Description: The cephalopods found in neritic waters of the northeasternUnited States include myopsid and oegopsid squids, sepiolidsquids, and octopods. A key with diagnostic illustrations is provided to aid in identification of the eleven species common in the neritic waters between Cape Hatteras and Nova Scotia; included also is information on two oceanic species that occur over the continental shelf in this area and that can be confused with similar-looking neritic species. Other sections comprise a glossary of taxonomic characters used for identification of these species, an annotated systematic checklist, and checklists of the 89 other oceanic species and 18 Carolinian and subtropical neritic species that might occur occasionally off the northeasternUnited States. (PDF file contains 30 pages.)

Description: Paralarval and juvenile cephalopods collected in plankton samples on 21 western North Atlantic cruises were identified and enumerated. The 3731 specimens were assigned to 44 generic and specific taxa. This paper describes their spatial and temporal distributions and their developmental morphology. The smallest paralarvae recognized for anumber of species are identified and illustrated. The two most abundant and most frequently collected taxa were identifiable to species based on known systematic charactersof young, as well as on distribution of the adults. These were the neritic squids Loligo pealeii and Illex illecebrosus collected north of Cape Hatteras, both valuablefishery resources. Other abundant taxa included two morphotypes of ommastrephids, at least five species of enoploteuthids, two species of onychoteuthids, and unidentified octopods. Most taxa were distributed widely both in time and in space, although some seasonal andmesoscale-spatial patterns were indicated. The taxa that appeared to have distinct seasonal distribution included most of the neritic species and, surprisingly, the young of the bathypelagic cranchiids. In eight seasonal cruises over the continental shelf of the middle U.S. Atlantic states,neritic taxa demonstrated approximately the same seasonal patterns during two consecutive years. Interannual differences in the oceanic taxa collected on the shelfwere extreme. The highest abundance and diversity of planktonic cephalopods in the oceanic samples were consistently found in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream.Only eight of the oceanic taxa appeared to have limited areal distributions, compared with twelve taxa that were found throughout the western North Atlantic regionssampled in this study. Many taxa, however, were not collected frequently enough to describe seasonal or spatial patterns. Comparisons with published accounts of other cephalopod surveys indicate both strengths and weaknesses in various sampling techniques for capturing the youngof oceanic cephalopods. Enoploteuthids were abundant both in our study and in other studies using midwater trawls in several areas of the North Atlantic. Thus, this family probably is adequately sampled over its developmental range. In contrast, octopoteuthids and chtenopterygiids are rare in collections made by small to medium-sized midwater trawls but are comparatively common in plankton samples. Forfamilies that are relatively common in plankton samples, paralarval abundance, derived similarly to the familiar ichthyoplankton surveys of fisheries science, may be the most reliable method of gathering data on distribution and abundance. (PDF file contains 58 pages.)

Description: The larval development of lllex is described and figured with particular attention to development of the tentacles and the fourth pair of arms. The larvae can be identified by the presence of relatively short fused tentacles which have 8 suckers of uniform size. By the time the tentacles separate they have developed 8 rows of sucker buds in the dactylus. Growth of the tentacles appears to occur at the base as well as the distal tip and the fused area separates rapidly at about 8.50 mm dorsal mantle length. Larval lllex collected primarily in subsurface samples from boreal waters along the outer Continental Shelf of the Middle Atlantic Bight in February and March 1977 are considered to be I. illecebrosus. lllex sp. larvae were also taken in subsurface samples from tropical waters in the mid-shelf region of the Middle Atlantic Bight during August 1977 and in surface samples over the Hatteras Abyssal Plain in February and March 1978.