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  • MDPI AG  (13)
  • 2020-2024  (13)
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  • MDPI AG  (13)
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  • 2020-2024  (13)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fine Mapping of fw6.3, a Major-Effect Quantitative Trait Locus That Controls Fruit Weight in Tomato
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Plants Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2023-05-23), p. 2065-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2023-05-23), p. 2065-
    Abstract: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a widely consumed vegetable, and the tomato fruit weight is a key yield component. Many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling tomato fruit weight have been identified, and six of them have been fine-mapped and cloned. Here, four loci controlling tomato fruit weight were identified in an F2 population through QTL seq.; fruit weight 6.3 (fw6.3) was a major-effect QTL and its percentage of variation explanation (R2) was 0.118. This QTL was fine-mapped to a 62.6 kb interval on chromosome 6. According to the annotated tomato genome (version SL4.0, annotation ITAG4.0), this interval contained seven genes, including Solyc06g074350 (the SELF-PRUNING gene), which was likely the candidate gene underlying variation in fruit weight. The SELF-PRUNING gene contained a single-nucleotide polymorphism that resulted in an amino acid substitution in the protein sequence. The large-fruit allele of fw6.3 (fw6.3HG) was overdominant to the small-fruit allele fw6.3RG. The soluble solids content was also increased by fw6.3HG. These findings provide valuable information that will aid the cloning of the FW6.3 gene and ongoing efforts to breed tomato plants with higher yield and quality via molecular marker-assisted selection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants12112065
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704341-1
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Level of Remnant Cholesterol and Implications for Lipid-Lowering Strategy in Hospitalized Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome in China: Findings from the Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China—Acute Coronary Syndrome Project
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Metabolites Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-09-24), p. 898-
    Details
    In: Metabolites, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-09-24), p. 898-
    Abstract: Elevated remnant cholesterol is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). We aimed to evaluate the concentrations and general distribution of remnant cholesterol at admission in patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and those in patients who reached the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) target or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) target. Patients with ACS who were enrolled in the Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China—ACS project from 2014 to 2019 were included. Elevated remnant cholesterol concentrations were defined as ≥1.0 mmol/L. Among 94,869 patients, the median (interquartile range) remnant cholesterol concentration at admission was 0.6 mmol/L (0.4–0.9 mmol/L) and 19.2% had elevated remnant cholesterol concentrations. Among patients with LDL-C concentrations 〈 1.4 mmol/L, 24.4% had elevated remnant cholesterol concentrations, while the proportion was 13.3% among patients with LDL-C concentrations between 1.4 and 1.7 mmol/L. Among patients with non-HDL-C concentrations 〈 2.6 mmol/L, 2.9% had elevated remnant cholesterol concentrations but 79.6% had LDL-C concentrations ≥ 1.4 mmol/L. Even among patients with LDL-C 〈 1.4 mmol/L and non-HDL-C 〈 2.6 mmol/L, 10.9% had elevated remnant cholesterol. In conclusion, one fifth of patients with ACS have elevated remnant cholesterol concentrations at admission. Elevated remnant cholesterol concentrations are present in patients with LDL-C or/and non-HDL-C concentrations within the target, which represents an unmet need to add remnant cholesterol as a target for the secondary prevention of ASCVD.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2218-1989
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100898
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662251-8
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Overview of the Observing System and Initial Scientific Accomplishments of the East Asian VLBI Network (EAVN)
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Galaxies Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2022-12-07), p. 113-
    Details
    In: Galaxies, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2022-12-07), p. 113-
    Abstract: The East Asian VLBI Network (EAVN) is an international VLBI facility in East Asia and is operated under mutual collaboration between East Asian countries, as well as part of Southeast Asian and European countries. EAVN currently consists of 16 radio telescopes and three correlators located in China, Japan, and Korea, and is operated mainly at three frequency bands, 6.7, 22, and 43 GHz with the longest baseline length of 5078 km, resulting in the highest angular resolution of 0.28 milliarcseconds at 43 GHz. One of distinct capabilities of EAVN is multi-frequency simultaneous data reception at nine telescopes, which enable us to employ the frequency phase transfer technique to obtain better sensitivity at higher observing frequencies. EAVN started its open-use program in the second half of 2018, providing a total observing time of more than 1100 h in a year. EAVN fills geographical gap in global VLBI array, resulting in enabling us to conduct contiguous high-resolution VLBI observations. EAVN has produced various scientific accomplishments especially in observations toward active galactic nuclei, evolved stars, and star-forming regions. These activities motivate us to initiate launch of the ’Global VLBI Alliance’ to provide an opportunity of VLBI observation with the longest baselines on the earth.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4434
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/galaxies10060113
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2691049-4
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Laccase Gene Family Mediate Multi-Perspective Trade-Offs during Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) Development and Defense Processes
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 22, No. 22 ( 2021-11-21), p. 12554-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 22 ( 2021-11-21), p. 12554-
    Abstract: Laccase (LAC) plays important roles in different plant development and defense processes. In this study, we identified laccase genes (CsLACs) in Camellia sinensis cv ‘Longjing43′ cultivars, which were classified into six subclades. The expression patterns of CsLACs displayed significant spatiotemporal variations across different tissues and developmental stages. Most members in subclades II, IV and subclade I exhibited contrasting expression patterns during leaf development, consistent with a trade-off model for preferential expression in the early and late developmental stages. The extensive transcriptional changes of CsLACs under different phytohormone and herbivore treatment were observed and compared, with the expression of most genes in subclades I, II and III being downregulated but genes in subclades IV, V and VI being upregulated, suggesting a growth and defense trade-off model between these subclades. Taken together, our research reveal that CsLACs mediate multi-perspective trade-offs during tea plant development and defense processes and are involved in herbivore resistance in tea plants. More in-depth research of CsLACs upstream regulation and downstream targets mediating herbivore defense should be conducted in the future.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212554
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Eceriferum Genes in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum): Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis Reveal Their Potential Functions during Domestication
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Horticulturae Vol. 9, No. 7 ( 2023-06-27), p. 748-
    Details
    In: Horticulturae, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 7 ( 2023-06-27), p. 748-
    Abstract: Plant cuticular wax plays an important role in resistance to environmental stresses. Eceriferum (CER) genes are involved in wax synthesis. However, little information is available for tomato species. In this study, 26 SlCER genes were identified in tomato (S. lycopersicum), and they were classified into four clades. The physicochemical properties and conserved motifs of their proteins were predicted. These SlCERs were mainly expressed in leaves, flowers or fruits, and most SlCERs played roles in response to abiotic stresses, especially drought stress. Furthermore, the changes in haplotypes indicated that SlCERs might have been involved in adapting to the environments for wild species S. pimpinellifolium before domestication. These findings would lay a foundation for future functional studies of SlCERs and also provide insights for anti-stress improvement in tomato in the near future.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2311-7524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9070748
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2813983-5
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Investigation and Optimization of Fast Cold Start of 18650 Lithium-Ion Cell by Heating Film-Based Heating Method
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Energies Vol. 16, No. 2 ( 2023-01-09), p. 750-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 2 ( 2023-01-09), p. 750-
    Abstract: In this paper, based on the multi-scale multi-domain (MSMD) battery modeling approach, the NTGK model was used to model the 18650 cylindrical lithium-ion single battery on the electrochemical sub-scale. The model was successful, as it was able to fit the experimental voltage and temperature of the battery at different temperatures. Lithium-ion battery discharge capacity and energy output can be improved during cold starting by preheating and insulation, as demonstrated by a comparison of the impacts of heat transfer coefficient and preheating duration at −20 °C ambient temperature. For the traditional heating method, the heating model of heating film (HF) and liquid-cooled plate (LCP) is constructed in this paper, and the heating performance of both is compared by Fluent. Analysis of the energy balance of Li-ion battery at low temperatures has been presented, showing that Li-ion battery requires a suitable start-up temperature to maximize energy output. Taking care of the problem of excessive temperature difference inside the battery due to excessive heating power, we investigated the effects of axial thermal conductivity, heating power, and heating area on the heating uniformity of the battery in this paper. Finally, a multi-stage stepped power (MSP) heating method was proposed to improve the temperature control accuracy of HF. A level orthogonal test L16(43) without interaction was designed to determine the degree of influence of each parameter on the temperature control performance and the optimal level combination, revealing that the optimized maximum temperature and temperature control rate were reduced by 4.09% and 40.53%, respectively, when compared to direct heating.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en16020750
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ecohydrological Separation Hypothesis: Review and Prospect
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Water Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2020-07-22), p. 2077-
    Details
    In: Water, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2020-07-22), p. 2077-
    Abstract: The ecohydrological-separation (ES) hypothesis is that the water used for plant transpiration and the water used for streams and groundwater recharge comes from distinct subsurface compartmentalized pools. The ES hypothesis was first proposed in a study conducted in the Mediterranean climate region, based on the stable isotope method in 2010. To date, the ES hypothesis has proven to be widespread around the world. The ES hypothesis is a new understanding of the soil water movement process, which is different from the assumption that only one soil reservoir in the traditional hydrology. It is helpful to clear the water sources of plants and establish a new model of the ecohydrological process. However, the theoretical basis and mechanism of the ES hypothesis are still unclear. Therefore, we analyzed the characteristics of ES phenomenon in different climatic regions, summarized the research methods used for the ES hypothesis, concluded the definitions of tightly bound water and mobile water, discussed the mechanism of isotopic differences of different reservoirs and their impacts on ES evaluation and pointed out the existing problems of the ES hypothesis. Future research should focus on the following three aspects: (a) detailed analysis of ES phenomenon characteristics of different plant species in different climatic regions; (b) further understanding of the ES phenomenon mechanism; (c) improvement of the experimental methods.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4441
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/w12082077
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2521238-2
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Antagonistic Effects of Enrofloxacin on Carbendazim-Induced Developmental Toxicity in Zebrafish Embryos
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Toxics Vol. 9, No. 12 ( 2021-12-10), p. 349-
    Details
    In: Toxics, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 12 ( 2021-12-10), p. 349-
    Abstract: Carbendazim (CAR) and enrofloxacin (ENF) are frequently detected in fruits and meat products, respectively. Since most people consume fruits, vegetables, and meat products, combined exposure is possible, necessitating further evaluation of toxic interactions. In this study, the developmental toxicity of separate and combined exposure was examined in zebrafish embryos. Carbendazim exposure at 0.79 mg/L and above significantly affected developmental parameters, while enrofloxacin alone had no substantial effects on these developmental parameters within the selected concentration range (0.10–0.40 mg/L). Surprisingly, ENF antagonized the CAR-evoked reduction in the 48 hpf (hours post-fertilization) hatching rate and the increases in the 96 hpf malformation and lethality rates. The results revealed that the antagonism might be associated with reciprocal effects of these compounds on metabolism-related genes, such as cyp7a1 and apoa1a. These results reveal a complex interaction between ENF and CAR on metabolic regulation during development and highlight the importance of combined assessment for agents with the potential for simultaneous exposure.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2305-6304
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxics9120349
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2733883-6
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Numerical Simulations for Indirect and Direct Cooling of 54 V LiFePO4 Battery Pack
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Energies Vol. 15, No. 13 ( 2022-06-23), p. 4581-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 13 ( 2022-06-23), p. 4581-
    Abstract: In this study, three-dimensional thermal simulations for a 54 V Lithium-ion battery pack composed of 18 LiFePO4 pouch battery cells connected in series were conducted using a multi-scale electrochemical-thermal-fluid model. An equivalent circuit model (ECM) is used as a subscale electrochemical model at each cell node of the battery, which is then combined with the macro-scale thermal and fluid equations to construct a model of the battery and battery pack. With the model, the cooling effects of indirect cooling and direct cooling battery thermal management systems (BTMS) on the battery pack under rapid discharging conditions are explored. It is found that when the battery pack is discharged at 2C, indirect cooling of the bottom plate can effectively dissipate heat and control the temperature of the battery pack. Under the 10C discharging condition, the maximum temperature of the battery pack will exceed 100 °C, and the temperature uniformity will be very poor when using indirect cooling of the bottom plate for the battery pack. Direct air cooling is also unable to meet the cooling requirements of the battery pack at a 10C discharging rate. The possible reason is that the convective heat transfer coefficient of direct air cooling is small, which makes it difficult to meet the heat dissipation requirements at the 10C condition. When single-phase direct cooling with fluorinated liquid is used, the maximum temperature of the battery pack under the 10C discharging condition can be controlled at about 65 °C. Compared with air direct cooling, the pressure drop of fluorinated liquid single-phase direct cooling is smaller, and the obtained battery pack temperature uniformity is better. From the detailed study of fluorinated liquid single-phase direct cooling, it is concluded that increasing the coolant flow rate and reducing the cell spacing in the battery pack can achieve a better cooling effect. Finally, a new cooling method, two-phase immersion cooling, is investigated for cooling the battery pack. The maximum temperature of the battery pack discharged at a 10C rate can be controlled below 35 °C, and good temperature uniformity of the battery pack is also achieved at the same time. This study focuses on fluorinated liquid immersion cooling using numerical simulations, showing that it is a promising cooling method for lithium-ion battery packs and deserves further study. This paper will provide a reference for the design and selection of BTMS for electric vehicles.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en15134581
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Geochemistry and Holocene Sedimentary Environment Evolution of Subaqueous Clinoform off Shandong Peninsula (Yellow Sea)
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Minerals Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2021-10-29), p. 1209-
    Details
    In: Minerals, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2021-10-29), p. 1209-
    Abstract: As a key sedimentary body connecting the north and South Yellow Sea, the subaqueous clinoform off Shandong Peninsula plays an important role in the sedimentary system of China seas, and it is also a studied example in the study among the major “source to sink” systems. Based on AMS 14C dating, sediment grain size, major and trace element contents from core WH-05 located at the edge of the clinoform, we discuss changes in the deposition rate, analyze sediment provenance and controlling factors, and reveal the environmental evolution of the source area since the Holocene. Results from core WH-05 show that marine sedimentation began at about 8.5 ka B.P. The deposition rate decreased from the initial 28.37 m/ka to 0.52 m/ka. Sediment provenance suggests that the Huanghe river sediments have been the main source for the study area since the Holocene. The As/Al, V/Sc indicators show that the environmental oxidation environment was gradually weakened and then increased slightly starting from 7.0 ka B.P. The change in redox is consistent with the change in sea level, the deposition rate, and depositional depth.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-163X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/min11111209
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2655947-X
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