Description: The purpose of the InterRidge Global Database of Active Submarine Hydrothermal Vent Fields, hereafter referred to as the "InterRidge Vents Database," is to provide a comprehensive list of active submarine hydrothermal vent fields for use in academic research, education, and marine policy. This dataset includes a data table (flat file) and a map representing the InterRidge Vents Database Version 3.4. Version 3.4 was completed on 25 March 2020 with a total of 721 vent fields, with 666 confirmed or inferred active and 55 inactive (please note: the database is not comprehensive for inactive vent fields). The number of known active vent fields increased by 134 in the past decade since the publication of InterRidge Vents Database Version 2.1 (Beaulieu et al., 2013, doi:10.1002/2013GC004998). The contents of the InterRidge Vents Database were derived principally from the open literature. The database includes a vocabulary of vent field names and information that may be useful in mapping, including position (latitude, longitude), depth, region, tectonic setting, national jurisdiction, and ocean. Additional information includes names of individual vent sites within vent fields, spreading rate for those vent fields at spreading centers, maximum temperature or temperature category (high or low) for confirmed active vent fields, notes on site description and biology for some of the vent fields, year discovered, and references. The data table was exported from the online database at https://vents-data.interridge.org/ on 2020-03-25; several columns were removed with script available at https://github.com/sbeaulieu/vents-Drupal. We also provide a text file with definitions for the column headers in the data table. The map is provided in several formats and shows locations of all vent fields in Version 3.4 (downloaded from the online database on 2019-12-24) with bathymetry from NOAA ETOPO1. The map was created by Jyun-Nai Wu (University of California San Diego). The InterRidge Vents Database is supported by the InterRidge program for international cooperation in ocean floor studies. For Version 3.4, S. Beaulieu was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation awards #1558904 and #1829773.

Description: Microbial symbionts are a common life-history character of marine invertebrates and their developmental stages. Communities of bacteria that associate with the eggs, embryos, and larvae of coastal marine invertebrates tend to be species specific and correlate with aspects of host biology and ecology. The richness of bacteria associated with the developmental stages of coastal marine invertebrates spans four orders of magnitude, from single mutualists to thousands of unique taxa. This understanding stems predominately from the developmental stages of coastal species. If they are broadly representative of marine invertebrates, then we may expect deep-sea species to associate with bacterial communities that are similar in diversity. To test this, we used amplicon sequencing to profile the bacterial communities of invertebrate larvae from multiple taxonomic groups (annelids, molluscs, crustaceans) collected from 2500 to 3670 m in depth in near-bottom waters near hydrothermal vents in 3 different regions of the Pacific Ocean (the East Pacific Rise, the Mariana Back-Arc, and the Pescadero Basin). We find that larvae of deep-sea invertebrates associate with low-diversity bacterial communities (similar to 30 bacterial taxa) that lack specificity between taxonomic groups. The diversity of these communities is estimated to be similar to 7.9 times lower than that of coastal invertebrate larvae, but this result depends on the taxonomic group. Associating with a low-diversity community may imply that deep-sea invertebrate larvae do not have a strong reliance on a microbiome and that the hypothesized lack of symbiotic contributions would differ from expectations for larvae of coastal marine invertebrates.

Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Carrier, T. J., Beaulieu, S. E., Mills, S. W., Mullineaux, L. S., & Reitzel, A. M. Larvae of deep-sea invertebrates harbor low-diversity bacterial communities. Biological Bulletin, 241(1), (2021): 65–76, https://doi.org/10.1086/715669.

Description: Microbial symbionts are a common life-history character of marine invertebrates and their developmental stages. Communities of bacteria that associate with the eggs, embryos, and larvae of coastal marine invertebrates tend to be species specific and correlate with aspects of host biology and ecology. The richness of bacteria associated with the developmental stages of coastal marine invertebrates spans four orders of magnitude, from single mutualists to thousands of unique taxa. This understanding stems predominately from the developmental stages of coastal species. If they are broadly representative of marine invertebrates, then we may expect deep-sea species to associate with bacterial communities that are similar in diversity. To test this, we used amplicon sequencing to profile the bacterial communities of invertebrate larvae from multiple taxonomic groups (annelids, molluscs, crustaceans) collected from 2500 to 3670 m in depth in near-bottom waters near hydrothermal vents in 3 different regions of the Pacific Ocean (the East Pacific Rise, the Mariana Back-Arc, and the Pescadero Basin). We find that larvae of deep-sea invertebrates associate with low-diversity bacterial communities (~30 bacterial taxa) that lack specificity between taxonomic groups. The diversity of these communities is estimated to be ~7.9 times lower than that of coastal invertebrate larvae, but this result depends on the taxonomic group. Associating with a low-diversity community may imply that deep-sea invertebrate larvae do not have a strong reliance on a microbiome and that the hypothesized lack of symbiotic contributions would differ from expectations for larvae of coastal marine invertebrates.

Description: TJC was supported by a National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship; SEB, SWM, and LSM were supported by NSF (OCE-0424953, OCE-1028862, and OCE-1829773) and the Dalio Explore Fund; and AMR was supported by the Human Frontier Science Program Award RGY0079/2016.