 Detection of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium -- 2.3.1 Motivation -- 2.3.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.3.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.4 Detection of Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus Complex Isolates -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 Material and Methods -- 2.4.3 Results -- 2.4.4 Discussion -- 2.5 Peak Analysis for Discrimination of Cryptococcus neoformans Species Complex and their Interspecies Hybrids -- 2.5.1 Motivation -- 2.5.2 Material and Methods -- 2.5.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Top-down Identification of Shiga Toxin (and Other Virulence Factors and Biomarkers) from Pathogenic E. coli using MALDI-TOF/TOF Tandem Mass Spectrometry -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Decay of Metastable Peptide and Protein Ions by the Aspartic Acid Effect -- 3.3 Energy Deposition during Desorption/Ionization by MALDI -- 3.4 Protein Denaturation and Fragmentation Efficiency of PSD -- 3.5 Arginine and its Effect on Fragment Ion Detection and MS/MS Spectral Complexity -- 3.6 Inducing Gene Expression in Wild-type Bacteria for Identification by Top-Down Proteomic Analysis -- 3.7 Top-down Proteomic Identification of B-Subunit of Shiga Toxin from STEC Strains -- 3.8 Furin-digested Shiga Toxin and Middle-down Proteomics -- 3.9 Top-down Identification of an Immunity Cognate of a Bactericidal Protein Produced from a STEC Strain -- 3.10 LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF -- 3.11 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Liquid Atmospheric Pressure (LAP) - MALDI MS(/MS) Biomolecular Profiling for Large-scale Detection of Animal Disease and Food Adulteration and Bacterial Identification -- 4.1 Introduction. , 4.2 Background to LAP-MALDI MS -- 4.3 Bacterial Identification by LAP-MALDI MS -- 4.4 Food Adulteration and Milk Quality Analysis by LAP-MALDI MS -- 4.5 Animal Disease Detection by LAP-MALDI MS -- 4.6 Antibiotic Resistance Detection of Microbial Consortia by LAP-MALDI MS -- 4.7 Future Directions for LAP-MALDI MS Applications -- References -- Chapter 5 Development of a MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Test for Viruses -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Understanding the Systems Biology of the Virus and Viral Infections -- 5.3 Understanding the Nature of Viral Proteins and Molecular Biology -- 5.4 Virion Protein Solubilization and Extraction -- 5.5 Sampling and Virion Enrichment -- 5.6 Peak Identification: Quantification and Bioinformatics -- 5.7 Promise and Pitfalls of Machine Learning Bioinformatics -- 5.8 Accelerating MALDI-TOF Assay Protocol Development Using Pseudotypes/pseudoviruses -- 5.9 Understanding the Operational Parameters of your MALDI-TOF MS -- 5.10 Understanding the Operational Requirements of the Clinical Testing Laboratory: Validation and International Accreditation -- 5.10.1 Limitation and Advantages of CLIA LDTs -- 5.11 MALDI-TOF MS Screening Test for SARS-CoV-2s -- 5.11.1 Prepare Positive Control -- 5.11.2 Prepare Gargle-saliva Samples -- 5.11.3 Viral Particle Enrichment -- 5.11.4 Dissolution of Virions and Solubilization of Viral Proteins -- 5.11.5 MALDI-TOF MS -- 5.12 CLIA LDT Validation of a MALDI-TOF MS Test for SARS-CoV-2 -- 5.12.1 Limit of Detection -- 5.12.2 Interfering Substances and Specificity -- 5.12.3 Clinical Performance Evaluation -- 5.12.4 Reproducibility -- 5.12.5 Stability -- 5.12.6 Validation Disposition -- References -- Chapter 6 A MALDI-TOF MS Proteotyping Approach for Environmental, Agricultural and Food Microbiology -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Serotyping of Salmonella enterica Subspecies enterica. , 6.3 Discrimination of the Lineages of Listeria monocytogenes and Species of Listeria -- 6.4 Discrimination of the Bacillus cereus Group and Identification of Cereulide -- 6.5 Identification of Alkylphenol Polyethoxylate-degrading Bacteria in the Environment -- 6.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7 Diversity, Transmission and Selective Pressure on the Proteome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa -- 7.1 Introduction: Diversity -- 7.1.1 P. aeruginosa: from 'Atypical' to Diverse -- 7.1.2 Phenotypical Diversity in Isolates from Different Environments -- 7.1.3 The Relationship Between Phenotypical and Proteomic Diversity -- 7.1.4 Techniques and Practical Considerations for Studying Proteomic Diversity -- 7.1.5 Proteomic Diversity and MS Applications -- 7.2 Transmission -- 7.2.1 The History of P. aeruginosa Transmission -- 7.2.2 Proteomics and P. aeruginosa Transmission -- 7.2.3 The Impact of Proteomic Diversity on Transmission -- 7.3 Selective Pressures on the Proteome -- 7.3.1 Tandem MS Systems for Studying Selected Proteomes -- 7.3.2 Microenvironment Selection -- 7.3.3 Antimicrobial Selection -- 7.4 Conclusions on Studies of the Proteome -- 7.5 Genomic Studies on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Revealing the Presence of Two Distinct Clades -- 7.5.1 Phylogenomic Analysis Reveals the Presence of Two Distinct Clades Within P. aeruginosa -- 7.5.2 Identification of Molecular Markers Distinguishing the Two P. aeruginosa Clades -- 7.6 Final Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Characterization of Biodegradable Polymers by MALDI-TOF MS -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Structural Characterization of Poly(-caprolactone) Using MALDI-TOF MS -- 8.3 Biodegradation Profiles of a Terminal-modified PCL Observed by MALDI-TOF MS -- 8.4 Bacterial Biodegradation Mechanisms of Non-ionic Surfactants. , 8.5 Advanced Molecular Characterization by High-resolution MALDI-TOF MS Combined with KMD Analysis -- 8.6 Structural Characterization of High-molecular-weight Biocopolyesters by High-resolution MALDI-TOF MS Combined with KMD Analysis -- References -- Chapter 9 Phytoconstituents and Antimicrobiological Activity -- 9.1 Introduction to Phytochemicals -- 9.2 An Application to Bacteriology -- 9.2.1 Allicin Leads to a Breakdown of the Cell Wall of Staphylococcus aureus -- 9.3 Applications to Parasitology -- 9.3.1 Drug Discovery -- 9.3.2 Parasite Characterization -- 9.4 A Proteomic Approach: Leishmania Invasion of Macrophages -- 9.5 Intracellular Leishmania Amastigote Spreading between Macrophages -- 9.6 Potential Virus Applications -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10 Application of MALDI-TOF MS in Bioremediation and Environmental Research -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Microbial Identification: Molecular Methods and MALDI-TOF MS -- 10.2.1 PCR-based Methods -- 10.2.2 MALDI-TOF MS -- 10.3 Combination of MALDI-TOF MS with Other Methods for the Identification of Microorganisms -- 10.4 Application of MALDI-TOF MS in Environmental and Bioremediation Studies -- 10.4.1 The Atmospheric Environment -- 10.4.2 The Aquatic Environment -- 10.4.3 The Terrestrial Environment -- 10.4.4 Bioremediation Research Applications -- 10.5 Microbial Products and Metabolite Activity -- 10.6 Challenges of Environmental Applications -- 10.7 Opportunities and Future Outlook -- 10.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 From Genomics to MALDI-TOF MS: Diagnostic Identification and Typing of Bacteria in Veterinary Clinical Laboratories -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Genomics -- 11.3 Defining Bacterial Species Through Genomics -- 11.4 MALDI-TOF MS -- 11.5 Combining Genomics with MALDI-TOF MS to Classify Bacteria at the Subspecies Level -- 11.6 Data Exploration with MALDI-TOF MS. , 11.7 Validation of Typing Strategies.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- About the Author -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: The Premise -- Chapter 2: Large Hadron Collider -- Chapter 3: The Mandela Effect -- Chapter 4: Déjà vu -- Chapter 5: Absurdities -- Chapter 6: The Verdict -- Try This! -- Learn More -- Glossary -- Index -- Back Cover.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Foreword by Shri. Pinarayi Vijayan -- Foreword by Prof Chris Secombes -- Foreword by Dr. Tim Connelley -- Editors -- Contributors -- Section I: Vaccines in Aquaculture: A Preface -- Chapter 1 Understanding Vaccine Development in Aquaculture -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Vaccine -- 1.2.1 Ideal Vaccine -- 1.2.2 History -- 1.2.3 Requirement of Vaccine in Aquaculture -- 1.2.4 Conventional and Modern Methods in Vaccine Development -- 1.2.4.1 Conventional Methods -- 1.2.4.2 Modern Methods -- 1.2.5 Development of Vaccine for Specific Disease -- 1.2.5.1 Bacterial Fish Vaccines -- 1.2.5.2 Viral Fish Vaccines -- 1.2.5.3 Fish Vaccines Against Parasite -- 1.2.6 Challenges in the Prevention and Control of Fish Diseases -- 1.2.7 Progress in Fish Vaccine Development -- 1.2.8 Challenges in Fish Vaccine Development -- 1.2.9 Opportunities in Fish Vaccine Development -- 1.2.10 Effects and Benefits of Vaccine in Aquaculture -- 1.3 Limitations -- 1.4 Future Prospects -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Antigens and Immune Responses in Fishes: An Overview -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Immune System in Fishes -- 2.2.1 Immunity of Agnathans -- 2.2.2 Immunity of Osteichthyes -- 2.2.3 Fish Innate Immunity -- 2.2.3.1 Surface Barrier -- 2.2.3.2 Humoral Factors -- 2.2.3.3 Cellular Factors -- 2.3 Immune Organs of Fish -- 2.3.1 Lymphoid Organs of Fish -- 2.3.1.1 Primary Lymphoid Organs -- 2.3.1.2 Secondary Lymphoid Organs -- 2.4 Antigens in Fish -- 2.5 Elements of Immune Responses -- 2.5.1 Innate Immunity -- 2.5.2 Nonspecific Cellular Immunity -- 2.5.2.1 Toll-Like Receptors -- 2.5.2.2 Macrophages -- 2.5.2.3 Granulocytes -- 2.5.3 Nonspecific Cytotoxic Cells -- 2.5.4 Lysozymes -- 2.5.5 Alkaline Phosphatase -- 2.5.6 Complements -- 2.5.7 Interferons -- 2.5.8 C-Reactive Protein. , 2.5.9 Transferrin -- 2.5.10 Lectins -- 2.5.11 Adaptive Immunity -- 2.6 What is Immunity Modulation? -- 2.6.1 How Does the Fish Immune System Work? -- 2.6.2 Why is Immune Regulation Important? -- 2.6.3 Immunomodulatory Effects of Hormones -- 2.6.3.1 Cortisol -- 2.6.3.2 Growth Hormone and Prolactin -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Aquaculture: Facing an Array of Pathogens -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Turning Intensive Shrimp Farming Into Land-Based IMTA -- 3.3 Bioeconomy of Land-Based IMTA with Shrimp and Fish as the Fed Species -- 3.4 Canvas-Pond Culture of Marine Shrimp -- 3.5 Feeding on Different Trophic Levels -- 3.6 The Health of Extractive Fish Species -- 3.7 A Possible Vaccination Program for Fish in Land-Based IMTA Systems -- 3.7.1 Vaccines for Seawater Nile Tilapia -- 3.7.2 Vaccines for the Asian Sea Bass -- 3.7.3 Vaccines for Groupers (Epinephelus Spp.) -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- Section II: Vaccination in Fishes: Types and Methods -- Chapter 4 Concepts and Types of Vaccines -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Vaccines -- 4.2.1 Fish Immune System -- 4.2.1.1 Fish Immunity -- 4.2.1.2 Vaccine Efficacy -- 4.2.1.3 Adverse Effects -- 4.2.2 History of Vaccines -- 4.3 Infectious Diseases of Fish -- 4.3.1 Bacterial Diseases -- 4.3.2 Viral Diseases -- 4.3.3 Protozoan Diseases -- 4.3.4 Types of Vaccines -- 4.3.4.1 Inactivated Vaccines -- 4.3.4.2 Live Attenuated Vaccines -- 4.3.4.3 Subunit Vaccines -- 4.3.4.4 Virus-Like Particle Vaccines -- 4.3.4.5 DNA Vaccines -- 4.3.4.6 RNA Vaccines -- 4.4 Adjuvants -- 4.4.1 Adjuvants Usage -- 4.4.2 Signal 1 Facilitators -- 4.4.2.1 Freund's Complete Adjuvant -- 4.4.2.2 Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant -- 4.4.2.3 Montanide -- 4.4.2.4 Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide) (PLGA) Particles -- 4.4.3 Signal 2 Facilitators -- 4.4.3.1 Alum -- 4.4.3.2 β-Glucans -- 4.4.3.3 Cytokines. , 4.4.3.4 Polyinosinic Polycytidylic Acid (Poly I:C) -- 4.4.3.5 Synthetic CpG Oligonucleotides -- 4.4.3.6 Lipopeptides -- 4.5 New Technologies for Vaccine Development -- 4.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Disclosure Statement -- References -- Chapter 5 Antigen Discovery -- 5.1 The Choice of Vaccine Method for Fish Disease Vaccine -- 5.1.1 The Current Situation of Fish Vaccine Development -- 5.1.2 A Proposed Workflow for Vaccine Development -- 5.2 Sequential Approach in Selecting Antigen -- 5.2.1 Reverse Vaccinology to Identify Antigens Through Sequence Similarity -- 5.2.1.1 Conventional Reverse Vaccinology -- 5.2.1.2 The Pan-Genome and Comparative Genome Analysis -- 5.2.2 Identify Antigens Through Subcellular Localization -- 5.3 Immunoinformatic Assistance in Antigen Discovery -- 5.3.1 Prediction of T-Cell and B-Cell Epitopes -- 5.3.2 Molecular Docking -- 5.3.2.1 Obtaining Molecular Structures -- 5.3.2.2 Molecular Docking Tools -- 5.4 Antigen Validation by Experimental Approaches -- 5.4.1 A Classic Pipeline of Antigen Discovery Validation -- 5.4.2 Different Methods for Antigenic Evaluation of Predicted Antigens -- 5.4.2.1 Antibody Analysis -- 5.4.2.2 Lymphocytes Analysis -- 5.4.2.3 Cytokine Profile -- 5.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 6 Novel Advancements in Vaccine Delivery and Methods of Vaccination: Experimental Strategies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Novel Advancements in Vaccine Delivery -- 6.2.1 A Brief Description on Adjuvants -- 6.2.2 Nanovaccine Delivery -- 6.2.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 6.2.2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles -- 6.2.2.3 Nanoliposomes -- 6.2.2.4 ISCOMs -- 6.2.2.5 Virus-like Particles -- 6.2.2.6 Nano Emulsions -- 6.2.3 Nanovaccines Activate Innate Immunity -- 6.2.4 Nanovaccines Activate Adaptive Immunity -- 6.2.5 Cell-Mediated Immunity Activation -- 6.2.6 Antibody-Mediated Immunity Activation. , 6.2.7 Immunological Memory is Boosted by Nanovaccines -- 6.3 Methods of Vaccination -- 6.3.1 Oral Method -- 6.3.2 Immersion: Dip and Bath Methods -- 6.3.3 Intraperitoneal (IP) Injection -- 6.4 Advantages and Limitations in Aquaculture -- 6.4.1 Advantages -- 6.4.2 Limitations -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Section III: Adjuvants in Vaccination: An Underpinning -- Chapter 7 Role of Adjuvants in Vaccination Studies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Origins and Functions of Adjuvants in Vaccine Production -- 7.2.1 History of the Discovery of Adjuvants -- 7.2.2 How Does Adjuvant Function in Vaccines? -- 7.3 Classifications of Different Types of Adjuvants -- 7.4 Requirements for Using Adjuvants -- 7.5 Mechanism of Immune Stimulation -- 7.6 Optimal Conditions in the Adjuvant Formulation -- 7.7 Characteristics of an Ideal Adjuvant -- 7.8 Adjuvanted Vaccine for Fish -- 7.9 Challenges in Fish Vaccine Adjuvant Development -- 7.10 Conclusion -- Disclosure Statement -- References -- Chapter 8 Development of Mucosal Adjutants for Fish Vaccination -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Roles of Adjuvant in Vaccination -- 8.3 Classification of Adjuvant -- 8.4 The Use of Adjuvants in Fish Vaccination -- 8.5 Fish Adjuvant -- 8.6 Necessity of the Use of Adjuvant in Vaccination -- 8.7 Conclusion -- Disclosure Statement -- References -- Section IV: Technological Advancements and Efficacy of Fish Vaccination -- Chapter 9 Biotechnological Approaches to Vaccines -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Vaccine Generation -- 9.2.1 First Generation of Vaccine -- 9.2.2 Second Generation of Vaccine -- 9.2.3 Third Generation of Vaccine -- 9.3 Conventional Vaccines and Their Drawbacks -- 9.4 Status of Non Expressed Vaccines -- 9.4.1 Subunit Vaccines -- 9.4.2 Biofilm Vaccines -- 9.4.3 Egg Yolk Edible Vaccine IgY -- 9.4.4 Genetically Altered Vaccine -- 9.5 Vector Expressed Vaccines -- 9.5.1 DNA Vaccine. , 9.5.2 RNA Vaccine -- 9.5.3 Recombinant Subunit Vaccine -- 9.5.4 Reverse Vaccine -- 9.6 Expression Methods for Vaccine Development -- 9.6.1 Bacterial Expression System -- 9.6.2 Yeast Expression System -- 9.6.3 Baculovirus Expression -- 9.6.4 Mammalian Cell Line Expression -- 9.6.5 Micro-Algal Expression -- 9.7 Role of Adjuvant in Vaccine Development -- 9.8 Safety Delivery Methods Using Nanomaterials -- 9.9 Conclusion and Future Direction -- Disclosure Statement -- References -- Chapter 10 Safety and Efficacy of Vaccines in Aquaculture -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Vaccine Administration in Aquaculture -- 10.3 Types of Fish Vaccines and Their Efficacies -- 10.3.1 Inactivated Whole-Cell Vaccines -- 10.3.2 Live Attenuated Vaccines -- 10.3.3 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Vaccines -- 10.3.4 Subunit Vaccines -- 10.4 Adjuvants for Fish Vaccines and the Protective Efficacies -- 10.5 Side Effects of Fish Vaccination -- 10.6 The Potency and Safety Testing of Fish Vaccines -- 10.7 The Stability of Vaccine Preparation -- 10.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgment -- Disclosure Statement -- References -- Chapter 11 Mass Vaccination in Aquaculture: Possibilities and Limitations -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Aquatic Organisms' Immune System -- 11.3 History and Current Progress in Vaccine Development -- 11.3.1 Vaccines in Commercial-Scale Fish Farming -- 11.4 Vaccine-Types of Administration -- 11.4.1 Vaccine Administration-Intraperitoneal/Intramuscular Injection Method -- 11.4.2 Administration of Immersion Vaccines in Aquatic Organisms -- 11.4.3 Oral Administration of Vaccines in Large-Scale Aqua Farming -- 11.4.4 Vaccine Regimes -- 11.5 Vaccine Development and its Challenges -- 11.5.1 Types of Vaccination in Aquaculture -- 11.5.1.1 Live Attenuated Vaccines -- 11.5.1.2 Nanoparticle-Based Vaccine Delivery -- 11.5.1.3 mRNA Vaccines. , 11.5.1.4 Prime Booster vs Prime Vaccination.