Description: This dataset includes ages, long-chain diol index (LDI), and estimated sea surface temperature (SST) based on calibration de Bar et al., 2020. Sediment cores; NIOP905, SO47-74KL, PASOM3, and SO130-289KL, were obtained from the north and the western Arabian Sea, covering the last 25 kyr and 35 kyr respectively.

Description: Sediment cores were collected using a piston corer at three sites in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Piston cores MS21 (32°20.7'N, 31°39.0'E; 1022 m water depth; 751.5 cm in length) and MS66 (33°1.9'N, 31°47.9'E; 1630 m water depth; 630 cm in length) were recovered during the MIMES cruise with the R/V Pelagia in 2004. Piston core 64PE406E1 (33°18.1'N, 33°23.7'E; 1760 m water depth; 920.5 cm in length) was recovered during the Eastern Mediterranean part of the 64PE406 (NESSC) cruise with the R/V Pelagia in 2016. The cores were opened and then prepared for X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) core scanning by carefully flattening the sediment and covering it with a 4-μm SPEXCerti Ultralene foil. Subsequently, the sediments were XRF-scanned with a 1-mm resolution using four settings (10 kV-no filter, 20 kV-Al filter, 30 kV-Pd-thick filter, and 50 kV-Cu filter). The produced XRF-core-scanner data were calibrated using a subset of the discrete samples taken from the same core material. These samples were digested with an acid mixture and partially measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and partially measured by ICP-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The main purpose of our data collection was to reconstruct in detail (~10-50 yr resolution) the deoxygenation and anoxia in the eastern Mediterranean Sea during the last 300 ka BP; we focused on elements and elemental ratios of Al, Ba, Mo, Ti, and U.

Description: We report growth of two large benthic photosymbiont-bearing foraminifera, Heterostegina depressa and Amphistegina lessonii, cultured at four different ocean acidification scenarios (400, 700, 1000 and 2200 ppm atmospheric pCO2). Using the alkalinity anomaly technique, we calculated the amount of calcium carbonate precipitated during the incubation. The chamber addition rates for each of the conditions were also determined.

Description: Insights into past marine carbon cycling and water mass properties can be obtained by means of geochemical proxies calibrated through controlled laboratory experiments with accurate seawater carbonate system (C-system) manipulations. Here, we explored the use of strontium/calcium ratio (Sr/Ca) of the calcite shells of benthic foraminifera as a potential seawater C-system proxy through a controlled growth experiment with two deep-sea species (Bulimina marginata and Cassidulina laevigata) and one intertidal species (Ammonia T6). To this aim, we used two experimental set-ups to decouple as much as possible the individual components of the carbonate system, i.e., changing pH at constant dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and changing DIC at constant pH. Four climatic chambers were used with different controlled concentrations of atmospheric pCO2 (180 ppm, 410 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm). Our results demonstrated that pH did not influence the survival and growth of the three species. However, low DIC conditions (879 μmol kg−1) negatively affected B. marginata and C. laevigata through reduced growth, whereas no effect was observed for Ammonia T6. Our results also showed that Sr/Ca was positively correlated with total Alkalinity (TA), DIC and bicarbonate ion concentration ([HCO3−]) for Ammonia T6 and B. marginata; i.e., DIC and/or [HCO3−] were the main controlling factors. For these two species, the regression models were coherent with published data (existing so far only for Ammonia T6) and showed overall similar slopes but different intercepts, implying species-specific effects. Furthermore, the Sr/Ca – C-system relationship was not impacted by ontogenetic trends between chamber stages, which is a considerable advantage for paleo-applications. This applied particularly to Ammonia T6 that calcified many chambers compared to the two other species. However, no correlation with any of the C-system parameters was observed for Sr/Ca in C. laevigata. This might imply either a strong species-specific effect and/or a low tolerance to laboratory conditions leading to a physiological stress, thereby impacting the Sr incorporation into the calcite lattice of C. laevigata.