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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 37 (2000), S. 507-513 
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Noradrenalin ; Vasopressoren ; septischer Schock ; Key words Norepinephrine ; catecholamines ; inotropic drugs ; septic shock ; vasopressures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The hemodynamic treatment of septic shock consists of fluid repletion, maintenance of an adequate cardiac output, and restoration of mean arterial pressure. Norepinephrine is a potent vasopressor that can be considered when the patient is adequately fluid resuscitated, when cardiac output is greater than 3.5 l/min/m2 (or Sv O2≥65%) and when blood pressure remains low. The objective is to achieve and maintain a mean arterial pressure of 60–70 mmHg, or more in some patients (older or hypertensive patients). Renal effects of norepinephrine were evaluated in several studies; urine output, creatinine clearance, and osmolar clearance are significantly increased. Norepinephrine is perfectly suited in situations of high renal output and low renal resistance, as is the case in septic shock patients. The effect on oxygen transport is unpredictable. The effects on lactate concentrations were poorly evaluated, but several studies suggest that the drug does not worsen and can even improve tissue oxygenation of septic shock patients. Provided that cardiac output is maintained, treatment with norepinephrine is without negative effects on splanchnic tissue oxygenation. In conclusion, the clinical experience with norepinephrine strongly suggests that this drug can successfully increase blood pressure without deteriorating cardiac output and organ function. Whether using norepinephrine in septic shock patients effects mortality as compared to dopamine or epinephrine still requires a prospective study.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die hämodynamische Behandlung des septischen Schocks besteht aus einer Supplementation von Flüssigkeiten, der Aufrechterhaltung einer ausreichenden Herzleistung und der Wiederherstellung des mittleren Arteriendrucks. Norepinephrine ist ein starker Vasopressor, welcher in Betracht gezogen werden kann, nachdem eine adäquate Flüssigkeitssubstitution gewährleistet ist, wenn die Herzleistung 〉3,5l/min/m3 (oder SvO2≥65%) und wenn der Blutdruck niedrig bleibt. Ziel ist es, einen mittleren Arteriendruck von 60–70mmHg oder mehr bei einigen Patienten (z.B. älteren oder hypertensiven Patienten) einzustellen und zu erhalten. Die Wirkung des Norepinephrine auf die Nieren wurde in mehreren Studien untersucht: Urinmenge, Creatinine-Clearance, und osmolare Clearance werden significant erhöht. Norepinephrine ist optimal geeignet in Fällen von hoher Nierenleistung und niedrigem Nierenwiderstand, wie bei Patienten mit septischem Schock gesehen wird. Die Wirkung auf den Sauerstofftransport ist unverhersehbar. Die Wirkung auf Laktatkonzentrationen wurde ungenügend ausgewertet aber einige Studien deuten darauf hin, dass die Substanz die Oxigenierung der Gewebe nicht verschlechtert und kann sogar diese verbessern bei Patienten mit septischem Schock. Solange die Herzleistung aufrechterhalten wird, ist die Behandlung mit Norepinephrine ohne nachteilige Wirkung auf die splanchnische Gewebeoxigenierung. Zusammenfassend, die klinsiche Erfahrung mit Norepinephrine deutet stark darauf hin, dass diese Substanz in der Lage ist, den Blutdruck zu erhöhen, ohne die Herzleistung oder Organfunktion zu mindern. Ob die Anwendung von Norepinephrine bei Patienten mit septischem Schock eine Wirkung auf die Mortalität gegenüber Dopamin oder Epinephrine hat, muss in weiteren Studien untersucht werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 28 (2002), S. 191-197 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: PACS. 05.50.+q Lattice theory and statistics (Ising, Potts, etc.) – 05.70.Fh Phase transitions: general studies – 75.10.Nr Spin-glass and other random model – 89.75.Hc Networks and genealogical trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: We present a detailed study of the phase diagram of the Ising model in random graphs with arbitrary degree distribution. By using the replica method we compute exactly the value of the critical temperature and the associated critical exponents as a function of the moments of the degree distribution. Two regimes of the degree distribution are of particular interest. In the case of a divergent second moment, the system is ferromagnetic at all temperatures. In the case of a finite second moment and a divergent fourth moment, there is a ferromagnetic transition characterized by non-trivial critical exponents. Finally, if the fourth moment is finite we recover the mean field exponents. These results are analyzed in detail for power-law distributed random graphs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-01-04
    Description: Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), Disaster Risk Management (DRM), and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) involve a variety of stakeholders with different backgrounds, organizational frameworks, divergent concerns, and sometimes competing agendas. This requires forums where such groups can meet in order to enhance understanding, reconcile different views, and potentially assist each other in meeting their respective goals. One means of establishing such an exchange involves serious games. During the ESPREssO (Enhancing Synergies for disaster Prevention in the European Union) project, three such games, referred to as RAMSETE (Risk Assessment Model Simulation for Emergency Training Exercise), were developed. They were based on table-top, role-playing, scenario-based exercises, and their purpose was for stakeholder information elicitation about policy issues related to DRR, DRM, and CCA. Participants in the exercises were assigned roles where they interacted and negotiated in order to deal with the presented scenarios. The scenarios were primarily concerned with selecting an optimal set of policies to deal best with the issue in question. The games, while sometimes including an operational element, were meant to examine the motivations behind the decisions made, rather than to test or to train in response protocols. The participants in general found the games to be useful for framing discussions about complex issues, while their problem-solving character was appreciated and enjoyed. Such games allow stakeholders to openly discuss and challenge ideas, policies, and processes in a manner they would not normally do in their daily activities, with other professionals who they would not necessarily be in frequent contact with.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-01-04
    Description: The ESPREssO Project set out to propose ways to inform more coherent national and European approaches on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA). A critical step in this process is the identification of existing barriers to effective collaboration, finding new areas of common ground, and ways to enhance co-operation with regards to CCA and DRR policymaking in Europe. This is particularly important considering the potential relationships between CCA and DRR activities at the regional, national, European and global levels. Serious games have emerged as a valuable tool to communicate information and catalyse discussion in many policy arenas. The games have the power to inform, mainly by exposing strengths and weaknesses of a system but not necessarily create policy choices. This paper presents the development process and rationale behind creation of RAMSETE I, a serious game developed by and for the ESPREssO Project to elicit information from its stakeholders in aiming to inform synergies between CCA and DRR sectors. The results assess its application as a device to frame discussions during an international Think Tank workshop. The serious game focused on three particular aspects of CCA and DRR policy interactions: (1) separation of administrative responsibilities and the use of different terminology, (2) the ongoing competition for funding and political will as well as (3) difficulties regarding the top-down implementation of policies. The rules and design process are presented briefly, before going in-depth into the information gleaned during its application in the workshop.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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