Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Small Molecule Fluorescent Sensors for Copper Ions -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Small Molecule Fluorescent Sensors -- Anthracene Derived Fluorophores -- Coumarin Derived Fluorophores -- Dansyl Derived Fluorophores -- Fluorescein Derived Fluorophores -- Naphthalimide Derived Fluorophores -- Pyrene Derived Fluorophores -- Quinazoline Derived Fluorophores -- Quinoline Derived Fluorophores -- Rhodamine Derived Fluorophores -- Other Small Molecules as Fluorophores -- Conclusion -- Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Preparation of High-Performance Polymers by Click Chemistry and Their Membrane-Based Application -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classifications of Click Polymerization -- 2.1. Copper(I) Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Click Polymerization (CuAACP) -- 2.1.1. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Polymers -- 2.1.1.1. Mechanism of CuAAC -- 2.1.1.2. Linear Aromatic Based Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.2.1. Aromatic, Non-Fluorinated Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.2.2. Fluorinated Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.2.3. Crosslinked Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.2.4. Copoly(Triazole Imide)s -- 2.1.1.2.5. Phosphorus Containing Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.3. Hyperbranched Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.4. Star-Shaped Polytriazoles Using Click Polymerization -- 2.2. Thiol Based Click Polymerization -- 2.2.1. Polymer Synthesis Approaches -- 2.2.1.1. Thio-Michael Type Polymerization -- 2.2.1.2. Radical Thiol-Ene Polymerization -- 2.2.1.2.1. Photoinitiator -- 2.2.1.2.1.1. Direct Photoinitiation by Irradiation -- 2.2.1.2.1.2. Molecular Photoinitiation -- 2.2.1.3. Synthesis and Properties of High-Performance Polymers of Thiol Based Click Reaction -- 2.3. Amino-Yne Click Polymerization -- 2.4. Diels-Alder Click Polymerization -- 3. Membrane Based Application of the Polymers Prepared by Click Polymerizations. , 3.1. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Based Applications of Polytriazoles -- 3.1.1. Proton Transportation Mechanisms in PEMs -- 3.1.2. PEM Related Parameters -- 3.1.2.1. Ion Exchange Capacity -- 3.1.2.2. Water Uptake and Swelling Ratio Measurements -- 3.1.2.3. Proton Conductivity -- 3.1.2.4. Morphological Investigation -- 3.1.2.5. Oxidative and Hydrolytic Stability -- 3.1.2.6. Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Performance -- 3.1.3. PEM Properties of Sulfonated Copolytriazoles -- 3.1.3.1. Fluorinated Sulfonated Copolytriazoles -- 3.1.3.2. Non-Fluorinated Sulfonated Copolytriazoles -- 3.2. Membrane-Based Applications of Polymers through Thiol Based Click Polymerization -- 3.2.1. Proton Exchange Membrane Application -- 3.2.2. Application as Anion Exchange Membranes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Biologically Active Steroids and Triterpenoids: Achievements and Prospects -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Transformation of Steroids Via the CuAAC Reaction -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Conjugates and Triazolyl-Containing Bile Acids -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Conjugates and Triazolyl-Containing Cholesterol Derivatives -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Conjugates and Triazolyl-Containing Steroid Sex Hormones -- Transformation of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids Using the CuAAC Reaction -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Conjugates and Triazolyl-Containing Lupane Type Triterpenoid Derivatives -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Triazolyl-Containing Oleanane and Ursane Type Triterpenoids -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Synthesis of Apatite-Structured Compounds: Approaches and Their Difficulties -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Forward to Ionic Conductors (Silicon and Germanium) -- Oxynitrides -- Uranium- and thorium-containing silicates -- "Classic" (Phosphorus, Vanadium, Arsenic) and "Neoclassic" (Manganese, Chromium) -- Phosphorus, Vanadium, Arsenic -- Unexpected Morphotropic Transition -- Iodine-Apatites -- Oxo-Derivatives -- Hydroxyapatite -- Manganese, Chrome -- Niobium -- Six-Shot Sulfur and Selenium -- Rare Apatites - Apatites with Rare (Re) -- Why Do We Need Oxygen? -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Covalent Organic Framework Membranes for Liquid Separation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Key Properties of COFs for Membrane Separations -- Pore Size -- Hydrophilicity -- Surface Charge -- Fabrication of COF Membranes -- Bottom-Up Strategy -- Interfacial Polymerization -- Liquid-Liquid Interface -- Solid-Liquid Interface -- Air-Liquid Interface -- Solid-Vapor Interface -- Solvothermal Approach -- Synthesis under Continuous Flow Conditions -- Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly -- Chemical Vapor Deposition -- Top-Down Strategy -- Applications -- Water Treatment -- Organic Solvent Nanofiltration -- Pervaporation -- Chiral Sieving -- Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 3 -- Progress in One-Pot and Green Synthetic Approach for Building 1,2,4-Thiadiazole Analogues -- Abstract -- Introduction -- One Pot and Green Synthetic Routes -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 4 -- 5-Fluorouracil: Clinical Uses and Its Degradation Reactions -- Abstract -- 1. 5-Flurouracil -- 1.1. Chemistry -- 1.2. Clinical Uses -- 1.3. Physicochemical Properties -- 1.4. Side Effects -- 1.5. Doses -- 1.6. Literature -- 1.6.1. Chapters in Books. , 1.6.2. Reviews -- 1.6.3. Chemical and Photostability -- 1.6.4. Chromatography and Assay -- 2. Degradation Reactions -- 2.1. Hydrolytic Reactions -- 2.1.1. Acid Hydrolysis -- 2.1.2. Alkaline Hydrolysis -- 2.2. Photolytic Reactions -- 2.2.1. Aqueous Solution -- 2.2.2. Pharmaceutical Preparations -- a. H2O2 -- b. Fe2+ / H2O2 -- c. TiO2 -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Current Update on the Role of Manganese (II/III) Schiff Base Complexes in Organic Synthesis and Its Biological Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Catalytic Activities by Unsupported Mn-Schiff Base Complexes -- Supported Mn-Schiff Base Catalyst for Orangic Synthesis -- Biological Applications of Mn-Schiff Base Complexes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Improving Fast Pyrolysis by Tailoring High-Quality Products Using Catalysts -- Abstract -- Introduction -- General Characteristics of Pyrolysis -- Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis -- Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass -- Zeolites-Based Catalysts for Fast Pyrolysis -- Metal Oxides and Inorganic Salts-Based Catalysts for Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass -- Carbon-Based Catalysts for Pyrolysis of Biomass -- Analytical Fast Pyrolysis from Biomass -- Instrumentation for Analytical Pyrolysis -- Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Plastics -- New Technologies for Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis -- Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7 -- An Age-Old Problem: Sulfites in Meat Preparation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Problem of Sulfites -- Literature Review -- Chemistry of Sulfites -- Toxicity -- Monitorization of Sulfites -- Case Study: Sulfite in Meat Preparations -- Meat Consumption -- Classification and Regulation -- Method -- Meat Samples -- Quantification Method -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 8. , Magnetic Torque inside the Superoxide Radical Is the Driving Force for Oxygen Activation by Cofactor-Free Dioxygenases -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Dioxygen Activation in Combustion and Respiration Analytical Framework -- Literature Review -- Glucose Oxidase and Similar Flavoenzymes -- General Consideration -- Important Cofactor-Independent Dioxygenases -- Bacterial 2, 4-Dioxygenase from Arthrobacter Nitroguajacolicus -- Spin Flip Mechanism in the Oxygenase-Pathway of Rubisco -- Spin-Catalysis Mechanism for the Oxygenation Chemistry in Rubisco -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Chromophores with Aminostyryl Quinoxaline Moiety for Photonic and Optoelectronic Applications: Synthesis, Linear and -- Nonlinear Optical Properties -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Section 1. D-π-A Chromophores -- Section 2. D-π-A- π-D Chromophores -- Section 3. D-π-A- π-A′ Chromophores -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- The Importance of the Chemiluminescent System of the Marine Chromophore, Coelenterazine -- Abstract -- 1. The World of Luminescence -- 2. Examples of Chemiluminescent and Bioluminescent Systems -- 3. Coelenterazine and Its Luminous Emission -- 4. Practical Applications for the Coelenterazine Systems -- 4.1. Cancer Plague over the World -- 4.2. Treatments and Their Limitations -- 4.3. Photodynamic Therapy for a Better Future -- 4.4. The Appearance of New Obstacles -- 4.5. Coelenterazine in Photodynamic Therapy for Treatment -- 4.6. Superoxide Anion: Ally and Enemy -- 4.7. Superoxide Anion Sensing Methods -- 4.8. Coelenterazine as a Superoxide Probe for Diagnosis -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Computational Alanine Scanning Mutagenesis for Probing Protein Stability and Protein-Protein Interactions: A Literature Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Free Energy Calculations with Free Energy Perturbation (FEP) -- Free Energy Calculations with Thermodynamic Integration (TI) -- Free Energy Calculations with MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA -- Thermodynamic Cycle -- Computational Alanine Scanning Mutagenesis (ASM) -- Recent Developments and Applications of the Computational ASM with FEP, TI, MM/PBSA, and MM/GBSA -- Therapeutic Implications and Applications of Computational ASM -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4. , Investigation of Temperature-Dependent Volumetric, Acoustic, Refractometry, Dielectric Relaxation, Thermodynamic, and DFT Studies of L-Alanine in an Aqueous Medium -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1. Materials -- 2.2. Measurements -- 2.3. Volumetric, Ultrasonic, and Dielectric Parameters -- 2.3.1. Volumetric Parameters -- 2.3.2. Ultrasonic Parameters -- 2.3.3. Dielectric Parameters -- 2.4. Computational Details -- 3. Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 5 -- Synthesis of Indole Containing Chromophores -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Synthesis of Indole Containing Chromophores -- Multi-Step Procedures -- Two-Component Synthesis -- Three-Component Synthesis -- Miscellaneous -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Investigation of the Interaction of Bis[N-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)Aminophenyl-Glyoximato-Κ2n,N′]Nickel(II) Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvate with Some Biomolecules by Computational Chemistry Methods -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Computational Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Optimization of the Molecular Structure of the Title Compound -- Frontier Molecular Orbitals Analysis -- Global Reactivity -- Interaction of the Title Compound with DNA Bases -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 7 -- Interaction between DNA Bases with the Molecular Structure of 1,4-Bis[(Z)-2-(3-Mesityl-3-Methylcyclobutyl)-2-(Thiosemicarbazono)Ethyl]Piperazine Dimethyl Sulfoxide -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Analytical Framework -- Literature Review -- Method -- Results and Discussion -- Geometric Optimization of the Molecular Structure -- Interactions of C38H56N8S2.2C2H6OS with DNA Bases -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 8 -- Acetoxylation of Camphene over Activated Carbons with Sulfonic Acid Groups -- Abstract. , Introduction -- Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 -- Short Oligomeric Molecules Demonstrate Behavior of Bistable Machines -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- The Role of Capillary Electrophoresis in the Characterization and Determination of Polyphenols and Phenolic Compounds in Food -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Capillary Zone Electrophoresis -- Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography -- Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Aggregation-Induced Emission Based Probes for Metal Ion Sensing -- Abstract -- Introduction -- AIE Based Sensors for Mercuric Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Cupric Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Zinc Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Silver Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Aluminium Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Ferric Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Other Metal Ions -- Summary and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Hydroxymethylfurfural: A Versatile Intermediate for Value-Added Chemicals from Biomass -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Sources and Production of HMF -- Dehydration -- Hydrogenation -- Hydrodeoxygenation -- HMF Production from Edible Biomass -- Nonedible Lignocellulosic Biomasses -- Hydroxymethylfurfural Derivatives -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- The Importance of Organic Acids and the Relevance of a Sustainable Production: A Mini-Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Biological Pathway -- Fermentation by Chemiotrophic Microorganisms -- Fungi -- Bacteria -- Fermentation by Photossynthetic Microorganisms (Photofermentation) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Effects of Replacing Water Molecules with Sodium-Chloride in a Typical Protein in Aqueous Solution under Exposure to Microwaves -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Hemoglobin Samples -- Experimental Design -- Infrared Spectroscopy -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6. , Oxidative Decarboxylation: Conversion of (-Arylacetic Acids to One-Carbon Dehomologated Aldehydes by Persulfate and UV Irradiation in Aqueous Solution -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Results and Discussion -- Summary -- Experimental Synthesis -- Materials and Method -- General Procedure for the Oxidative Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acid Using Radicals of Persulfate under UV Irradiation -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH. VOLUME 23 -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1: A Systematic Ab-Initio Study of Electronic and Vibrational Properties of Beryllium-VI Polymorphs and Their Corresponding Ground State and Excited States Using Maximally-Localized Wannier Functions -- 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, -- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, US -- 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of -- Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, King Saudi Arabia -- 3Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Numerical Methodology -- 2.1. Ground-State Properties -- 2.2. Excited-State Properties -- 2.3. Vibrational Properties -- 2.4. Polaron Transport Properties Using Wannier Functions -- 2.5. Macroscopic Calculations -- 3. Computational of Physical Properties -- of BeTe, BeSe and BeS Compounds -- 3.1. Lattice Parameters, Elastic Constants and Bulk Moduli -- 3.2. Fundamental Band Gaps -- 3.3. Structural and Vibrational Properties -- 3.4. Wannier Representation and Polaron Transport Quantities -- 3.5. Polaron Transport Properties Using LDA-1/2 Scheme -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Advances in Spectroscopic Investigations of Riboflavin in Aqueous Solutions and Milk -- Chapter 3: Preservative and Antitoxigenic Activities of Phenolic Compounds: Usefulness in Prevention of Microbial Spoilage and Toxin Contamination oF Food Products -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Contaminating Bacteria of Food That Produce Human Diseases or Food Spoilage -- Phytochemicals with Biological Activities -- Edible Sources of Phenolic Compounds and Their Antibacterial Activity -- Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Their Control -- Native Plants from Northwest Argentina as Source of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds -- Conclusion. , References -- Chapter 4: Viscoelastic Properties and Structure of ABS Polymers -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Shear Viscosity -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Flow Curves -- 2.3. Time-Temperature Superposition -- 2.4. Yield Stress -- 3. Linear Viscoelasticity -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Characteristic Features -- 4. Relation between Viscoelasticity and Structure -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Effect of Composition of Grafted SAN -- 4.3. Effect of Grafting Degree -- 5. Effect of Rubber Particle Size -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Materials -- 5.3. Linear Viscoelasticity -- 5.4. Shear Viscosity -- 6. Nonlinear Stress Relaxation -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Materials and Linear Viscoelasticity -- 6.4. Damping Function -- 6.5. Relaxation Time of SAN Chains -- 7. Extensional Rheology -- 7.1. Elongational Viscosity -- 7.2. Computer Simulation -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Dyes in Water: Characteristics, Impacts to the Environment and Human Health, and the Removal Strategies -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Dyes: A General Overview -- Dyes in the Environment and Public Health -- Removal of Dyes from Water -- Chemical Treatment -- Biological Treatment -- Physical Treatment -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Organometallic Nanostructures: Hydrogen Storage, Structure Stability and Kinetics -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.2. Transition Metal-Decorated Ethylene Nanostructures and Ionization Induced Enhancement in Their Hydrogen Storage -- 1.2.1. C2H4:Sc Nanostructure -- 1.2.2. C2H4:Ti Nanostructure -- Vibrational Spectra and Equilibrium Isotopic Effect -- 1.2.3. Ti2:C2H4 and Ti2:C2H4+ complex -- 1.3. Hydrogen Adsorption on Transition Metal Decorated Carbon-Ring Template -- 1.3.1. Energy Decomposition -- 1.3.2. HOMO-LUMO Gap -- 1.4. Verification of DFT-Predicted Hydrogen Uptake of Complexes Using Dynamic Simulations. , 1.4.1. Ti2:C2H4 Complex -- 1.4.2. V:C3H3 Complex -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7: Liquid - Liquid Equilibrium for the Ternary System of {n-Hexane + Toluene + 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Ethyl Sulfate}: Experimental Measurement and Thermodynamic Modeling -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Results and Discussion -- Experimental LLE Data -- Solute Distribution and Selectivity -- LLE Data Correlation -- Comparison of Experimental and Correlated Data -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: The Study of Anticoagulant Properties of Leucine and Combined Activities of Its Complexes with High - Molecular - Weight Heparin -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods and Materials -- 2.1. Method of the calculations of the Thermodynamic Models of Chemical Equilibria in the Solution that Imitated of the Blood Plasma -- 2.2. Method of the Calculations of the Thermodynamic Models of Chemical Equilibria in a Diluted Physiological Solution by pH Data -- 2.3. Method of Experimental pH Titration -- 2.4. Method of Experimental Analysis of Blood Coagulation -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Method of the Calculations of the Thermodynamic Models of Chemical Equilibria in the Solution that Imitated of the Blood Plasma -- 3.2. Method of the Calculations of the Thermodynamic Models of Chemical Equilibria in a Diluted Physiological Solution by Ph Data -- 3.2. Method of Experimental Analysis of Blood Coagulation -- Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 8 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 8 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 ASSOCIATION NATUREOF DYES CHROMATICITY -- ABSTRACT -- EXPERIMENTAL -- DISCUSSION OF RESULTS -- Spectral Properties of Individual and Aggregated Cationic Triphenilmethane Dyes (TPMD) -- The Chromogene Nature of the Malachite Green -- Heptane Extracts Spectra of Products of Malachite Green Hydrolysis -- Similarly Rise in Temperature Operates Also at Extraction -- Spectra of Solutions and Extracts of the Crystal Violet -- Properties of Alkaline Solutions of the Crystal Violet -- Spectra and Properties of Compounds with Quinoid Structure of Molecules -- Spectral Properties of Individual and Aggregated Cation Xanthene Dyes -- Heptane Extracts Properties -- Spectroscopy of TAC films Containing Rodamines -- Spectroscopy of the Painted Cellophane Films -- Spectroscopy of Individual Molecules and Chromogenes of Methylene Blue Dye -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 THERMAL BHAVIOUR AND ENTHALPY RELAXATION IN AROMATIC POLYCARBONATE AND SYNDIOTACTIC POLY(METHYL-METHACRYLATE) -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THERMAL PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURAL RELAXATION BEHAVIOUR OF PC -- A. Materials -- B. Thermal Properties and Glass Transition Phenomena of Materials -- B.1. Molecular Structure and Tg. -- B.2. Enthalpy Relaxation -- B.3. Effect of Structure on γ Transition -- 3. ENTHALPY RELAXATION IN THE PMMA: EFFECT OF THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 ABOUT GEOMETRICAL AND ELECTRONIC OF THE STRUCTURE OF MOLECULAR INSECTITSID DDT (NOBEL AWARD 1948, P. MULLER) -- ABSTRACT -- AIMS AND BACKGROUNDS -- METHODICAL PART -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 PARAMETERS OF THE COMBUSTION OF DIFFERENTIAL PROPELLANT IN MIXTURE OF OXIDANTS: MOLECULAR OXYGEN-OZONE -- АBSTRACT -- AIMS AND BACKGROUNDS -- METHODICAL PART -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. , REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 COBALOXIMES WITH FUNCTIONALIZED LIGANDS -- ABSTRACT -- EXPERIMENTAL -- Cobaloximes Py{Co[R-C(=NO-)C(=NOH)R,]2}Cl (general technique) -- Alkylcobaloximes Py{Co[R-C(=NO-)C(=NOH)R]2}CH(CH3)X (general technique) -- Borofluoration of Alkylcobaloximes -- Monoadducts Py[Co(Dmg)(DmgBF2)]X (X = F, Cl, Alk) (general technique) -- Diadducts H2O[Co(DmgBF2)2]X (X= F, Cl, Alk) (general technique) -- LITERATURE -- Chapter 6 THE TACTICITY GOVERNED STEREOMICROSTRUCTURE IN POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) (PMMA) AS A WAY TO EXPLAIN ITS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PART -- Materials -- Characterization of Samples -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- Microstructure of the Samples -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 THE MODELING OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEX CATALYSTS IN THE SELECTIVE ALKYLARENS OXIDATIONS WITH DIOXYGEN: THE ROLE OF HYDROGEN - BONDING INTERACTIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. HOMOGENEOUS CATALYTIC OXIDATIONS OF ALKYLARENS WITH MOLECULAR OXYGEN -- 3. THE APPLICATION OF THE DIFFERENT METHODS FOR INCREASE IN ACTIVITY AND SELECTIVITY OF HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSTS IN THE OXIDATION PROCESSES -- 3a. Immobilization of Homogeneous Catalyst on Heterogeneous Support for Increase in Activity and Selectivity of Catalyst in the Alkylarens Oxidations -- 3b. Modification of Metal Complex Catalysts with Additives of Monodentate Axial Ligands -- 3c. Modeling of Transition Metal Complex Catalysts upon Addition of Ammonium Quaternary Salts and Macro-Cycle Polyethers as Ligands-Modifiers: The Role of Hydrogen - Bonding Interactions -- 3d. Triple Catalytic Systems Including Bis (Acetylacetonate) Ni(Ii) and Additives of Electron-Donor Compound L2 and Phenol as Exo Ligands -- 4. THE ROLE OF HYDROGEN-BONDING INTERACTIONS IN MECHANISMS OF HOMOGENOUS CATALYSIS. , 4a. The Effect of Small Amounts of H2O in the Ethylbenzene Oxidation, Catalyzed with {Fe(III)(acac)3+R4NBr} System -- 4b. The Effect of Small Amounts of H2O in the Ethylbenzene Oxidation, Catalyzed with {Fe(III)(acac)3+18C6} System -- 5. PARTICIPATION OF ACTIVE FORMS OF IRON AND NICKEL CATALYSTS IN ELEMENTARY STAGES OF RADICAL-CHAIN ETHYLBENZENE OXIDATION -- Catalysis with Nickel Complexes -- Catalysis with Iron Complexes -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 NEW CARBOFUNCTIONAL OLIGOISILOXANES FOR THE SUBSTRATES OF ANTIBIOCORROSIVE COVERS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- Method of Analysis -- GENERAL RESULTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 PERFORMANCE, STABILITY AND QUALIFICATION OF DEVELOPED MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PDMS INCORPORATING POLYOCTAHEDRAL OLIGOMERIC SILSESQUIOXANE AND GRAPHITE NANOFIBRE AS FILLERS -- 2.1. Preparation of Composites -- 2.2. Structure Property Relationships of Selected Composites -- 2.3. Development of PDMS Foams -- 3. REVERSIBLY CURING POLYMERS -- 3.1. Model Systems -- 3.2. Novel Reversibly Curing Materials Using Diels-Alder Chemistry -- 4. POLY(M-CARBORANYL-SILOXANE): THE CARBORANYL UNIT AS A BIFUNCTIONAL POLYMER STABILISER -- 4.1. Preparation of Poly(m-carboranyl-siloxane) -- 4.2. Thermal and γ Stability of Poly(m-carboranyl-siloxane) -- 5. STRESS SENSITIVE POLYSILOXANES [32,33] -- 6. QUALIFICATION OF NEW POLYMERIC MATERIALS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 MOLYBDENUM-INITIATED RING OPENING METATHESIS POLYMERIZATION OF NOBORN-5-ENE-2-YL ACETATE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- Chemicals -- Electrochemical Instrumentation -- Generation of Catalyst -- Polymerization Reactions -- Polymer Characterization -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 11 THE CO-OCCURRENCE OF CARRAGEENAN AND AGARAN STRUCTURES IN RED SEAWEEDS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ENANTIOMERIC ANALYSIS -- DL- GALACTAN SYSTEMS IN RED SEAWEEDS -- 1. DL-Galactan Systems from "Classical" Carrageenophytes -- a. DL-Galactan Systems from Cystocarpic Plants of the Family Gigartinaceae -- b. DL-Galactan Systems from Seaweeds of the Families Phylophoraceae and Solieriaceae -- c. DL-Galactan Systems from Tetrasporophytes of the Family Gigartinaceae -- 2. DL-Galactan Systems from Other Red Seaweeds of the Order Gigartinales -- 3. DL-Galactan Systems from Red Seaweeds of the Order Halymeniales -- 4. DL-Galactan Systems from Agarophytes of the Order Ceramiales -- 5. DL-Galactan Systems from Agarophytes of the Order Rhodymeniales -- 6. DL-Galactan Systems from Seaweeds of the Order Bonnemaisoniales -- 7. DL-Galactan Systems Detected in Typical Agarophytes -- DEVIATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF CARRAGEENANS (OR CARRAGEENAN BLOCKS) AND AGARANS (OR AGARAN BLOCKS) IN THE DL-GALACTAN SYSTEMS -- ISOLATION OF "PURE" CARRAGEENANS AND/OR "PURE" AGARANS FROM DL-GALACTAN SYSTEMS -- FORMATION OF CARRAGEENAN, AGARAN AND CARRAGEENAN/AGARAN COMPLEXES -- CONCLUSION -- DL-Galactan Hybrids or Molecular Complexes? -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 9 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 9 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN THE MINERAL PROCESSING INDUSTRY -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHEMISTRY OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE -- 2.1. Equilibrium of S(IV) Species in Aqueous Solution -- 2.2. Structure of S(IV) Species -- 2.3. Redox Properties -- 2.4. Formation of Transition Metal-S(IV) Complexes -- 2.5. Mechanism of Metal Catalysed Autoxidation -- 2.5.1. Inner Sphere Electron Transfer Mechanism -- 2.5.2. Free Radical Mechanism -- 2.5.3. Combined Radical and Non-Radical Mechanism -- 2.6. Autoxidation of SO2 -- 3. SULPHUR DIOXIDE AS A REDUCTANT -- 3.1. Reductive Roasting and Sulphation -- 3.2. Reductive Leaching -- 3.2.1. Reductive Leaching of Mn Oxide Ores -- 3.2.2. Reductive Leaching of Ocean Manganese Nodules -- 3.2.3. Reductive Leaching of Zinc Oxide Minerals -- 3.2.4. Reductive Leaching of Nickel Laterite Ores -- 3.3. Depolarisation in Electrowinning -- 4. THE FE-SO2/O2 OXIDISING SYSTEM -- 4.1. Oxidation of Fe(II) with SO2/O2 -- 4.1.1. Stoichiometry -- 4.1.2. Kinetics and Mechanisms -- 4.1.3. Effect of Copper on Iron Oxidation with SO2/O2 -- 4.2. Leaching of Uranium Ore with the Fe-SO2/O2 System -- 4.3. Leaching Metal Sulphides with the Fe-SO2/O2 System -- 4.3.1. Leaching of Zinc Sulfide with SO2/O2 -- 4.3.1.1.Proposed Mechanism in the Absence of Iron -- 4.3.1.2. Proposed Mechanism in the Presence of Iron -- 4.3.2. Leaching of Nickel Sulfides with SO2/O2 -- 4.3.3. Leaching of Copper Sulphides with SO2/O2 -- 4.4. As(III) Oxidation with SO2/O2 -- 5. THE MN-SO2/O2 SYSTEM -- 5.1. Thermodynamic Consideration and Kinetics -- 5.2. Applications of the Mn-SO2/O2 System -- 5.2.1. Treatment of Manganese Nodules -- 5.2.2. Removal of Manganese and Cobalt from Nickel Leach Solutions. , 5.2.3. Removal of Manganese from Cobalt Solutions -- 5.2.4. Removal of Manganese from Zinc Solutions -- 5.3. Removal and Recovery of Manganese from Waste Effluents -- 6. THE NI-SO2/O2 SYSTEM -- 7. THE CU-SO2/O2 SYSTEM -- 8. ISSUES AND CRITERIA IN PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS -- 9. COMMERICAL APPLICATIONS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- UTILIZATION OF GLYCEROL, A BY-PRODUCT OF THE TRANSESTRIFICATION PROCESS OF VEGETABLE OILS: A REVIEW -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GLYCEROL, A BY-PRODUCT OF THE PRODUCTION OF BIOESTERS -- 3. FEEDSTOCK RECYCLING OF GLYCEROL -- 3.1. Pyrolysis and Gasification -- 3.2. Reforming of Glycerol -- 3.3. Photocatalysis as a Method to Convert Glycerol into Hydrogen -- 3.4. Biochemical Conversion of Glycerol into Energetic Raw Materials -- 4. PRODUCT RECYCLING OF GLYCEROL -- 4.1. Selective Catalytic Oxidation -- 4.2. Chemical Conversion of Glycerol into other Chemical Products -- 5. BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF GLYCEROL INTO OTHER PRODUCTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INHIBITION OF Na+,K+-ATPase AND Mg2+-ATPase BY METAL IONS AND COMPLEXES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. ACTIVITY OF Na+,K+-ATPase AND Mg2+-ATPase -- 1.1. ATPases Catalyse ATP Hydrolysis -- 1.2 Sensitivity of Na+,K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase Towards Inhibitors -- 1.3. Determination of Na+,K+-ATPase Activity -- 1.3.1. Spectroscopic Methods -- 1.3.2. HPLC Methods -- 1.3.3 Coupled Enzymatic Methods -- 1.3.4. Fluorescence and Bioluminescence Methods -- 2. MODULATION OF Na+,K+-ATPase AND Mg2+-ATPase ACTIVITY BY METAL IONS -- 2.1. Vanadium as The Specific Na+,K+-ATPase Inhibitor -- 2.2. Inhibition by First Transition Series Elements and Heavy Metals -- 2.3. Inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase by Inorganic Complexes -- 2.3.1. Platinum-Metal Drugs -- 2.3.2. Pd(II) Complexes -- 2.3.2. Au Complexes. , 3. STABILITY AND RECOVERY OF ACTIVITY INHIBITION BY -SH CONTAINING LIGANDS -- 4. KINETIC ANALYSIS -- 4.1 Metal Ions -- 4.2. Metal Complexes -- 3. PRINCIPLE OF THE Na+,K+-ATPase BASED BIOANALYTICAL TOOL -- 3.1. Immobilization of Na+,K+-ATPase -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING A COMBINATION OF CAVITATIONAL REACTORS AND FENTON PROCESSES: CURRENT STATUS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- COMBINATION OF ACOUSTIC CAVITATION AND FENTON CHEMISTRY -- REACTORS DESIGNS FOR COMBINATION OF ACOUSTIC CAVITATION AND FENTON CHEMISTRY -- OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE AND GUIDELINES FOR OPTIMUM OPERATING PARAMETERS -- COMBINATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC CAVITATION AND FENTON PROCESSES -- REACTOR DESIGNS FOR HYDRODYNAMIC CAVITATION AND FENTON CHEMISTRY -- OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE ON COMBINATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC CAVITATION AND FENTON PROCESSES: -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- DIOXIN AND DIABETES -- REFERENCES -- YTTERBIUM NANOPARTICLES: PROPERTIES, RECENT SYNTHESIS DEVELOPMENTS AND PERSPECTIVES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION: NANOSTRUCTURES AS BUILDING BLOCKS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY -- 1.1. Properties of Nanoparticles: Quantum Size Effects -- 1.2. Properties of Nanoparticles: Surface Effects -- 1.3. Top-down Approaches for Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 1.4. Bottom-up Approaches for Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 2. YTTERBIUM NANOPARTICLES -- 2.1. Properties of Ytterbium Nanoparticles -- 2.2. Attempts at Synthesizing Ytterbium Nanoparticles -- 2.3. The Winning Exploitation of Hybrid Top-down/Bottom-up Strategy to Synthesize Yb Nanoparticles -- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- CHEMOINFORMATICS: A MODERN TOOL FOR APPLIED CHEMISTRY -- INTRODUCTION -- WHY MUST WE USE INFORMATICS METHODS IN CHEMISTRY? -- IS IT CHEMINFORMATICS OR CHEMOINFORMATICS? -- THE HISTORY OF CHEMOINFORMATICS -- 1. Chemical Structure Representation. , 2. Structure Searching -- Substructure Searching -- Similarity Searching -- Fingerprint Representations -- 3. Quantitative Structure Activity/Property Relationship (QSAR/QSPR) -- 4. Chemometrics -- 5. Molecular Modeling -- 6. Computer-Assisted Structure Elucidation (CASE) -- 7. Computer-Assisted Synthesis Design (CASD) -- BASICS OF CHEMOINFORMATICS -- 1. Representation of Chemical Compounds -- Linear Notations -- Smiles (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification) -- Canonicalization -- Sources of 3D informations and the representation of molecules in 3D form -- 2. Representation of Chemical Reactions -- 3. Data in Chemistry -- 4. Datasources and Databases -- 5. Structure Search Methods -- 6. Methods for Calculating Physical and Chemical Data -- 7. Calculation of Structure Descriptors -- 8. Data Analysis Methods -- CHEMISTRY-BASED DATA MINING AND EXPLORATION -- APPLICATIONS OF CHEMOINFORMATICS -- 1. Fields of Chemistry -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Metabolism -- Excretion/Eliminatiom -- Toxicity -- 2. Teaching Chemoinformatics -- MODEL TO PREDICT TOXICITY -- Chemoinformatics in the Textile Industry -- Combinatorial Organic Synthesis (COS) -- High-Throughput Screening (HTS) -- Chemoinformatics (CI) -- CHEMOBIOINFORMATICS -- KEY CHALLENGES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- DIOXIN RESPONSIVE ELEMENTS IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF THE GENES ENCODING MACROPHAGEAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND CYTOKINES: PREDICTION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE HISTORY OF DIOXIN STUDIES -- THE MECHANISM OF DIOXIN ACTION -- THE SEARCH FOR DRES USING THE SITECON METHOD FOR RECOGNITION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING SITES -- DETECTION OF NEW DRES IN THE REGULATORY REGION OF THE HUMAN GENES ENCODING CYTOSOLIC CORE COMPLEX COMPONENTS -- CROSSTALK OF AHR- AND NF-ΚB-MEDIATED SIGNALING CASCADES. , SEARCH FOR DRES IN THE REGULATORY REGIONS OF SEVERAL CYTOKINE AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GENES EXPRESSED IN MACROPHAGES -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- DIVIDING WALL DISTILLATION TRAINS FOR THE SEPARATION OF PETROCHEMICAL MIXTURES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PROBLEM STATEMENT -- OPTIMIZATION STRATEGY -- ANALYSIS OF RESULTS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- A NONLINEAR DYNAMICS-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SURFACE INTERFACE AND THE ATMOSPHERE AS A SOURCE OF UNCERTAINTY IN CHEMICAL TRANSPORT MODELS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INTERFACES -- 2.1. Energy Exchange Across Environmental Interfaces -- 2.2. Entropy as a Measure of the Complexity of Energy Exchange Across Environmental Interfaces -- 2.3. Consideration of The Difference Equation Representing Energy Exchange Across an Environmental Interface -- 2.4. Analysis of the Entropies of the Difference Equation Representing Energy Exchange across an Environmental Interface -- 3. ENERGY EXCHANGE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL INTERFACES -- 3.1. Coupled Maps Representing Energy Exchange between Biophysical Environmental Interfaces -- 3.2. Lyapunov Exponent and Cross Sample Entropy of Coupled Maps Representing Energy Exchange between Biophysical Environmental Interfaces -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- THE TOPOLOGY MORPHOLOGY COMPARISON OF NANO-STRUCTURAL UNITS BETWEEN HEATING AND HIGH-PRESSURE GELATINIZATION OF STARCH GRANULES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 2.1. Test Materials and Equipments -- 2.1.1 Test Materials -- 2.1.2 The Main Instrument Test -- 2.2 Test Method -- 2.2.1 Methods of Starch Heating Gelatinization -- 2.2.2 Methods of Starch High-Pressure Gelatinization. , 2.2.3. Atomic Force Microscope Scan Starch Samples Nano-Structural Unit.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Understanding Polymer Electrolytes -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification of Polymer Electrolytes -- 2.1. Based on Physical State and Composition -- 2.1.1. Solid Polymer Electrolyte (SPE) -- 2.1.2. Gel Polymer Electrolyte (GPE) -- 2.1.3. Composite Polymer Electrolyte (CPE) -- 2.1.4. Ion-Conducting Polyelectrolytes -- 2.2. Based on Polymer Sources -- 2.2.1. Natural Polymer Electrolytes -- 2.2.1.1. Chitosan -- 2.2.1.2. Starch and Cellulose -- 2.2.1.3. Cellulose Derivatives -- 2.2.1.4. Other Polymers -- 2.2.2. Synthetic Polymer Electrolytes -- 2.2.2.1. Poly(Ethylene Oxide) (PEO) -- 2.2.2.2. Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) -- 2.2.2.3. Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF-HFP)) -- 2.2.2.4. Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) -- 2.2.2.5. Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) -- 2.2.2.6. Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) -- 2.2.2.7. Poly(Acrylonitrile) -- 2.2.2.8. Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) -- 3. Membrane Preparation Techniques -- 3.1. Preparation of Dense Membranes -- 3.2. Preparation of Porous Membranes -- 3.2.1. Non-Solvent Induced Phase Separation -- 3.2.2. Thermally Induced Phase Separation -- 3.2.3. Vapor-Induced Phase Separation -- 3.2.4. Electrospinning -- 4. Mechanisms of Ion Transport in Polymer Electrolytes -- 5. Approaches to Improve Polymer Electrolytes Performance -- 5.1. Polymer Blends -- 5.2. Copolymers -- 5.3. Crosslinked Polymer Electrolytes -- 5.4. Nanocomposites -- 6. Characterization Techniques -- 6.1. Ionic Conductivity -- 6.2. Cyclic Voltammetry -- 6.3. Interfacial Compatibility -- 6.4. Electrochemical Stability -- 6.5. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) -- 6.6. X-Ray Diffraction -- 6.7. Thermal Characterizations -- 6.8. Microscopic Analysis -- 6.8.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 6.8.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). , 7. Applications of Polymer Electrolytes -- 7.1. Batteries -- 7.1.1. Solid Polymer Electrolyte Used in Li-Ion Batteries -- 7.1.1.1. Mechanism of Lithium-Ion Conducting in SPEs -- 7.1.2. Gel Polymer Electrolytes Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries -- 7.1.3. Composite Polymer Electrolytes Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries -- 7.2. Fuel Cells -- 7.3. Chlor-Alkali Industries -- 7.4. Supercapacitors -- 7.4.1. Solid Polymer Electrolytes -- 7.4.2. Gel Polymer Electrolytes -- 7.4.3. Composite Polymer Electrolytes -- 7.5. Electrochromic Devices -- 7.5.1. Polymer Electrolytes Used for ECDs -- 7.5.2. Polymer Electrolyte: New Types -- 7.5.3. Conjugated Polymer-Based Hybrid EC Materials -- 7.5.3.1. Conjugated Polymer-Based Hybrid EC Nanocomposites -- 7.5.3.2. Interfacial Chemical Bonds-based Hybrid EC Nanocomposites -- 7.6. Sensors and Actuators -- 7.6.1. Piezoionic-Powered Graphene Strain Sensor -- 7.6.2. Miniaturized and Disposable Electrochemical Sensor -- 7.6.3. Polymer Electrolyte Actuators for Medical Applications -- 7.7. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Advances in Physicochemical Techniques to Distinguish Fullerene C60 Regioisomeric Multiadducts -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Structure Elucidation of Fullerene C60 Bis-Cycloadducts -- Tris-Functionalized Fullerene C60 Cycloadducts -- Other Multi-Cycloadducts of Fullerene C60 -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Electrochemical Sensors for Identification of Types of Diabetes -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Diabetes -- 1.1.1. Synthesis of Insulin -- 1.1.2. Structure of Insulin -- 1.1.3. Secretion of Insulin -- 1.1.4. Diabetes Management -- 1.2. Biosensor -- 1.2.1. Affinity-Based Sensors -- 1.2.1.1. Structure of Antibody -- 1.2.1.2. Production of Antibodies -- 1.2.1.3. Immunoassay -- 1.2.1.4. Formats of Immunoassay -- 2. Methods. , 2.1. Electrochemical Detection Techniques -- 2.2. Voltammetry -- 2.2.1. Cyclic Voltammetry -- 2.2.2. Square Wave Voltammetry -- 2.2.3. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy -- 3. Electrochemical Insulin Sensors -- Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Contemporary Applications of Computational Modeling Approaches in Analysis of Antimicrobial Compounds of Potential Biomedical Significance -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Biologically Active Molecules Recently in the Spotlight -- The Recent Implementations of Molecular Docking and QSAR Methods in Analysis of Biologically Active Compounds -- Software for Computational Modeling of Biologically Active Compounds -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Recent Updates on Some Synthetic Metal-Porphyrin Complexes and their Catalytic Properties -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Manganese Porphyrins and Applications -- Cobalt Porphyrins and Applications -- Vanadium Porphyrins and Applications -- Chromium Porphyrins -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 14 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 14 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ADVANCES IN OXIDATIVE DECOMPOSITION OF OXALIC ACID IN AQUEOUS MEDIA -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ORIGINS, SOURCES AND OCCURRENCE -- 3. REACTIVITY AND TOXICITY -- 3.1. Thermal Decomposition of Oxalic Acid -- 3.2. Chemical Reactivity -- 4. DECOMPOSITION METHODS -- 4.1. Physical Methods -- 4.2. Chemical Methods -- 4.3. Biochemical and Enzymatic Methods -- 5. CONVENTIONAL OXIDATIVE DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUES -- 5.1. Fenton Oxidative Techniques -- 5.2. Photochemical Techniques -- 5.3. Photocatalytic Oxidation Techniques (UV/Tio2) -- 5.4. Ozonation -- 5.4.1. Molecular Ozone Attack -- 5.4.2. Radical Attack -- 5.5. Correlation between pH on OH* Radical -- 6. ADVANCED OXIDATIVE TECHNIQUES -- 6.1. Ozonation under UV Exposure -- 6.2. Ozonation under UV Exposure in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide -- 6.3. Catalytic Ozonation -- 7. CATALYSTS FOR OZONATION -- 7.1. Dissolved Metal Cation Catalysts -- 7.2. Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 7.3. TiO2 Catalysts and Derivatives -- 7.4. Carbon-Based Catalysts -- 7.5. Aluminosilicate-Based Catalysts -- 8. OZONATION OVER CLAY-BASED CATALYST -- 8.1. Effect of the Solid Surface -- 8.2. Role of Ph on the Clay Behavior and Reagent-Surface Interactions -- 8.2.1. Ozonation at Low pH on Clay-Based Catalysts -- 8.2.2. Ozonation at Elevated pH on Clay-Based Catalysts -- 8.2.3. Adsorption and OH* Radical Contributions -- 8.3. Role of the Exchangeable Cation -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACRYLAMIDE -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- 3. PRODUCTION AND USE -- 4. EMISSION INTO THE ENVIRONMENT -- 5. EXPOSURE OF HUMANS -- 6. INTAKE WITH FOOD -- 7. INTAKE WITH TOBACCO SMOKE -- 8. OTHER ACRYLAMIDE SOURCE -- 9. TOXICOLOGY -- 10. CHRONIC TOXICICITY IN ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS. , 10.1. Carcinogenicity -- 10.2. Neurotoxicity -- 11. CHRONIC TOXICITY IN HUMANS -- 11.1. Carcinogenicity -- 11.2. Neurotoxicity -- 11.3. Relationship between Internal Exposure and Neurotoxic Effects -- 12. ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, KINETICS AND METABOLISM -- 12.1. Absorption and Distribution -- 12.2. Metabolism -- 13. HB ADDUCTS -- 14. DNA ADDUCTS -- 15. GST POLYMORPHISMS -- 16. HUMAN BIOMONITORING -- 17. ANALYTICS -- 18. ACRYLAMIDE FORMATION IN FOODS -- 18.1 Reaction Product from Acrylamide Observed in Humans -- 18.2. Acrylamide Formation during Cooking: Identification and Quantification -- 18.3. Chemical Mechanisms for Acrylamide Formation -- 18.4. Acrolein Formation from lipids -- 18.5. Acrolein Formation from Amino Acids, Proteins and Carbohydrates -- 18.6. Formation of Acrylamide through Amino Acid Reactions not Involving Acrolein -- 18.7. The Maillard Reaction as the Route for Acrylamide Formation -- 18.8. Review of Factors Influencing the Maillard Reaction -- 19. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ACRYLAMIDE -- 20. PRODUCTION AND USE -- 21. MODIFIED ACRYLAMIDE BASED ON HYDROGELS -- REFERENCES -- ACRYLAMIDE FORMATION IN FOODS: HEALTH IMPLICATIONS AND MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS ACRYLAMIDE? -- Main Chemical and Physical Properties of Acrylamide -- Acrylamide Reactions with other Molecules -- ACRYLAMIDE FORMATION IN HEAT PROCESSED FOODS -- Which Are the Major Acrylamide Precursors and Pathways? -- Which are the Foods which Commonly Contain Acrylamide? -- Exposure Estimation of Acrylamide -- ACRYLAMIDE HEALTH IMPLICATIONS -- Dietary Acrylamide and Cancer -- Mechanism of Acrylamide Carcinogenicity -- Toxicokinetics of Acrylamide -- Metabolism of Acrylamide -- Acrylamide Biomarkers-New Insights in Exposure and Mode of Action -- ACRYLAMIDE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES - A PREVENTION APPROACH -- Changes in Process Parameters. , Reduction of Precursor's Levels in Raw Materials -- Acrylamide Mitigation by Using Several Technologies Combined -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- ONE OF THE RECENT DISCOVERIES IN CATALYSIS: THE PHENOMENON OF ELECTROCHEMICAL PROMOTION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL PROMOTION -- 3. ORIGIN AND MECHANISM -- 3.1. The Effective Double Layer -- 3.2. Work Function -- 3.3. Types of Electrochemical Promotion Behaviour -- 4. EXPERIMENTAL FEATURES -- 4.1. Solid Electrolytes -- 4.2. Catalyst-Electrodes -- 4.3. Set-up -- 5. SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS OF THE PHENOMENON OF ELECTROCHEMICAL PROMOTION -- 5.1. N2O Reduction -- 5.2. CH4 Combustion -- 5.3. Water Gas Shift (WGS) Reaction -- 6. BRIEF OVERVIEW ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES FOR OXALATE METABOLISM IN WOOD-ROTTING BASIDIOMYCETES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. OXALATE-PRODUCING ENZYMES IN THE BROWN-ROT FUNGUS FOMITOPSIS PALUSTRIS -- 2.1. Cytochrome C-Dependent Glyoxylate Dehydrogenase (FpGLOXDH) -- 2.2. Oxaloacetate Acetylhydrolase (FpOAH) -- 3. BICYCLE MECHANISMS FOR OXALATE BIOSYNTHESIS IN WOOD-ROTTING FUNGI -- 4. ROLES FOR OXALATE TRANSPORTER IN CARBON METABOLISM OF F. PALUSTRIS -- 5. ROLES OF OXALATE METABOLISM IN RELATION TO THE PHYSIOLOGY OF OXALATE-DEGRADING AND NONDEGRADING BASIDIOMYCETES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- USE OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN SLAUGHTERING, PROCESSING AND PACKAGING OF MUSCLE FOODS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CO EXPOSURE TO HUMANS -- USE OF CO FOR SEDATION AND KILLING OF ANIMALS -- Terrestrial Animals -- Fish -- ANALYSIS OF CO -- Air -- Water -- Human Blood -- Meat and Fish Tissue -- PRETREATMENT -- Filtered Smoke -- Direct Use of Carbon Monoxide -- CO FOR PACKAGING -- REACTIONS OF CO WITH HEME PROTEINS. , METABOLISM AND CO -- Temperature - Cooking -- LEGAL ASPECTS -- USFDA - Filtered Smoke 2000 -- USFDA - 2002 -- USFDA 2004 -- CONSUMER ASPECTS -- Consumption of CO Treated Muscle Foods -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- THE ROLE OF OXALIC ACID IN NANOTECHNOLOGY: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DEVELOPMENT OF METAL OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURES (MONS) -- 2.1. Oxalic Acid as an Additive in Preparation of MONs -- 2.2. Tuning the Properties of MONs by Oxalic Acid -- 3. DEGRADATION OF OXALIC ACID BY NANOCATALYSTS -- 4. OXALIC ACID IN FABRICATION OF SELF ARRANGED NANOTEMPLATES -- 4.1. Importance of Porous Alumina in Nanotechnology -- 4.2. Growth Mechanism of Porous Alumina -- 4.3. Peculiarities of Porous Alumina Prepared with Oxalic Acid -- 5. DISSOLUTION OF METAL OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- NOVEL SELF-OSCILLATING POLYMER CHAINS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION -- 2.1. Polymerization -- 2.1.1. Synthesis of Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-AMPS) -- 2.1.2. Synthesis of Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-MAPTAC) with BrO3- as the Counter Ion -- 2.1.3. Synthesis of the Poly(VP-co-Ru(bpy)3) -- 2.2. Measurement -- 2.2.1. Measurement of Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) -- 2.2.2. Measurement of Self-oscillations for Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-AMPS) Solution under Acid-free Condition -- 2.2.3. Measurement of Self-oscillations for Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-MAPTAC) Solution under Oxidant-free Condition -- 2.2.4. Measurement of Self-oscillations for Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-AMPS-co-MAPTAC) Solution under the Biological Condition -- 2.2.5. Measurement of Optical Oscillations of the Poly(VP-co-Ru(bpy)3) -- 3.1. Results and Discussion -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- OXALIC ACID AS A SACRIFICIAL AGENT IN THE PHOTOREDUCTION OF WATER CONTAMINANTS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL. , 2.1. Experimental Set-Up -- 2.2. Experimental Procedures -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 3.1. The Oxalic Acid as Sacrificial Agent -- 3.2. Effect of Catalyst Reuse or Preconditioning -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH VALUABLE ASTAXANTHIN PRODUCT FROM SHRIMP WASTE WITH SUPERCRITICAL FLUID TECHNOLOGIES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. EXTRACTION OF ASTAXANTHIN FROM SHRIMP CRUSTACEAN BY SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Experimental -- 1.2.1. Raw Materials -- 1.2.2. Sample Preparation -- 1.2.3. Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- 1.2.4. Analytical Method -- 1.3. Results and Discussions -- 1.3.1. HPLC Analysis -- 1.3.2. Conventional Solvent Extraction -- 1.3.3. Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- Conclusion -- References -- 2. ENCAPSULATION OF ASTAXANTHIN NANOPARTICLE BY THE RAPID EXPANSION OF SUPERCRITICAL SOLUTIONS (RESS) -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1. Materials -- 2.2.2. Preparation of Astaxanthin Particle by RESS Technique -- 2.2.3. Conventional Re-Crystallization Astaxanthin -- 2.2.4. Particle Characterization -- 2.2.5. Particle Size Distribution -- 2.3. Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1. Conventional Crystallization -- 2.3.2. RESS Crystallization -- 2.4. Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID -- 1. LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID -- METABOLISM -- 2. LPA RECEPTORS -- 3. BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF LPA -- Nervous System -- Vascular System -- Immune System -- Reproductive System -- Cancer -- 4. AUTOTAXIN (ATX) -- Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterases (NPPs) -- NPP Structure -- NPP Mechanism and Specificity -- NPP Substrate Specificity -- Initial Discovery of ATX and Its Role in LPA Production -- Physiological and Pathological Roles of ATX -- Structure of Autotaxin -- Inhibition of Autotaxin -- 5. INTERDICTING THE LPA PATHWAY -- LPA Receptor Antagonists -- Thio-ccPA 18:1. , Reported Inhibitors of Autotaxin.