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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Quantifying within‐species trait variation in space and time reveals limits to trait‐mediated drought response
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Functional Ecology Vol. 36, No. 9 ( 2022-09), p. 2399-2411
    Details
    In: Functional Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 36, No. 9 ( 2022-09), p. 2399-2411
    Abstract: Climate change is stressing many forests around the globe, yet some tree species may be able to persist through acclimation and adaptation to new environmental conditions. The ability of a tree to acclimate during its lifetime through changes in physiology and functional traits, defined here as its acclimation potential, is not well known. We investigated the acclimation potential of trembling aspen Populus tremuloides and ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa trees by examining within‐species variation in drought response functional traits across both space and time, and how trait variation influences drought‐induced tree mortality. We measured xylem tension, morphological traits and physiological traits on mature trees in southwestern Colorado, USA across a climate gradient that spanned the distribution limits of each species and 3 years with large differences in climate. Trembling aspen functional traits showed high within‐species variation, and osmotic adjustment and carbon isotope discrimination were key determinants for increased drought tolerance in dry sites and in dry years. However, trembling aspen trees at low elevation were pushed past their drought tolerance limit during the severe 2018 drought year, as elevated mortality occurred. Higher specific leaf area during drought was correlated with higher percentages of canopy dieback the following year. Ponderosa pine functional traits showed less within‐species variation, though osmotic adjustment was also a key mechanism for increased drought tolerance. Remarkably, almost all traits varied more year‐to‐year than across elevation in both species. Our results shed light on the scope and limits of intraspecific trait variation for mediating drought responses in key southwestern US tree species and will help improve our ability to model and predict forest responses to climate change. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0269-8463 , 1365-2435
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/fec.v36.9
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14112
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020307-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 619313-4
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  • 2
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    Detecting forest response to droughts with global observations of vegetation water content
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 27, No. 23 ( 2021-12), p. 6005-6024
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 27, No. 23 ( 2021-12), p. 6005-6024
    Abstract: Droughts in a warming climate have become more common and more extreme, making understanding forest responses to water stress increasingly pressing. Analysis of water stress in trees has long focused on water potential in xylem and leaves, which influences stomatal closure and water flow through the soil‐plant‐atmosphere continuum. At the same time, changes of vegetation water content (VWC) are linked to a range of tree responses, including fluxes of water and carbon, mortality, flammability, and more. Unlike water potential, which requires demanding in situ measurements, VWC can be retrieved from remote sensing measurements, particularly at microwave frequencies using radar and radiometry. Here, we highlight key frontiers through which VWC has the potential to significantly increase our understanding of forest responses to water stress. To validate remote sensing observations of VWC at landscape scale and to better relate them to data assimilation model parameters, we introduce an ecosystem‐scale analog of the pressure–volume curve, the non‐linear relationship between average leaf or branch water potential and water content commonly used in plant hydraulics. The sources of variability in these ecosystem‐scale pressure‐volume curves and their relationship to forest response to water stress are discussed. We further show to what extent diel, seasonal, and decadal dynamics of VWC reflect variations in different processes relating the tree response to water stress. VWC can also be used for inferring belowground conditions—which are difficult to impossible to observe directly. Lastly, we discuss how a dedicated geostationary spaceborne observational system for VWC, when combined with existing datasets, can capture diel and seasonal water dynamics to advance the science and applications of global forest vulnerability to future droughts.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.v27.23
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15872
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020313-5
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  • 3
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    Using remote sensing to quantify the additional climate benefits of California forest carbon offset projects
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 28, No. 22 ( 2022-11), p. 6789-6806
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 28, No. 22 ( 2022-11), p. 6789-6806
    Abstract: Nature‐based climate solutions are a vital component of many climate mitigation strategies, including California's, which aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045. Most carbon offsets in California's cap‐and‐trade program come from improved forest management (IFM) projects. Since 2012, various landowners have set up IFM projects following the California Air Resources Board's IFM protocol. As many of these projects approach their 10th year, we now have the opportunity to assess their effectiveness, identify best practices, and suggest improvements toward future protocol revisions. In this study, we used remote sensing‐based datasets to evaluate the carbon trends and harvest histories of 37 IFM projects in California. Despite some current limitations and biases, these datasets can be used to quantify carbon accumulation and harvest rates in offset project lands relative to nearby similar “control” lands before and after the projects began. Five lines of evidence suggest that the carbon accumulated in offset projects to date has generally not been additional to what might have otherwise occurred: (1) most forests in northwestern California have been accumulating carbon since at least the mid‐1980s and continue to accumulate carbon, whether enrolled in offset projects or not; (2) harvest rates were high in large timber company project lands before IFM initiation, suggesting they are earning carbon credits for forests in recovery; (3) projects are often located on lands with higher densities of low‐timber‐value species; (4) carbon accumulation rates have not yet increased on lands that enroll as offset projects, relative to their pre‐enrollment levels; and (5) harvest rates have not decreased on most project lands since offset project initiation. These patterns suggest that the current protocol should be improved to robustly measure and reward additionality. In general, our framework of geospatial analyses offers an important and independent means to evaluate the effectiveness of the carbon offsets program, especially as these data products continue improving and as offsets receive attention as a climate mitigation strategy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.v28.22
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16380
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020313-5
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  • 4
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    Coupled whole‐tree optimality and xylem hydraulics explain dynamic biomass partitioning
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  New Phytologist Vol. 230, No. 6 ( 2021-06), p. 2226-2245
    Details
    In: New Phytologist, Wiley, Vol. 230, No. 6 ( 2021-06), p. 2226-2245
    Abstract: Trees partition biomass in response to resource limitation and physiological activity. It is presumed that these strategies evolved to optimize some measure of fitness. If the optimization criterion can be specified, then allometry can be modeled from first principles without prescribed parameterization. We present the Tree Hydraulics and Optimal Resource Partitioning (THORP) model, which optimizes allometry by estimating allocation fractions to organs as proportional to their ratio of marginal gain to marginal cost, where gain is net canopy photosynthesis rate, and costs are senescence rates. Root total biomass and profile shape are predicted simultaneously by a unified optimization. Optimal partitioning is solved by a numerically efficient analytical solution. THORP’s predictions agree with reported tree biomass partitioning in response to size, water limitations, elevated CO 2 and pruning. Roots were sensitive to soil moisture profiles and grew down to the groundwater table when present. Groundwater buffered against water stress regardless of meteorology, stabilizing allometry and root profiles as deep as  c . 30 m. Much of plant allometry can be explained by hydraulic considerations. However, nutrient limitations cannot be fully ignored. Rooting mass and profiles were synchronized with hydrological conditions and groundwater even at considerable depths, illustrating that the below ground shapes whole‐tree allometry.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-646X , 1469-8137
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/nph.v230.6
    DOI: 10.1111/nph.17242
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 208885-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1472194-6
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  • 5
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    Seasonal and diurnal trends in progressive isotope enrichment along needles in two pine species
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Plant, Cell & Environment Vol. 44, No. 1 ( 2021-01), p. 143-155
    Details
    In: Plant, Cell & Environment, Wiley, Vol. 44, No. 1 ( 2021-01), p. 143-155
    Abstract: Δ 18 O of needle water in two conifer species was drastically enriched down the length of the needle, the magnitude of which was driven by seasonal increases in VPD. Despite this progressive enrichment, traditional Craig‐Gordon model variants successfully predicted bulk needle water Δ 18 O.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0140-7791 , 1365-3040
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/pce.v44.1
    DOI: 10.1111/pce.13915
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 391893-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020843-1
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  • 6
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    Decoupling of functional traits from intraspecific patterns of growth and drought stress resistance
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  New Phytologist Vol. 239, No. 1 ( 2023-07), p. 174-188
    Details
    In: New Phytologist, Wiley, Vol. 239, No. 1 ( 2023-07), p. 174-188
    Abstract: Intraspecific variation in functional traits may mediate tree species' drought resistance, yet whether trait variation is due to genotype (G), environment (E), or G×E interactions remains unknown. Understanding the drivers of intraspecific trait variation and whether variation mediates drought response can improve predictions of species' response to future drought. Using populations of quaking aspen spanning a climate gradient, we investigated intraspecific variation in functional traits in the field as well as the influence of G and E among propagules in a common garden. We also tested for trait‐mediated trade‐offs in growth and drought stress tolerance. We observed intraspecific trait variation among the populations, yet this variation did not necessarily translate to higher drought stress tolerance in hotter/drier populations. Additionally, plasticity in the common garden was low, especially in propagules derived from the hottest/driest population. We found no growth–drought stress tolerance trade‐offs and few traits exhibited significant relationships with mortality in the natural populations, suggesting that intraspecific trait variation among the traits measured did not strongly mediate responses to drought stress. Our results highlight the limits of trait‐mediated responses to drought stress and the complex G×E interactions that may underlie drought stress tolerance variation in forests in dry environments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-646X , 1469-8137
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/nph.v239.1
    DOI: 10.1111/nph.18937
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 208885-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1472194-6
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  • 7
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    Informing Nature‐based Climate Solutions for the United States with the best‐available science
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 28, No. 12 ( 2022-06), p. 3778-3794
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 28, No. 12 ( 2022-06), p. 3778-3794
    Abstract: Nature‐based Climate Solutions (NbCS) are managed alterations to ecosystems designed to increase carbon sequestration or reduce greenhouse gas emissions. While they have growing public and private support, the realizable benefits and unintended consequences of NbCS are not well understood. At regional scales where policy decisions are often made, NbCS benefits are estimated from soil and tree survey data that can miss important carbon sources and sinks within an ecosystem, and do not reveal the biophysical impacts of NbCS for local water and energy cycles. The only direct observations of ecosystem‐scale carbon fluxes, for example, by eddy covariance flux towers, have not yet been systematically assessed for what they can tell us about NbCS potentials, and state‐of‐the‐art remote sensing products and land‐surface models are not yet being widely used to inform NbCS policymaking or implementation. As a result, there is a critical mismatch between the point‐ and tree‐scale data most often used to assess NbCS benefits and impacts, the ecosystem and landscape scales where NbCS projects are implemented, and the regional to continental scales most relevant to policymaking. Here, we propose a research agenda to confront these gaps using data and tools that have long been used to understand the mechanisms driving ecosystem carbon and energy cycling, but have not yet been widely applied to NbCS. We outline steps for creating robust NbCS assessments at both local to regional scales that are informed by ecosystem‐scale observations, and which consider concurrent biophysical impacts, future climate feedbacks, and the need for equitable and inclusive NbCS implementation strategies. We contend that these research goals can largely be accomplished by shifting the scales at which pre‐existing tools are applied and blended together, although we also highlight some opportunities for more radical shifts in approach.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.v28.12
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16156
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020313-5
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  • 8
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    Ghosts of the past: how drought legacy effects shape forest functioning and carbon cycling
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Ecology Letters Vol. 23, No. 5 ( 2020-05), p. 891-901
    Details
    In: Ecology Letters, Wiley, Vol. 23, No. 5 ( 2020-05), p. 891-901
    Abstract: Multi‐year lags in tree drought recovery, termed ‘drought legacy effects’, are important for understanding the impacts of drought on forest ecosystems, including carbon (C) cycle feedbacks to climate change. Despite the ubiquity of lags in drought recovery, large uncertainties remain regarding the mechanistic basis of legacy effects and their importance for the C cycle. In this review, we identify the approaches used to study legacy effects, from tree rings to whole forests. We then discuss key knowledge gaps pertaining to the causes of legacy effects, and how the various mechanisms that may contribute these lags in drought recovery could have contrasting implications for the C cycle. Furthermore, we conduct a novel data synthesis and find that legacy effects differ drastically in both size and length across the US depending on if they are identified in tree rings versus gross primary productivity. Finally, we highlight promising approaches for future research to improve our capacity to model legacy effects and predict their impact on forest health. We emphasise that a holistic view of legacy effects – from tissues to whole forests – will advance our understanding of legacy effects and stimulate efforts to investigate drought recovery via experimental, observational and modelling approaches.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1461-023X , 1461-0248
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ele.v23.5
    DOI: 10.1111/ele.13485
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020195-3
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  • 9
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    Declining tree growth resilience mediates subsequent forest mortality in the US Mountain West
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 29, No. 17 ( 2023-09), p. 4826-4841
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 29, No. 17 ( 2023-09), p. 4826-4841
    Abstract: Climate change‐triggered forest die‐off is an increasing threat to global forests and carbon sequestration but remains extremely challenging to predict. Tree growth resilience metrics have been proposed as measurable proxies of tree susceptibility to mortality. However, it remains unclear whether tree growth resilience can improve predictions of stand‐level mortality. Here, we use an extensive tree‐ring dataset collected at ~3000 permanent forest inventory plots, spanning 13 dominant species across the US Mountain West, where forests have experienced strong drought and extensive die‐off has been observed in the past two decades, to test the hypothesis that tree growth resilience to drought can explain and improve predictions of observed stand‐level mortality. We found substantial increases in growth variability and temporal autocorrelation as well declining drought resistance and resilience for a number of species over the second half of the 20th century. Declining resilience and low tree growth were strongly associated with cross‐ and within‐species patterns of mortality. Resilience metrics had similar explicative power compared to climate and stand structure, but the covariance structure among predictors implied that the effect of tree resilience on mortality could partially be explained by stand and climate variables. We conclude that tree growth resilience offers highly valuable insights on tree physiology by integrating the effect of stressors on forest mortality but may have only moderate potential to improve large‐scale projections of forest die‐off under climate change.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.v29.17
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16826
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020313-5
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  • 10
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    Genetic variation reveals individual‐level climate tracking across the annual cycle of a migratory bird
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Ecology Letters Vol. 24, No. 4 ( 2021-04), p. 819-828
    Details
    In: Ecology Letters, Wiley, Vol. 24, No. 4 ( 2021-04), p. 819-828
    Abstract: For migratory species, seasonal movements complicate local climate adaptation, as it is unclear whether individuals track climate niches across the annual cycle. In the migratory songbird yellow warbler ( Setophaga petechia ), we find a correlation between individual‐level wintering and breeding precipitation, but not temperature. Birds wintering in the driest regions of the Neotropics breed in the driest regions of North America. Individuals from drier regions also possess distinct morphologies and population responses to varying rainfall. We find a positive association between bill size and breeding season precipitation which, given documented climate‐associated genomic variation, might reflect adaptation to local precipitation regimes. Relative abundance in the breeding range is linked to interannual fluctuations in precipitation, but the directionality of this response varies across geography. Together, our results suggest that variation in climate optima may exist across the breeding range of yellow warblers and provide a mechanism for selection across the annual cycle.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1461-023X , 1461-0248
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ele.v24.4
    DOI: 10.1111/ele.13706
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020195-3
    SSG: 12
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