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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Available Bleeding Scoring Systems Poorly Predict Major Bleeding in the Acute Phase of Pulmonary Embolism
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 10, No. 16 ( 2021-08-16), p. 3615-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 16 ( 2021-08-16), p. 3615-
    Abstract: We aimed to compare six available bleeding scores, in a real-life cohort, for prediction of major bleeding in the early phase of pulmonary embolism (PE). We recorded in-hospital characteristics of 2754 PE patients in a prospective observational multicenter cohort contributing 18,028 person-days follow-up. The VTE-BLEED (Venous Thrombo-Embolism Bleed), RIETE (Registro informatizado de la enfermedad tromboembólica en España; Computerized Registry of Patients with Venous Thromboembolism), ORBIT (Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment), HEMORR2HAGES (Hepatic or Renal Disease, Ethanol Abuse, Malignancy, Older Age, Reduced Platelet Count or Function, Re-Bleeding, Hypertension, Anemia, Genetic Factors, Excessive Fall Risk and Stroke), ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation), and HAS-BLED (Hypertension, Abnormal Renal/Liver Function, Stroke, Bleeding History or Predisposition, Labile International Normalized Ratio, Elderly, Drugs/Alcohol) scores were assessed at baseline. International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH)-defined bleeding events were independently adjudicated. Accuracy of the overall original 3-level and newly defined optimal 2-level outcome of the scores were evaluated and compared. We observed 82 first early major bleedings (3.0% (95% CI, 2.4–3.7)). The predictive power of bleeding scores was poor (Harrel’s C-index from 0.57 to 0.69). The RIETE score had numerically higher model fit and discrimination capacity but without reaching statistical significance versus the ORBIT, HEMORR2HAGES, and ATRIA scores. The VTE-BLEED and HAS-BLED scores had significantly lower C-index, integrated discrimination improvement, and net reclassification improvement compared to the others. The rate of observed early major bleeding in score-defined low-risk patients was high, between 15% and 34%. Current available scoring systems have insufficient accuracy to predict early major bleeding in patients with acute PE. The development of acute-PE-specific risk scores is needed to optimally target bleeding prevention strategies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163615
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mechanical Behaviour of Hard Chromium Deposited from a Trivalent Chromium Bath
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Coatings Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2022-03-07), p. 354-
    Details
    In: Coatings, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2022-03-07), p. 354-
    Abstract: In view of new environmental directives, hexavalent chromium baths can no longer be used to electroplate thick hard chromium deposits. To meet these industrial and environmental challenges, deposits are developed from trivalent chromium electrolytes. Cr(III) coatings are usually studied from the point of view of the use properties and hardness, but their intrinsic properties remain widely unknown. The novelty of this work consists in the mechanical characterisation of these coatings. Properties such as hardness, stiffness, yield strength, and toughness of trivalent chromium deposits are determined by combining instrumented hardness tests, in situ FEG–SEM observations, and finite element simulations. These are explained according to the microstructure of the deposits, which is determined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Their composition was characterised by glow discharge spectrometry. The structure characterisation deposits showed a more severely fractured coating of trivalent chromium than in the case of hexavalent chromium. Non-post-treated trivalent chromium deposits have a higher hardness (13 ± 1.7 GPa) and yield strength (5 GPa) than hexavalent chromium deposits. However, their stiffness (191 ± 13 GPa) and toughness (1.37 ± 0.13 MPa√m) are lower. Its mechanical behaviour is elastofragile. These differences in mechanical properties can be explained by the amorphous structure of the deposits and their high carbon content.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6412
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/coatings12030354
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662314-6
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Friability of Maize Shoot (Zea mays L.) in Relation to Cell Wall Composition and Physical Properties
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Agriculture Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2022-06-30), p. 951-
    Details
    In: Agriculture, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2022-06-30), p. 951-
    Abstract: Maize (Zea mays L.) is widely cultivated worldwide for food, feed, and fuel uses. Maize forage has become a valuable feed material, and there is much interest in characterizing its friability, as friability may shape feed value through its effect on ingestibility. The objective of this study was to characterize the friability of maize forage based on its milling behavior within a collection of inbred lines of maize. We proposed two friability indexes—Particle Size Reduction (PSR) and Energy Index—and evaluated their ability to discriminate 24 inbred maize lines differing in digestibility. Both the PSR Index and Energy Index effectively highlighted the variability in friability, which could vary by a factor of two regardless of index. These two friability indexes are based on two different milling technologies and therefore on different mechanical stresses inside the mills that could both inform on friability, but on different scales. In order to interpret the observed differences, we characterized the biomass at different scales, from phenotypic observation of the shoot to physical properties of the chopped maize, down to cell wall amount and composition. The friability assessed through these two indexes was mainly inter-correlated: the lower the milling energy, the more friable the fine particles produced. However, we also identified slight differences between the indexes that could be interpreted in relation to structural scale: while the Energy Index primarily informed friability at the cellular scale, the PSR Index also informed friability at the cell wall scale. This study provided key insight into the friability of maize forage and its relation to physical and fiber properties.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0472
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agriculture12070951
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2651678-0
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Estimation of Local Residual Stresses in Amorphous and Crystallized Trivalent Chromium Coatings
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Coatings Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2023-01-09), p. 124-
    Details
    In: Coatings, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2023-01-09), p. 124-
    Abstract: Hard chromium coatings have demonstrated their performance for several decades, particularly for their wear and corrosion resistance properties. However, the traditional process using chromium trioxide (CrO3) is very toxic and is intended to disappear in the European Union by 2024, thanks to the REACH regulation. This study aimed to determine the residual stress of amorphous chromium deposits elaborated from baths containing trivalent chromium ions. However, the amorphous structure of these deposits does not allow the determination of residual stresses by conventional means. In this study, we propose adapting a recent method called “FIB-DIC”, which is not limited by the material’s crystalline structure compared to the classical X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The method is based on the measurement of relaxation-induced displacement fields following the ablation of material on a very local scale. The results obtained by the classical (XRD) and the FIB-DIC method on crystallized heat-treated Cr(III) deposits are 296 ± 45 and 377 ± 275 MPa. Then, the FIB-DIC technique allowed us to evaluate a residual stress level of 479 ± 359 MPa for amorphous trivalent chromium coating, which has never been performed before.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6412
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/coatings13010124
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662314-6
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Damage Mechanism of Trivalent Chromium Coatings under Tensile Stress
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Coatings Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2023-07-03), p. 1194-
    Details
    In: Coatings, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2023-07-03), p. 1194-
    Abstract: Due to new environmental regulations, hexavalent chromium electrolytes can no longer be used for thick, hard chromium plating. In response to this industrial and environmental challenge, trivalent chromium electrolyte plating has been developed. In this paper, we propose a study of the adhesion of CrIII coatings based on the implementation of numerical models in comparison with an identified experimental scenario. The aim is to dissociate the influence of coating and substrate behaviours from the adhesion work by describing the intrinsic damage of the chromium layer and the coating–substrate interface. Two types of cracking were studied: transverse cracking and delamination. For the former, the crack density was higher for CrIII than for CrVI and increased with deformation and coating thickness. Microtensile tests with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations allowed us to highlight the cracking process in the coating (transverse cracking) and at the coating–substrate interface (delamination). The numerical simulation of the test allowed us to estimate a damage-initiation threshold normal stress of 1900 MPa, which occurred at an average applied strain of 2.5%. Delamination of the coating was complete at an average strain of 13.6% and an interfacial normal stress of 2600 MPa.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6412
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/coatings13071194
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662314-6
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