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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Recent progress in aqueous akali-metal-ion batteries at low temperatures
    Acta Physica Sinica, Chinese Physical Society and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences ; 2023
    In:  Acta Physica Sinica Vol. 72, No. 7 ( 2023), p. 070702-
    Details
    In: Acta Physica Sinica, Acta Physica Sinica, Chinese Physical Society and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Vol. 72, No. 7 ( 2023), p. 070702-
    Abstract: Aqueous alkali-metal-ion batteries are a popular frontier research area, expected to apply for large-scale energy storage due to their high safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Depending on diversified social development, batteries ought to function in various ambient, including polar regions and high-altitude locales. Delivering excellent electrochemical performance at low temperatures is crucial to develop aqueous alkali-metal-ion batteries. This review summarizes the representative research progress in the field of aqueous low-temperature alkali-metal-ion batteries in recent years, based on the subjects of electrolyte, electrode, and interface. Firstly, we discussed the challenges of aqueous alkali-metal-ion batteries operated at low temperatures and the corresponding failure mechanisms. At subzero temperatures, aqueous alkali-metal-ion batteries couldn't work or exhibit little capacity, arising from the frozen electrolytes, electrode materials with slow kinetics, and huge interface impedances, which seriously limits their wide application in low-temperature conditions. Then, combined with the latest research work, various strategies have been investigated to improve the electrochemical performance of batteries at low temperatures. To date, the strategies for reducing the freezing point of electrolytes have primarily focused on breaking H-bonds between free water molecules by increasing salt concentration, adding organic/inorganic additives, and using hydrogel as electrolytes. In terms of electrodes, the related studies have concentrated on regulating the structure and morphology of electrodes, introducing the dual ion battery mechanism, and using organic materials and Zn electrodes to alleviate the slow ion dynamics of electrodes. In addition, adding appropriate organic solvents that can generate protective layers with low interface impedance on the electrode surface in the electrolyte can also improve the low-temperature performance of aqueous alkali-metal-ion batteries. Finally, we evaluated multi-dimensionally all strategies, expected to provide a comprehensive reference and point out the direction for the further improvement and practical application of the aqueous alkali-metal-ion batteries at low temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1000-3290 , 1000-3290
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.7498/aps.72.20230024
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Acta Physica Sinica, Chinese Physical Society and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Magnesium doping improved characteristics of high voltage cycle of layered cathode of sodium ion battery
    Acta Physica Sinica, Chinese Physical Society and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences ; 2023
    In:  Acta Physica Sinica Vol. 72, No. 5 ( 2023), p. 058802-
    Details
    In: Acta Physica Sinica, Acta Physica Sinica, Chinese Physical Society and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Vol. 72, No. 5 ( 2023), p. 058802-
    Abstract: Driven by global demand for new energy, Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have developed rapidly due to their competitive performance. Although LIBs show the advantages of high capacity and good cycling stability, their disadvantages such as uneven distribution of lithium resources are gradually exposed. Therefore, with abundant reserves, Na-ion batteries (NIB) have become one of the most promising solutions to make up for the deficiency of Li-ion battery. The NIBs layered oxide cathodes have the most potential applications of cathode material due to their high specific capacity (167 mAh·g〈sup〉–1〈/sup〉 in 2.4–4.3 V) and simple synthesis method. However, improving the cycling stability of layered cathode materials is one of the keys to their large-scale industrialization. To develop high capacity and cycling stability cathode materials, the Mg〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 is substituted for Ni〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 in NaNi〈sub〉0.4〈/sub〉Cu〈sub〉0.1〈/sub〉Mn〈sub〉0.4〈/sub〉Ti〈sub〉0.1〈/sub〉O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 (NCMT), thereby obtaining a NaNi〈sub〉0.35〈/sub〉Mg〈sub〉0.05〈/sub〉Cu〈sub〉0.1〈/sub〉Mn〈sub〉0.4〈/sub〉Ti〈sub〉0.1〈/sub〉O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 (NCMT-Mg) cathode material. The NCMT-Mg has a high reversible specific capacity of 165 mAh·g〈sup〉–1〈/sup〉 in a voltage window of 2.4–4.3 V. The reversible specific capacity of about 110 mAh·g〈sup〉–1〈/sup〉 at 0.1 C after 350 cycles with a capacity retention of 67.3% is about 13% higher than the counterpart of NCMT. The irreversible reaction is suppressed from P'3 phase to X phase for NCMT. The ex-XRD spectrometers further prove that the NCMT-Mg shows a P3 and X mixed phase after being initially charged to 4.3 V, but the NCMT shows an X phase. The irreversible phase transition is suppressed to increase the cycling stability. The inactive Mg〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 replaces Ni〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉, reducing the charge compensation and stabilizing the structure, the inactive Mg〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 can activate the charge compensation of Ni〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉/Cu〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉. The electrochemical activity increases from 77% to 86%. The high capacity and excellent cycling stability prove that the NCMT-Mg structure remains intact after various current rates have been tested. The long cycling stability mechanism is further systematically studied by using various technologies. The present work will provide an important reference for developing high-performance Na-ion cathode materials.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1000-3290 , 1000-3290
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.7498/aps.72.20222098
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Acta Physica Sinica, Chinese Physical Society and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    High-efficient particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo model for complex solution domain andsimulation of anode layer ion source
    Acta Physica Sinica, Chinese Physical Society and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences ; 2023
    In:  Acta Physica Sinica Vol. 72, No. 8 ( 2023), p. 085202-
    Details
    In: Acta Physica Sinica, Acta Physica Sinica, Chinese Physical Society and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Vol. 72, No. 8 ( 2023), p. 085202-
    Abstract: Plasma simulation is important in studying the plasma discharge systematically, especially the anode layer ion source which has the complex geometrical characteristics of the discharge structure. However, owing to the complex solution domain formed by the geometric profile of the anode and cathode, the traditional simulation models show extremely small computational efficiency and poor convergence. This work presents a separate simulation for the ion source structure and the plasma discharge, separately, where the cathode geometric parameters (including the size, the shape and the relative position of the inner and outer cathodes) are simplified into two magnetic mirror parameters (the magnetic mirror ratio 〈i〉R〈/i〉〈sub〉m〈/sub〉 and the magnetic induction intensity in the center of the magnetic mirror 〈i〉 〈b〉B〈/b〉 〈/i〉〈sub〉0〈/sub〉), and then a high-efficient particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision (PIC/MCC) model is established to improve the computational efficiency and stability of the plasma simulation later. As a result, the convergence time of the plasma simulation is shortened significantly from 1.00 μs to 0.45 μs, and by which the influences of the geometrical characteristics of the discharge structure on the plasma properties are systematically studied. The simulation results reveal that magnetic mirror with 〈i〉R〈/i〉〈sub〉m〈/sub〉 = 2.50 and 〈i〉 〈b〉B〈/b〉 〈/i〉〈sub〉0〈/sub〉 = 36 mT can best confine the plasma in the central area between the inner cathode and outer cathode. When the discharge center of the plasmacoincides with the magnetic mirror center, the anode layer ion source presents both high density output of ion beam current and significantly reduced cathode etching, suggesting that the best balance is obtained between the output and cathode etching.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1000-3290 , 1000-3290
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.7498/aps.72.20222394
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Acta Physica Sinica, Chinese Physical Society and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Working principle and layout logic of closed magnetic field in sputtering
    Acta Physica Sinica, Chinese Physical Society and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences ; 2022
    In:  Acta Physica Sinica Vol. 71, No. 5 ( 2022), p. 055203-
    Details
    In: Acta Physica Sinica, Acta Physica Sinica, Chinese Physical Society and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Vol. 71, No. 5 ( 2022), p. 055203-
    Abstract: Closed magnetic field constructed by unbalanced magnetron sputtering (MS) cathodes has been a general means of developing the MS coating system. However, owing to the difficulties in characterizing the complex plasma behaviors, there are still no quantitative criteria or design bases for some critical points, such as the effective object, the working mechanism, the closure condition, the layout logic and the effectivity of the closed magnetic field. Here in this work, out of the movements of charged particles in magnetic field, the motion behaviors of electrons and ions in the vacuum chamber are studied and it is also revealed that the closed magnetic field can affect mainly the electrons and further control the distributions of ions. A Monte-Carlo collision (MCC) model of the closed magnetic field MS coating system is established by test-electron to characterize the plasma transport characteristics, and the electron constraint and coating deposition efficiency are studied by different layouts of the magnetron cathodes and the ion sources. The simulation results show that the cathode numbers and vacuum chamber size determine the constraint effect on electrons in closed magnetic field. By 8 MS cathodes and the chamber radius of 0.5 m, the proportion of the overflow electrons can decrease to 1.77%. To increase the proportion of the electrons in the coating region, four coupled magnetic fields are introduced in the center of vacuum chamber. The studies of cathode type, rotation angle and magnetic field direction reveal that the proportion of the overflow electrons is less than 3%. A local dense plasma distribution and a continuous uniform plasma distribution can be observed in the vacuum chamber, corresponding to the same and opposite layout in magnetic poles of the MS cathodes and the ion sources, and the proportion of the electrons in the coating region significantly increases to 53.41% and 42.25%, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1000-3290 , 1000-3290
    URL: Journal
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.7498/aps
    DOI: 10.7498/aps.71.20211781
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Acta Physica Sinica, Chinese Physical Society and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ultrashort pulsed neutron source driven by two counter-propagating laser pulses interacting with ultra-thin foil
    Acta Physica Sinica, Chinese Physical Society and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences ; 2023
    In:  Acta Physica Sinica Vol. 72, No. 18 ( 2023), p. 185201-
    Details
    In: Acta Physica Sinica, Acta Physica Sinica, Chinese Physical Society and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Vol. 72, No. 18 ( 2023), p. 185201-
    Abstract: Neutron production via D(d, n)〈sup〉3〈/sup〉He nuclear reaction during the interaction of two counter-propagating circularly polarized laser pulses with ultra-thin deuterium target is investigated by particle-in-cell simulation and Monte Carlo method. It is found that the rotation direction and initial relative phase difference of laser electric field vector have important effects on deuterium foil compression and neutron characteristics. The reason is attributed to the net light pressure and the difference in transverse instability development. The highest neutron yield can be obtained by choosing two laser pulses with a relative phase difference of 0 and the same rotation direction of the electric field vector. When the relative phase difference is 0.5π or 1.5π and the rotation direction of electric field vector is different, the neutrons have a directional spatial distribution and the neutron yield only slightly decreases. For left-handed circularly polarized laser pulse and right-handed circularly polarized laser pulse, each with an intensity of 1.23 × 10〈sup〉21〈/sup〉 W/cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉, a pulse width of 33 fs and a relative phase difference of 0.5π, it is possible to produce a pulsed neutron source with a yield of 8.5 × 10〈sup〉4〈/sup〉 n, production rate of 1.2 × 10〈sup〉19〈/sup〉 n/s, pulse width of 23 fs and good forward direction as well as tunable spatial distribution. Comparing with photonuclear neutron source and beam target neutron source driven by ultraintense laser pulses, the duration of neutron source in our scheme decreases significantly, thereby possessing many potential applications such as neutron nuclear data measurement. Our scheme offers a possible method to obtain a compact neutron source with short pulse width, high production rate and good forward direction.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1000-3290 , 1000-3290
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.7498/aps.72.20230706
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Acta Physica Sinica, Chinese Physical Society and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2023
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