Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Small Molecule Fluorescent Sensors for Copper Ions -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Small Molecule Fluorescent Sensors -- Anthracene Derived Fluorophores -- Coumarin Derived Fluorophores -- Dansyl Derived Fluorophores -- Fluorescein Derived Fluorophores -- Naphthalimide Derived Fluorophores -- Pyrene Derived Fluorophores -- Quinazoline Derived Fluorophores -- Quinoline Derived Fluorophores -- Rhodamine Derived Fluorophores -- Other Small Molecules as Fluorophores -- Conclusion -- Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Preparation of High-Performance Polymers by Click Chemistry and Their Membrane-Based Application -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classifications of Click Polymerization -- 2.1. Copper(I) Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Click Polymerization (CuAACP) -- 2.1.1. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Polymers -- 2.1.1.1. Mechanism of CuAAC -- 2.1.1.2. Linear Aromatic Based Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.2.1. Aromatic, Non-Fluorinated Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.2.2. Fluorinated Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.2.3. Crosslinked Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.2.4. Copoly(Triazole Imide)s -- 2.1.1.2.5. Phosphorus Containing Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.3. Hyperbranched Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.4. Star-Shaped Polytriazoles Using Click Polymerization -- 2.2. Thiol Based Click Polymerization -- 2.2.1. Polymer Synthesis Approaches -- 2.2.1.1. Thio-Michael Type Polymerization -- 2.2.1.2. Radical Thiol-Ene Polymerization -- 2.2.1.2.1. Photoinitiator -- 2.2.1.2.1.1. Direct Photoinitiation by Irradiation -- 2.2.1.2.1.2. Molecular Photoinitiation -- 2.2.1.3. Synthesis and Properties of High-Performance Polymers of Thiol Based Click Reaction -- 2.3. Amino-Yne Click Polymerization -- 2.4. Diels-Alder Click Polymerization -- 3. Membrane Based Application of the Polymers Prepared by Click Polymerizations. , 3.1. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Based Applications of Polytriazoles -- 3.1.1. Proton Transportation Mechanisms in PEMs -- 3.1.2. PEM Related Parameters -- 3.1.2.1. Ion Exchange Capacity -- 3.1.2.2. Water Uptake and Swelling Ratio Measurements -- 3.1.2.3. Proton Conductivity -- 3.1.2.4. Morphological Investigation -- 3.1.2.5. Oxidative and Hydrolytic Stability -- 3.1.2.6. Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Performance -- 3.1.3. PEM Properties of Sulfonated Copolytriazoles -- 3.1.3.1. Fluorinated Sulfonated Copolytriazoles -- 3.1.3.2. Non-Fluorinated Sulfonated Copolytriazoles -- 3.2. Membrane-Based Applications of Polymers through Thiol Based Click Polymerization -- 3.2.1. Proton Exchange Membrane Application -- 3.2.2. Application as Anion Exchange Membranes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Biologically Active Steroids and Triterpenoids: Achievements and Prospects -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Transformation of Steroids Via the CuAAC Reaction -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Conjugates and Triazolyl-Containing Bile Acids -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Conjugates and Triazolyl-Containing Cholesterol Derivatives -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Conjugates and Triazolyl-Containing Steroid Sex Hormones -- Transformation of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids Using the CuAAC Reaction -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Conjugates and Triazolyl-Containing Lupane Type Triterpenoid Derivatives -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Triazolyl-Containing Oleanane and Ursane Type Triterpenoids -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Synthesis of Apatite-Structured Compounds: Approaches and Their Difficulties -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Forward to Ionic Conductors (Silicon and Germanium) -- Oxynitrides -- Uranium- and thorium-containing silicates -- "Classic" (Phosphorus, Vanadium, Arsenic) and "Neoclassic" (Manganese, Chromium) -- Phosphorus, Vanadium, Arsenic -- Unexpected Morphotropic Transition -- Iodine-Apatites -- Oxo-Derivatives -- Hydroxyapatite -- Manganese, Chrome -- Niobium -- Six-Shot Sulfur and Selenium -- Rare Apatites - Apatites with Rare (Re) -- Why Do We Need Oxygen? -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Covalent Organic Framework Membranes for Liquid Separation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Key Properties of COFs for Membrane Separations -- Pore Size -- Hydrophilicity -- Surface Charge -- Fabrication of COF Membranes -- Bottom-Up Strategy -- Interfacial Polymerization -- Liquid-Liquid Interface -- Solid-Liquid Interface -- Air-Liquid Interface -- Solid-Vapor Interface -- Solvothermal Approach -- Synthesis under Continuous Flow Conditions -- Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly -- Chemical Vapor Deposition -- Top-Down Strategy -- Applications -- Water Treatment -- Organic Solvent Nanofiltration -- Pervaporation -- Chiral Sieving -- Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 3 -- Progress in One-Pot and Green Synthetic Approach for Building 1,2,4-Thiadiazole Analogues -- Abstract -- Introduction -- One Pot and Green Synthetic Routes -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 4 -- 5-Fluorouracil: Clinical Uses and Its Degradation Reactions -- Abstract -- 1. 5-Flurouracil -- 1.1. Chemistry -- 1.2. Clinical Uses -- 1.3. Physicochemical Properties -- 1.4. Side Effects -- 1.5. Doses -- 1.6. Literature -- 1.6.1. Chapters in Books. , 1.6.2. Reviews -- 1.6.3. Chemical and Photostability -- 1.6.4. Chromatography and Assay -- 2. Degradation Reactions -- 2.1. Hydrolytic Reactions -- 2.1.1. Acid Hydrolysis -- 2.1.2. Alkaline Hydrolysis -- 2.2. Photolytic Reactions -- 2.2.1. Aqueous Solution -- 2.2.2. Pharmaceutical Preparations -- a. H2O2 -- b. Fe2+ / H2O2 -- c. TiO2 -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Current Update on the Role of Manganese (II/III) Schiff Base Complexes in Organic Synthesis and Its Biological Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Catalytic Activities by Unsupported Mn-Schiff Base Complexes -- Supported Mn-Schiff Base Catalyst for Orangic Synthesis -- Biological Applications of Mn-Schiff Base Complexes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Improving Fast Pyrolysis by Tailoring High-Quality Products Using Catalysts -- Abstract -- Introduction -- General Characteristics of Pyrolysis -- Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis -- Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass -- Zeolites-Based Catalysts for Fast Pyrolysis -- Metal Oxides and Inorganic Salts-Based Catalysts for Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass -- Carbon-Based Catalysts for Pyrolysis of Biomass -- Analytical Fast Pyrolysis from Biomass -- Instrumentation for Analytical Pyrolysis -- Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Plastics -- New Technologies for Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis -- Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7 -- An Age-Old Problem: Sulfites in Meat Preparation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Problem of Sulfites -- Literature Review -- Chemistry of Sulfites -- Toxicity -- Monitorization of Sulfites -- Case Study: Sulfite in Meat Preparations -- Meat Consumption -- Classification and Regulation -- Method -- Meat Samples -- Quantification Method -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 8. , Magnetic Torque inside the Superoxide Radical Is the Driving Force for Oxygen Activation by Cofactor-Free Dioxygenases -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Dioxygen Activation in Combustion and Respiration Analytical Framework -- Literature Review -- Glucose Oxidase and Similar Flavoenzymes -- General Consideration -- Important Cofactor-Independent Dioxygenases -- Bacterial 2, 4-Dioxygenase from Arthrobacter Nitroguajacolicus -- Spin Flip Mechanism in the Oxygenase-Pathway of Rubisco -- Spin-Catalysis Mechanism for the Oxygenation Chemistry in Rubisco -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Chromophores with Aminostyryl Quinoxaline Moiety for Photonic and Optoelectronic Applications: Synthesis, Linear and -- Nonlinear Optical Properties -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Section 1. D-π-A Chromophores -- Section 2. D-π-A- π-D Chromophores -- Section 3. D-π-A- π-A′ Chromophores -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- The Importance of the Chemiluminescent System of the Marine Chromophore, Coelenterazine -- Abstract -- 1. The World of Luminescence -- 2. Examples of Chemiluminescent and Bioluminescent Systems -- 3. Coelenterazine and Its Luminous Emission -- 4. Practical Applications for the Coelenterazine Systems -- 4.1. Cancer Plague over the World -- 4.2. Treatments and Their Limitations -- 4.3. Photodynamic Therapy for a Better Future -- 4.4. The Appearance of New Obstacles -- 4.5. Coelenterazine in Photodynamic Therapy for Treatment -- 4.6. Superoxide Anion: Ally and Enemy -- 4.7. Superoxide Anion Sensing Methods -- 4.8. Coelenterazine as a Superoxide Probe for Diagnosis -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Computational Alanine Scanning Mutagenesis for Probing Protein Stability and Protein-Protein Interactions: A Literature Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Free Energy Calculations with Free Energy Perturbation (FEP) -- Free Energy Calculations with Thermodynamic Integration (TI) -- Free Energy Calculations with MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA -- Thermodynamic Cycle -- Computational Alanine Scanning Mutagenesis (ASM) -- Recent Developments and Applications of the Computational ASM with FEP, TI, MM/PBSA, and MM/GBSA -- Therapeutic Implications and Applications of Computational ASM -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4. , Investigation of Temperature-Dependent Volumetric, Acoustic, Refractometry, Dielectric Relaxation, Thermodynamic, and DFT Studies of L-Alanine in an Aqueous Medium -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1. Materials -- 2.2. Measurements -- 2.3. Volumetric, Ultrasonic, and Dielectric Parameters -- 2.3.1. Volumetric Parameters -- 2.3.2. Ultrasonic Parameters -- 2.3.3. Dielectric Parameters -- 2.4. Computational Details -- 3. Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 5 -- Synthesis of Indole Containing Chromophores -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Synthesis of Indole Containing Chromophores -- Multi-Step Procedures -- Two-Component Synthesis -- Three-Component Synthesis -- Miscellaneous -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Investigation of the Interaction of Bis[N-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)Aminophenyl-Glyoximato-Κ2n,N′]Nickel(II) Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvate with Some Biomolecules by Computational Chemistry Methods -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Computational Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Optimization of the Molecular Structure of the Title Compound -- Frontier Molecular Orbitals Analysis -- Global Reactivity -- Interaction of the Title Compound with DNA Bases -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 7 -- Interaction between DNA Bases with the Molecular Structure of 1,4-Bis[(Z)-2-(3-Mesityl-3-Methylcyclobutyl)-2-(Thiosemicarbazono)Ethyl]Piperazine Dimethyl Sulfoxide -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Analytical Framework -- Literature Review -- Method -- Results and Discussion -- Geometric Optimization of the Molecular Structure -- Interactions of C38H56N8S2.2C2H6OS with DNA Bases -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 8 -- Acetoxylation of Camphene over Activated Carbons with Sulfonic Acid Groups -- Abstract. , Introduction -- Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 -- Short Oligomeric Molecules Demonstrate Behavior of Bistable Machines -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- The Role of Capillary Electrophoresis in the Characterization and Determination of Polyphenols and Phenolic Compounds in Food -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Capillary Zone Electrophoresis -- Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography -- Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Aggregation-Induced Emission Based Probes for Metal Ion Sensing -- Abstract -- Introduction -- AIE Based Sensors for Mercuric Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Cupric Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Zinc Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Silver Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Aluminium Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Ferric Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Other Metal Ions -- Summary and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Hydroxymethylfurfural: A Versatile Intermediate for Value-Added Chemicals from Biomass -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Sources and Production of HMF -- Dehydration -- Hydrogenation -- Hydrodeoxygenation -- HMF Production from Edible Biomass -- Nonedible Lignocellulosic Biomasses -- Hydroxymethylfurfural Derivatives -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- The Importance of Organic Acids and the Relevance of a Sustainable Production: A Mini-Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Biological Pathway -- Fermentation by Chemiotrophic Microorganisms -- Fungi -- Bacteria -- Fermentation by Photossynthetic Microorganisms (Photofermentation) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Effects of Replacing Water Molecules with Sodium-Chloride in a Typical Protein in Aqueous Solution under Exposure to Microwaves -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Hemoglobin Samples -- Experimental Design -- Infrared Spectroscopy -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6. , Oxidative Decarboxylation: Conversion of (-Arylacetic Acids to One-Carbon Dehomologated Aldehydes by Persulfate and UV Irradiation in Aqueous Solution -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Results and Discussion -- Summary -- Experimental Synthesis -- Materials and Method -- General Procedure for the Oxidative Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acid Using Radicals of Persulfate under UV Irradiation -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Understanding Polymer Electrolytes -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification of Polymer Electrolytes -- 2.1. Based on Physical State and Composition -- 2.1.1. Solid Polymer Electrolyte (SPE) -- 2.1.2. Gel Polymer Electrolyte (GPE) -- 2.1.3. Composite Polymer Electrolyte (CPE) -- 2.1.4. Ion-Conducting Polyelectrolytes -- 2.2. Based on Polymer Sources -- 2.2.1. Natural Polymer Electrolytes -- 2.2.1.1. Chitosan -- 2.2.1.2. Starch and Cellulose -- 2.2.1.3. Cellulose Derivatives -- 2.2.1.4. Other Polymers -- 2.2.2. Synthetic Polymer Electrolytes -- 2.2.2.1. Poly(Ethylene Oxide) (PEO) -- 2.2.2.2. Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) -- 2.2.2.3. Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF-HFP)) -- 2.2.2.4. Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) -- 2.2.2.5. Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) -- 2.2.2.6. Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) -- 2.2.2.7. Poly(Acrylonitrile) -- 2.2.2.8. Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) -- 3. Membrane Preparation Techniques -- 3.1. Preparation of Dense Membranes -- 3.2. Preparation of Porous Membranes -- 3.2.1. Non-Solvent Induced Phase Separation -- 3.2.2. Thermally Induced Phase Separation -- 3.2.3. Vapor-Induced Phase Separation -- 3.2.4. Electrospinning -- 4. Mechanisms of Ion Transport in Polymer Electrolytes -- 5. Approaches to Improve Polymer Electrolytes Performance -- 5.1. Polymer Blends -- 5.2. Copolymers -- 5.3. Crosslinked Polymer Electrolytes -- 5.4. Nanocomposites -- 6. Characterization Techniques -- 6.1. Ionic Conductivity -- 6.2. Cyclic Voltammetry -- 6.3. Interfacial Compatibility -- 6.4. Electrochemical Stability -- 6.5. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) -- 6.6. X-Ray Diffraction -- 6.7. Thermal Characterizations -- 6.8. Microscopic Analysis -- 6.8.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 6.8.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). , 7. Applications of Polymer Electrolytes -- 7.1. Batteries -- 7.1.1. Solid Polymer Electrolyte Used in Li-Ion Batteries -- 7.1.1.1. Mechanism of Lithium-Ion Conducting in SPEs -- 7.1.2. Gel Polymer Electrolytes Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries -- 7.1.3. Composite Polymer Electrolytes Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries -- 7.2. Fuel Cells -- 7.3. Chlor-Alkali Industries -- 7.4. Supercapacitors -- 7.4.1. Solid Polymer Electrolytes -- 7.4.2. Gel Polymer Electrolytes -- 7.4.3. Composite Polymer Electrolytes -- 7.5. Electrochromic Devices -- 7.5.1. Polymer Electrolytes Used for ECDs -- 7.5.2. Polymer Electrolyte: New Types -- 7.5.3. Conjugated Polymer-Based Hybrid EC Materials -- 7.5.3.1. Conjugated Polymer-Based Hybrid EC Nanocomposites -- 7.5.3.2. Interfacial Chemical Bonds-based Hybrid EC Nanocomposites -- 7.6. Sensors and Actuators -- 7.6.1. Piezoionic-Powered Graphene Strain Sensor -- 7.6.2. Miniaturized and Disposable Electrochemical Sensor -- 7.6.3. Polymer Electrolyte Actuators for Medical Applications -- 7.7. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Advances in Physicochemical Techniques to Distinguish Fullerene C60 Regioisomeric Multiadducts -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Structure Elucidation of Fullerene C60 Bis-Cycloadducts -- Tris-Functionalized Fullerene C60 Cycloadducts -- Other Multi-Cycloadducts of Fullerene C60 -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Electrochemical Sensors for Identification of Types of Diabetes -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Diabetes -- 1.1.1. Synthesis of Insulin -- 1.1.2. Structure of Insulin -- 1.1.3. Secretion of Insulin -- 1.1.4. Diabetes Management -- 1.2. Biosensor -- 1.2.1. Affinity-Based Sensors -- 1.2.1.1. Structure of Antibody -- 1.2.1.2. Production of Antibodies -- 1.2.1.3. Immunoassay -- 1.2.1.4. Formats of Immunoassay -- 2. Methods. , 2.1. Electrochemical Detection Techniques -- 2.2. Voltammetry -- 2.2.1. Cyclic Voltammetry -- 2.2.2. Square Wave Voltammetry -- 2.2.3. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy -- 3. Electrochemical Insulin Sensors -- Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Contemporary Applications of Computational Modeling Approaches in Analysis of Antimicrobial Compounds of Potential Biomedical Significance -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Biologically Active Molecules Recently in the Spotlight -- The Recent Implementations of Molecular Docking and QSAR Methods in Analysis of Biologically Active Compounds -- Software for Computational Modeling of Biologically Active Compounds -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Recent Updates on Some Synthetic Metal-Porphyrin Complexes and their Catalytic Properties -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Manganese Porphyrins and Applications -- Cobalt Porphyrins and Applications -- Vanadium Porphyrins and Applications -- Chromium Porphyrins -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Adsorption of Cationic Dye Methylene Blue by the Polystyrene Filled with Inorganic Particles on Base of Bentonite -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Section 1 -- Structure and Properties of Bentonite and Bentonite/Magnetite Powders -- Materials -- Granulometric Composition of the Researched Powders -- Surface Morphology and Elemental Composition -- porous Structure -- Crystal Structure -- Section 2 -- Structure and Properties of the Polystyrene/Bentonite and Polystyrene/Bentonite/Magnetite Composite Films -- Preparation of the PS/Bentonite and PS/Bentonite/Magnetite Composite Films -- Crystal Structure -- Thermal Behavior of the Polystyrene/Bentonite Composite Materials -- Infra-Red (IR) Spectroscopy -- Section 3 -- Adsorption of Methylene Blue by the Polystyrene/Bentonite and Polystyrene/Bentonite/Magnetite Composite Films -- Adsorption Experiments -- Adsorption Models -- MB Adsorption Kinetics on PS and PS/Bentonite Composites -- MB Adsorption Equilibrium on PS and PS/Bentonite Composites -- Study of the Adsorbents Surface Morphology after Adsorption Test -- IR Spectroscopy after Adsorption Test -- Adsorption Kinetics of Methylene Blue on Polystyrene/Bentonite/ Magnetite Film Composites -- Effect of the Adsorbed MB on IR Spectra of the PS/Bentonite/ Magnetite -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 2 -- Carbon Tetrachloride: Dielectric Relaxation Study and Uses -- Chapter 3 -- Hydrogen Peroxide, an Important Green Chemical: Traditional and New Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Hydrogen Peroxide as Oxidant -- Water and Wastewater Pollution Treatment -- Oxidative Functionalization (O Donor) -- Oxidation of a Double Bond -- Oxidation of Alcohols -- Alkane Oxygenation [31] -- Hydrogen Peroxide as Reductant -- Extraction from Ores. , In the Leaching Process -- H2O2 in Nanochemistry -- Nanoparticle Synthesis -- Microemulsions Based Metal Peroxide Preparation -- Nanocatalyst for the Selective Oxidation with H2O2 -- Hydrogen Peroxide in Biology and Medicine -- Biocatalysis -- In Biology -- H2O2 as a Signaling Molecule -- H2O2 as Hydrogen Atom Donor -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 4 -- A Yeast Apoptosis-Inducing Characteristic of Hydrogen Peroxide -- Abstract -- Introduction -- ROS-Inducing Yeast Apoptosis -- H2O2: A Major Apoptosis Inducer -- Caspase-Independent Yeast Apoptosis -- AIF1: An Apoptosis Inducing Factor in Yeast -- NDE1: A Ros-Related Yeast Apoptotis Inducer -- NUC1: Yeast Apoptosis-Inducing Endonuclease -- Nma111p: A Nuclear Mediator of Yeast Apoptosis -- Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Hydrogen Peroxide to Oxidize Terpenic Alcohols in Keggin Heteropolyacid Salts-Catalyzed Reactions -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Chemicals -- Catalytic Tests -- Main Results -- Borneol Oxidation -- β-Citronellol Oxidation -- Geraniol Oxidation -- Nerol Oxidation -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Diamines: Types, Methods of Synthesis and Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Benzilbisthiosemicarbazone [24] -- 2.1.1. Synthesis of Diamine -- 2.1.1.1. Benzilbisthiosemicarbazone LH6 [15] -- 2.1.1.2. Benzilbis (Thiosemicarbazonato) Copper (II) CuLH4 -- 2.1.2. Results and Discussion -- 2.1.2.1. IR and Elemental Analysis of Ligand and Diamine -- 2.2. Diamino-Terephthalic Acid [25] -- 2.2.1. Dinitroterephthalic Acid (DNTPA) and Diaminoterephthalic Acid (DATPA) -- 2.2.1.1. Synthesis of Mono- and Dinitroterephthalic Acid (MNTPA and DNTPA) -- 2.2.1.1.1. Synthesis of Diaminoterephthalic Acid (DATPA) -- 2.2.2. Results and Discussion. , 2.2.2.1. MNTPA and DNTPA -- 2.3. QuinoxalineDiamine [26] -- 2.3.1. Synthesis of 2, 3-bis-p-Aminophenylquinoxaline (IV) -- 2.3.2. Results and Discussion -- 2.4. Benzilbisthiosemicarbazone and Its Complexes [27] -- 2.4.1. Asynthesis of Benzilbisthiosemicarbazone (LH6) and Its Complexes -- 2.4.2. Results and Discussion -- 2.4.2.1. IR, 1HNMR and Elemental Analysis of Monomers -- 2.5. Acenaphtohydrazinomercaptotriazoldiamine (AHTD) [28] -- 2.5.1. Synthesis of Monomer -- 2.5.2. IR, 1HNMR and Elemental Analysis of Diamine (AHTD) -- 2.6. Fluorene Based Diamine [29] -- 2.6.1. Synthesis of 2, 7-Dinitrofluorene (Scheme 7) -- 2.6.1.1. Synthesis of 2, 7- Diaminofluorene (Scheme 6.2) -- 2.6.2. Fluorene Based Dinitro Synthesis (Scheme 6.3) -- 2.6.2.1. Fluorene Based Diamine Synthesis -- 2.6.3. Results and Discussion -- 2.6.3.1. Monomer Synthesis and Characterization -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Diamines as Tunable Chemicals in Thin Film Composite Membrane Formation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Thin-Film Polyamide Composite Membrane -- Different Diamines -- Trends and Future Directions -- To Develop Chlorine Resistance -- To Develop Fouling Resistance -- To Improve Performance -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Gas Hydrate: Applications, Structure, Formation, Separation Processes and Thermodynamics -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Results and Discussions -- 2.1. The Process of Forming Gas Hydrates -- 2.2. Hydrate Gas Structure -- 2.2.1. Structure I -- 2.2.2. Structure II -- 2.2.4. Structure H -- 3. Hydrate Formation and Stability -- 4. Clathrate Sediments -- 5. Gas Hydration Applications -- 5.1. The Effect of Slope on the Stability of the Underlying Layers -- 5.2. Hydrate Crystals in Separation Processes -- 5.3. Oxygen Enrichment Using the Formation of Gas Hydrates -- 5.4. Concentration for the Formation of Hydrate. , 5.5. Gas Hydrates and Sea Water Sweetening -- 5.6. Hydrate Crystals in the Environment -- 5.7. A Future Energy Source -- 5.8. Thermodynamics -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A Brief Idea about Hydrogel -- 3. Classifications of Hydrogels -- 3.1. Based on Source of Monomer or Polymer -- 3.2. Based on Durability of Hydrogel -- 3.3. Classification Based on Environmental Response to Stimuli -- 3.3.1. Smart Hydrogels -- 3.3.2. pH-Sensitive Hydrogels -- 3.3.3. Temperature Sensitive Hydrogel -- 3.3.4. Complexing Hydrogels -- 3.3.5. Ion-Sensitive Hydrogels -- 3.3.6. H-Bonding Hydrogel -- 3.3.7. Stimuli Responsive Hydrogels -- 3.3.8. Other Classification -- 4. Applications of Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering -- 4.1. Hydrogels for Wound Dressings -- 4.2. Bone Tissue Engineering -- 4.2.1. Injectable Hydrogels Used for Bone Tissue Engineering -- 4.3. Cartilage Tissue Engineering -- 4.4. Meniscus Tissue Engineering -- 4.4.1. Principles of Substitution of the Meniscus -- 4.5. Skin Tissue Engineering -- 4.6. Tendon Tissue Engineering -- 4.7. Cornea Tissue Engineering -- 4.8. Cardiac Tissue Engineering -- 4.9. Hydrogels in Neural Tissue Engineering -- 5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering -- 5.1. Advantages -- 5.2. Disadvantages -- 5.3. Future Perspectives of Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering Applications -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Multifunctional Supramolecular Gels - An Overview -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Design and Synthesis of Functional Gelators -- 3. Functional Aspects -- 3.1. Responsive Materials -- 3.2. Catalysis -- 3.3. Sensing -- 3.4. Templates for Nano Particles -- 3.5. Biomaterials -- 3.6. Oil Spill Remediation and Pollutant Removal -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Drying of Aromatic Plants: Processes and Effects -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Drying Technologies -- Sun Drying -- Indirect Solar Drying/Shade Drying. , Lyophilisation (Freeze-Drying) -- Hot Air Drying -- Microwave Drying -- Microwave Vacuum Drying -- Fluidized Bed Drying -- Drying with Supercritical CO2 -- Radiofrequency Drying -- Ultrasound Assisted Drying -- Infrared Drying -- Effect of Drying on the Physical Properties of Aromatic Plants -- Mint -- Basil -- Coriander -- Thyme -- Parsley -- Oregano -- Rosemary -- Dill -- Bay -- Effect of Drying on the Chemical Properties of Aromatic Plants -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Single Crystal X-Ray Structures and Anticancer Activity Studies on Thiazolidine Derivatives -- Abstract -- 1. Single Crystal X-Ray Spectroscopic Structure Studies on T4CA Derivatives -- 2. Diastereoselectivity Calculation of 2A-T4CA Using Single Crystal X-ray Structures [8] -- 2.1. Crystal Structure of Diastereomer 2a [8] -- 2.3. Supramolecular Aggregation Assembly (3D-Pattern) in 2a [8] -- 3. Thiazolidine Derivatives with Anticancer Properties -- 4. Anti Breast Cancer Activity of N-BOC Protected 2-Aryl-Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid Anilides (N-BOC-2A-T4CA) [22] -- 4.1. Synthesis of Compounds 2A-T4CA Moieties (2a-2t) -- 4.2. Synthesis and Separation of N-BOC-2A-T4CA Moieties (3a-3f) -- 4.3. Single Crystal X-Ray Crystallographic Structures of 2s, 3b, 3c, 3e and 3f [22] -- 4.4. In Vitro Anticancer Activity -- 4.4.1. Cell Viability Studies by MTT Assay [23] -- 4.4.2. Fluorescence Microscopy -- 4.5. In Vitro Anticancer Activity -- 4.6. Cell Morphology Studies by Fluorescence Microscopy -- 5. Thiazolidine Amides and Their Biological Significance -- 5.1. Cytotoxicity Study of the Thiazolidine Anilides [30] -- 5.2. Single Crystal X-ray Structures of Compounds 3, 4b and 6b -- 5.3. Anticancer Activity -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Low Molecular Mass Gelators Based on Thiazole Derivatives: Design and Function -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Thiazole and Its Derivatives Based on Molecular Design -- 2.1. Salts -- 2.2. Amides -- 2.3. Urea Derivatives -- 2.4. Metal Complexes -- 3. Effect of Solvent Parameters on Gelation -- 4. Characterization -- 4.1 Thixotropy -- 4.2. Small Angle Scattering -- 4.3. VT-NMR -- 4.4. FT-IR, PXRD, SEM -- 4.5. Computational Modelling -- 5. Applications -- 5.1. Template Directed Nano Particle Synthesis -- 5.2. Heavy Metal Gelation -- 5.3. Sensing -- 5.4. Other Applications -- Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 6 -- Impedance Spectroscopy Characterization of a Niobate Material for RF Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Case Study -- 1. Samples Preparation -- 2. Material Characterization -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Structural and Morphologic Characterization -- 3.2. Dielectric Characterization -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Nitrogen Containing Conjugated Building Blocks for Use in Organic Electronics -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nitrogen Containing Building Blocks in Organic Electronics -- 2.1. Benzothiadiazoles and Benzoquinoxalines -- 2.2. Thienopyrazines -- 2.3. Benzobisthiadiazoles -- 2.4. Benzoselenodiazoles -- 2.5. Benzotriazoles -- 2.6. Carbazoles -- 2.7. Dithienopyrroles -- 2.8. Phthalimides -- 2.9. Thienopyrrolediones -- 2.10. Diketopyrrolopyrroles -- 2.11. Bithiophene Imides -- 2.12. Thienoisoindolediones -- 2.13. Isoindigos -- 2.14. Naphthalene Diimides and Perylene Diimides -- 2.15. Naphthobisthiadiazoles -- 2.16. Azaacenes -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 8 -- Study of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Compounds MS2 (M = Ti, Mo, W): An Ab-Initio Approach -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Computational Theory -- Results and Discussion -- Structural Optimization -- Electronic Properties -- Energy Band Structure -- Density of States. , Optical Properties -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 -- Synthesis, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid Derivatives -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Amino Acids -- 1.2. L-Cysteine -- 1.3. Absolute and Relative Configuration of L-Cysteine -- 2. Synthesis of Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acids by Reaction of L-Cysteine and Aldehydes -- 3. Mechanism of Cyclization Reaction of the L-Cysteine and Aldehyde -- 4. Biological Activities of the T4CA Derivatives -- 5. Antioxidant Activity of 2-Aryl Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acids -- 6. Antibacterial Activity of T4CA -- References -- Chapter 10 -- Removal of Beryllium (Be2+) from Aqueous Solutions by Chelating Resins -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Method -- Materials and Reagents -- Be2+ Analysis -- Testing Equipment -- Results and Discussion -- Influence of Resin Dose on the Removal of Be2+ -- Influence of Initial Solution pH on the Removal of Be2+ -- Kinetic Studies -- Isotherm Studies -- Thermodynamic Studies -- Regeneration Studies -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 11 -- Removal of Beryllium (Be2+) from Aqueous Solutions by Biopolymer-Enhanced Ultrafiltration -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Chemicals and Materials -- Membrane Preconditioning -- Dead-End Ultrafiltration Experiments -- Characterization of Water-Soluble Polymer -- Results and Discussion -- Characterization of Water-Soluble Polymer -- Effect of Be2+: Polymer Mole Ratio on the Removal of Be2+ -- Effect of Initial Solution pH on the Removal of Be2+ -- Effect of Contact Time on the Removal of Be2+ -- Effect of Interfering Ions on the Removal of Be2+ -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Mass Spectrometric and Quantum Chemical Treatments of Molecular and Ionic Interactions of a Flavonoid-O-Glycoside: A Stochastic Dynamic Approach -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Flavonoids -- Figure-of-Merits -- Mass Spectrometric Fragmentation Paths of Apigenin-O-Glucoside under Collision Induced Dissociation Operation Modes -- Mass Spectrometric Kinetics and Thermodynamics: An Overview and Analysis of Apigenin -- Mass Spectrometric Diffusion Methods: An Overview -- Mass Spectrometric Stochastic Dynamic Diffusion Method and Its Application to Study Quantitatively Apigenin -- Theoretical Quantum Chemical Data -- Brief Description of Theoretical Diffusion Theory by Arrhenius and Its Application to Purpose of the Chapter -- Correlative Analysis between Theoretical Quantum Chemical Diffusion Data and Experimental Stochastic Dynamic Diffusion Parameters -- Correlative Analysis between Theoretical Solvation Free Gibbs Energy Data and Experimental Stochastic Dynamic Diffusion Parameters -- Discussion -- Experimental -- Materials and Method -- Theory and Computations -- Statistical and Mathematical Methods (Chemometrics) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Ethical Compliance -- References -- Supporting Information -- Chapter 2 -- Fabricating High Performance of Natural Polysaccharides-Based Products via a Radical Polymerization Process for Potential Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Natural Polysaccharides Backbone -- Grafting Methodologies -- Why Free Radical Polymerization (FRP) Is Paramount? -- UCRP and CRP Technique for Natural Polysaccharides -- Alginate -- UCRP Technique of Alginate -- CRP Technique of Alginate -- Cellulose -- UCRP Technique of Cellulose -- CRP Technique of Cellulose -- Chitosan -- UCRP Technique of Chitosan. , CRP Technique of Chitosan -- Starch -- UCRP Technique of Starch -- CRP Technique of Starch -- Application of Grafted Natural Polysaccharides -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 3 -- Excess Physical and Thermodynamic Properties as Means for Predicting Molecular Interactions in Binary Liquid Mixtures -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Determinations of Excess Properties -- Experimental Methods -- FTIR Spectral Analysis Depicting Molecular Interaction -- Molecular Simulations -- Theoretical Approaches -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Appendix: Explanation of Terms Used in Table 1 and Equations 1-5. -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Closed-Loop Productivity Analysis of Continuous Chemical Reactors under Different Tuning Rules in a PI Controller -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Bioreactor Modeling -- Reactor Identification -- Characteristic Time -- Steady-State Gain -- Time Delay -- Results and Analysis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Ferrocene Functionalized Copper Complex as a Catalyst: A Lesser-Known Story -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Ferrocene Copper Complex in Polymerization -- Catalytic C-H Functionalization by CuFc Complex -- Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide by CuFc Catalysts -- Click Chemistry by Efficient CuFc Catalysts -- Conclusion and Future Aspect -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 6 -- Porphyrins Luminescent Based Dyes for Dissolved Oxygen Sensing -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Porphyrin Dyes for Oxygen Measurement -- Fluorinate the Porphyrin -- Fluorinate the Polymer -- Near Infrared Porphyrin Dyes -- Application: Continuous Oxygen Measurement of Cell Growth for Drug Toxicity Testing -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 7 -- Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Based Sensors for Biomedical Analysis -- Abstract. , Introduction -- Analytical Framework -- Types of Amperometric Sensors and Working Principle -- The Working Principle of the Stochastic Sensors -- Conclusion -- Funding -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Recent Advancements of Efficient Blue Emitters for Organic Light Emitting Diodes -- Abstract -- 1.0. Introduction -- 2.0. Results and Discussion -- 2.1. OLEDs Efficiency Enhancement -- 2.1.1. Phosphorescent Emitters -- 2.1.2. TADF Emitters -- 2.1.3. HLCT Emitters -- 2.1.4. Bipolar Emitters -- 2.1.5. Bis Phenanthroimidazoles -- 2.1.6. Phenanthrimidazole with Hydrocarbons -- 2.1.7. Phenanthroimidazole Derivatives with C6 and C9 (C5/C10) Substituents -- 2.1.8. Imidazole Derivatives as Hosts -- 3.0. White Organic Light Emitting Diodes (WOLEDs) -- 3.1. Hybrid WOLEDs with Single-Molecular Bipolar Interlayers -- 3.2. Hybrid WOLEDs with Codoping Bipolar Interlayers -- 3.3. Hybrid WOLEDs with p, n-type Interlayers and without Interlayers -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Cottonseed Oil and Cottonseed Oil Biodiesel's Fuel Properties -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Properties of the Cottonseed Oil -- Transesterification -- Effect of Free Fatty Acid and Moisture -- Effect of Catalyst Type and Concentration -- Effect of Molar Ratio of Alcohol to Oil and Type of Alcohol -- Effect of Reaction Time and Reaction Temperature -- Mixing Intensity (Stirring Speed) -- Cottonseed Oil Biodiesel -- Characterization of Fuel Properties of the Cottonseed Oil Methyl Ester -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Recent Developments of Covalently Modified Organobentonites for Heavy Metal Uptake -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Synthesis of Organoclays -- Direct Synthesis of Organoclays for Heavy Metal Uptake -- Multistep Synthesis of Organoclays for Heavy Metal Uptake -- Adsorptive Properties of Organoclays to Heavy Metal Ions -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 4 -- Therapeutic Potentials of Superoxide Dismutase: Current Status and Future Prospects -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction. , 2. SOD Pathways -- 3. SOD as a Therapeutic Agent -- 3.1. Inflammatory Disorder -- 3.1.1. Chronic Inflammation -- 3.2. Ischemia and Heart Diseases -- 3.3. Ageing -- 3.4. Rheumatoid Arthritis -- 3.5. Neurodegenerative Diseases -- 3.6. Diabetes Mellitus -- 3.6.1. Breast Cancer -- 3.6.2. Bladder Cancer -- 3.6.3. Colorectal Cancer -- 3.6.4. Lung Cancer and Prostate Cancer -- 3.6.5. SOD as Promising Therapeutics Agent in Cancer -- 4. SOD Limitation -- 5. Future Perspective -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- The Strong Correlation Effects in Plexcitonic Nanojunctions -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Method -- Optical Absorption -- Quantum Transport -- The EntropyCurrent -- The Electron-Phonon Coupling -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 6 -- Using Cottonseed Biodiesel as Fuel in a Diesel Engine and Its Combustion, Performance and Emission Characteristics -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Combustion Characteristics -- Performance Characteristics -- Exhaust Emissions -- Conclusion -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.