Note: Front Cover -- RISK FACTORS FOR PSYCHOSIS -- RISK FACTORS FOR PSYCHOSIS -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- 1 - Historical perspectives on psychosis risk -- Introduction -- The prodrome concept -- Clinical implications of the prodrome -- Conceptual limitations -- Early research characterizing the psychosis prodrome -- Characterizing illness course -- Identifying individuals in the prodromal phase -- Conclusion: challenges and future directions -- References -- 2 - Principles of risk, screening, and prevention in psychiatry -- Introduction -- Risk -- Risk, relative risk, and excess risk-the mathematical underpinnings -- Risk calculations -- Risk factors for mental ill health -- Moderators -- Early developmental -- Pre- and perinatal risk factors -- Gender -- Ethnicity and migration -- Childhood and adolescence -- Adverse childhood experiences -- Substance use -- Lifetime -- Social determinants of health -- Income inequality and socioeconomic disadvantage -- Mediators -- Identification of mental disorders and screening -- Definitions-universal and selective -- The screening tool-psychometric properties -- Screening criteria -- Settings for universal psychiatric screening -- Schools -- Primary care -- Pros and cons of screening for mental disorders -- Prevention -- The economic argument for prevention -- Levels of prevention strategies -- Conclusion -- References -- 1 - Risk paradigms -- 3 - At-risk mental states -- Identifying the prodrome of psychotic disorder -- True positives, false positives, and false false positives -- Operationalization of the ARMS criteria-The Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS) -- The predictive validity of the ARMS criteria -- Intervention studies to prevent transition to psychotic disorder -- Broadening the outcomes of interest -- The attenuated psychosis syndrome. , The next wave of research-refining prediction -- References -- 4 - Subjective disturbances in emerging psychosis: basic symptoms and self-disturbances -- Subjective experiences in early psychoses -- Concept of basic symptoms -- Definition of basic symptoms and original basic symptom model -- Assessments of basic symptoms -- Basic symptom criteria -- Concept of self-disturbances -- Relation of basic symptoms to other psychosis-risk concepts -- Phenomenological differences and similarities between concepts -- Structural relationships between concepts -- Current evidence for the basic symptom model -- Basic symptoms and their association to neurobiological aberrations -- Developmental aspects of basic symptoms and attenuated psychotic symptoms in the general population -- Prediction of psychosis -- Conversion to psychosis in samples meeting basic symptom criteria -- Prediction of psychosis by self-disturbances -- Conclusion -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- References -- 5 - Schizotypy, schizotypal personality, and psychosis risk -- Schizotypy as a framework to study psychosis risk -- Schizotypy and schizotypal personality disorder as predictors of psychosis spectrum psychopathology -- Schizotypy as a marker of psychosis proneness in nonclinical samples -- Schizotypy in genetically at-risk samples -- Schizotypy and schizotypal personality disorder in clinical at-risk samples -- Psychosis spectrum personalities as predictors of psychosis in samples with schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorders -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 - Familial high risk and high-risk studies -- Introduction -- Schizophrenia -- Baseline findings/trait effects on structural magnetic resonance imaging -- Psychotic symptom associations/state effects on structural magnetic resonance imaging. , Functional magnetic resonance imaging -- Predicting schizophrenia -- Summary -- Bipolar disorder -- Structural imaging -- Functional imaging -- Summary -- Discussion -- A transdiagnostic approach? -- Tracking environmental factors -- Limitations -- Areas for future work -- Conclusion -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 - Psychotic-like experiences in the general population -- History and definition of psychotic-like experiences -- What is the prevalence of psychotic-like experiences? -- How can we measure PLEs? -- What are the risk factors for PLEs? -- What are the neurodevelopmental correlates of PLEs? -- What are the risk factors for persistent PLEs? -- Overview of risk factors and correlates -- What are the outcomes of having PLEs? -- Negative psychosocial outcomes -- Other outcomes associated with psychotic-like experiences -- Overview of outcomes associated with psychotic-like experiences -- Current challenges -- What do we do about PLE? -- Overall conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- 8 - 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a neurodevelopmental model of psychosis -- Introduction -- Epidemiology and genetic pathophysiology -- Somatic phenotype -- Neurocognitive profile -- Global cognition -- Executive functioning -- Social cognition -- Psychiatric phenotype (other than psychosis) throughout development -- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder -- Anxiety disorders -- Autism spectrum disorder -- Mood disorders -- Substance abuse -- Psychosis in 22q11DS -- Pathophysiology of the neuropsychiatric phenotype -- Evidence from neuroimaging studies in humans -- Evidence from animal models -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 - Specific areas and risk -- 9 - Neuroimaging studies in people at clinical high risk for psychosis -- Introduction -- Structural magnetic resonance imaging -- Diffusion tensor imaging. , Functional magnetic resonance imaging -- Electroencephalography -- Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy -- Positron emission tomography -- Multicenter studies -- Machine learning -- Network analysis -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- References -- 10 - Genetic studies of psychosis -- Introduction -- Candidate gene studies -- The era of genome-wide association studies -- SNP-based heritability and genetic correlations -- Investigating polygenic liability -- Copy number variants and sequencing studies -- Causal inference using Mendelian randomization -- Epigenetics -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- References -- 11 - Immune processes and risk of psychosis -- Introduction -- Genetics -- Epidemiology and infection -- Cytokines, microglial phenotype, and neurodevelopment -- Lymphocytes and antigen-specific autoimmunity -- Conclusion -- References -- 12 - Neurochemical models of psychosis risk and onset -- Introduction -- Neonatal hippocampal lesion -- Anatomical and neurophysiological effects -- Behavioral effects -- Limitations -- Prenatal immune activation -- Human influenza virus -- Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid -- Chronic phencyclidine -- Phencyclidine and ketamine in humans -- Phencyclidine in rodents -- Anatomical effects -- Neurophysiological effects -- Behavioral effects -- Methylazoxymethanol acetate -- Dopamine -- Glutamate -- γ-Aminobutyric acid -- Limitations of the model -- Conclusion -- References -- 13 - Clinical risk factors for psychosis -- Introduction -- Method -- Results -- Cohorts that have identified clinical risk markers -- Familial high-risk studies -- Ultra high risk, clinical high risk, and basic symptom studies -- Other high-risk/Stage 1 cohorts -- Identified predictors in high-risk familial and clinical cohorts -- Demographic risk markers. , Psychotic-like symptoms, attenuated psychotic symptoms -- Social difficulties (including schizotypy, social withdrawal, and skill difficulties) -- Functional impairment -- Childhood behavioral antecedents -- Family history of psychosis -- Depressive, anxiety, or related symptoms -- Cannabis and substance use -- Trauma, life events, and bullying -- Ethnicity and migration -- Gestational and early-life risk factors -- Markers of aberrant neurodevelopment -- Discussion -- Clinical implications of the identified predictors -- Issues to consider in interpreting the nature of risk -- References -- 14 - Cognitive risk factors for psychosis -- Introduction -- Definition of cognition and cognitive deficit -- Individuals without psychotic symptoms -- Neurodevelopmental disorders -- Birth or conscript cohort studies -- Familial high risk -- The clinical high-risk state -- Basic symptoms -- Cognition in transition versus non transition clinical high-risk individuals -- Cognition as a significant independent predictor of transition to psychotic disorder -- Cognitive change in at risk for psychosis: what is the evidence for progression? -- Cognition as a risk marker for nonpsychosis outcomes -- Conclusion -- References -- 15 - Society and risk of psychosis -- Recent developments -- Variations in incidence by place and social group -- Heterogeneity -- A continuum of psychosis -- The etiological architecture of psychoses -- Social risks -- Contexts: ecologies of risk -- Migrant and minority ethnic populations -- Social position, disadvantage, and experience: vulnerability and resilience -- Timing, severity, specificity -- Clusters of adversity: cumulative and synergistic effects -- Mechanisms -- Variations in population rates of psychoses -- A sociodevelopmental pathway to psychosis -- Future research -- Implications -- References. , 16 - Is there sufficient evidence that cannabis use is a risk factor for psychosis?.