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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Berlin : Springer
    Keywords: Metamorphic rocks ; Petrogenesis ; Metamorphose ; Metamorphes Gestein ; Lehrbuch ; Metamorphes Gestein ; Gesteinsbildung ; Metamorphes Gestein ; Metamorphose ; Gesteinskunde
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: XII, 428 S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. , 25 cm
    Edition: 8. ed.
    ISBN: 3540741682 , 9783540741688
    DDC: 552/.4
    Language: English
    Note: Literaturangaben , pt. 1. Introduction and general aspects of metamorphism. Definition, conditions and types of metamorphism ; Metamorphic rocks ; Metamorphic processes ; Metamorphic gradept. 2. Metamorphism of specific rock types. Metamorphism of ultramafic rocks ; Metamorphism of dolomites and limestones ; Metamorphism of pelitic rocks (metapelites) ; Metamorphism of marls ; Metamorphism of mafic rocks ; Metamorphism of quartzofeldspathic rocks.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin, Heidelberg :Springer Berlin / Heidelberg,
    Keywords: Renewable energy sources. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (290 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783642133527
    DDC: 333.88
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Thermal Structure of the Earth -- 1.1 Renewable Energies, Global Aspects -- 1.2 Internal Structure of the Earth -- 1.3 Energy Budget of the Planet -- 1.4 Heat Transport and Thermal Parameters -- 1.5 Brief Outline of Methods for Measuring Thermal Parameters -- 2 History of Geothermal Energy Use -- 2.1 Early Utilization of Geothermal Energy -- 2.2 History of Utilization of Geothermal Energy in the Last 150 years -- 3 Geothermal Energy Resources -- 3.1 Energy -- 3.2 Significance of "Renewable" Energies -- 3.3 Status of Geothermal Energy Utilization -- 3.4 Geothermal Energy Sources -- 4 Applications of Geothermal Energy -- 4.1 Near Surface Geothermal Systems -- 4.2 Deep Geothermal Systems -- 4.3 Efficiency of Geothermal Systems -- 4.4 Major Geothermal Fields, High Enthalpy Fields -- 5 Potential Perspectives of Geothermal Energy Utilization -- 6 Geothermal Probes -- 6.1 Planning Principles -- 6.2 Construction of Ground Source Heat Exchangers -- 6.3 Dimensioning and Design of Geothermal Probes -- 6.3.1 Heat Pumps -- 6.3.2 Thermal Parameters and Computer Programs for the System Design of Ground Source Heat Pump Systems -- 6.4 Drilling Methods for Borehole Heat Exchangers -- 6.4.1 Rotary Drilling -- 6.4.2 Down-the-Hole Hammer Methods -- 6.4.3 Concluding Remarks, Technical Drilling Risks -- 6.5 Backfill and Grouting of Geothermal Probes -- 6.6 Construction of Deep Geothermal Probes -- 6.7 Operating Geothermal Probes: Potential Risks, Malfunctions and Damages -- 6.8 Special Systems and Further Developments -- 6.8.1 Geothermal Probe Fields -- 6.8.2 Cooling with Geothermal Probes -- 6.8.3 Combined Solar Thermal: Geothermal Systems -- 6.8.4 Geothermal Probe: Performance and Quality Control -- 6.8.5 Geothermal Probes Operating with Phase Changes -- 7 Geothermal Well Systems -- 7.1 Building Geothermal Well Systems. , 7.2 Chemical Aspects of Two-Well Systems -- 7.3 Thermal Range of Influence, Numerical Models -- 8 Hydrothermal Systems, Geothermal Doublets -- 8.1 Geologic and Tectonic Structure of the Underground -- 8.2 Thermal and Hydraulic Properties of the Target Aquifer -- 8.3 Hydraulic and Thermal Range of Hydrothermal Doublets -- 8.4 Hydrochemistry of Hot Waters from Great Depth -- 8.5 Reservoir-Improving Measures, Efficiency-Boosting Measures, Stimulation -- 8.6 Productivity Risk, Exploration Risk, Economic Efficiency -- 8.6.1 Exploration Risks -- 8.7 Some Site Examples of Hydrothermal Systems -- 8.7.1 High-Enthalpy Hydrothermal Systems -- 8.7.2 Low-Enthalpy Hydrothermal Systems -- 8.7.2.1 Paris Basin (France) -- 8.7.2.2 Bavarian Molasse Basin, Unterhaching (Germany) -- 8.7.2.3 Bruchsal Research Site in the Upper Rhine Rift Valley (Germany) -- 8.8 Project Planning of Hydrothermal Power Systems -- 8.8.1 Phase 1: Preliminary study -- 8.8.2 Phase 2: Feasibility study -- 8.8.3 Phase 3: Exploration -- 8.8.4 Phase 4: Development -- 9 Enhanced-Geothermal-Systems, Hot-Dry-Rock Systems, Deep-Heat-Mining -- 9.1 Techniques, Procedures, Strategies, Aims -- 9.2 Historical Development of the Hydraulic Fracturing Technology, Early HDR Sites -- 9.3 Stimulation Procedures -- 9.4 Experience and Dealing with Micro-Seismicity -- 9.5 Recommendations, Notes -- 10 Environmental Issues Related to Deep Geothermal Systems -- 10.1 Seismicity Related to EGS Projects -- 10.1.1 Induced Earthquakes -- 10.1.2 Quantifying Seismic Events -- 10.1.3 The Basel Incident -- 10.1.4 Observed Seismicity at Other EGS Projects -- 10.1.5 Conclusions and Recommendations Regarding Seismicity Control in Hydrothermal and Petrothermal (EGS) Projects -- 10.2 Interaction Between Geothermal System Operation and the Subsurface -- 10.3 Environmental Issues Related to Surface Installations and Operation. , 11 Drilling Techniques for Deep Wellbores -- 12 Geophysical Methods, Exploration and Analysis -- 12.1 Geophysical Pre-drilling Exploration, Seismic Investigations -- 12.2 Geophysical Well Logging and Data Interpretation -- 13 Testing the Hydraulic Properties of the Drilled Formations -- 13.1 Principles of Hydraulic Testing -- 13.2 Types of Tests, Planning and Implementation, Evaluation Procedures -- 13.3 Tracer Experiments -- 13.4 Temperature Evaluation Methods -- 14 The Chemical Composition of Deep Geothermal Waters and Its Consequences for Planning and Operating a Geothermal Power Plant -- 14.1 Sampling and Laboratory Analyses -- 14.2 Deep Geothermal Waters, Data and Interpretation -- 14.3 Mineral Scales and Materials Corrosion -- References.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht :Springer Netherlands,
    Keywords: Hydrogeology--Congresses. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (277 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9789401718165
    Series Statement: Water Science and Technology Library ; v.34
    DDC: 551.49
    Language: English
    Note: Water Science and Technology Library HYDROGEOLOGY OF CRYSTALLINE ROCKS -- Editor's page -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Water conducting features in Crystalline Rocks -- GEOLOGICAL AND HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF WATER-CONDUCTING FEATURES IN CRYSTALLINE ROCKS -- ALKALI FELDSPARS AS MICROTEXTURAL MARKERS OF FLUID FLOW -- Chapter 2 Hydraulic properties of Crystalline Rocks -- HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF THE UPPER CONTINENTAL CRUST: data from the Urach 3 geothermal well -- IN-SITU PETROHYDRAULIC PARAMETERS FROM TIDAL AND BAROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FLUID LEVEL VARIATIONS IN DEEP WELLS: SOME RESULTS FROM KTB -- THE ROLE OF WATER-CONDUCTING FEATURES IN THE SWISS CONCEPT FOR THE DISPOSAL OF HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE -- THE SCALING OF HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES IN GRANITIC ROCKS -- Chapter 3 Hydrochemical properties of water in Crystalline Rocks -- THE COMPOSITION OF GROUNDWATER IN THE CONTINENTAL CRYSTALLINE CRUST -- EVOLUTION OF FLUID CIRCULATION IN THE RHINE GRABEN: CONSTRAINTS FROM THE CHEMISTRY OF PRESENT FLUIDS -- Occurrence and origin of Cl-rich amphibole and biotite in the Earth's crust - implications for fluid composition and evolution -- RARE EARTH ELEMENTS AND YTTRIUM AS GEOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF THE SOURCE OF MINERAL AND THERMAL WATERS -- Chapter 4 Microbial Processes in Crystalline Rocks -- THE HYDROGEN DRIVEN INTRA-TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE HYDROCHEMICAL CONDITIONS IN CRYSTALLINE BEDROCK AQUIFERS -- ANCIENT MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN CRYSTALLINE BEDROCK - RESULTS FROM STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF FRACTURE CALCITES.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-07-26
    Description: Garnet is a prototypical mineral in metamorphic rocks because it commonly preserves chemical and textural features that can be used for untangling its metamorphic development. Large garnet porphyroblasts may show extremely complex internal structures as a result of a polycyclic growth history, deformation, and modification of growth structures by intra- and intercrystalline diffusion. The complex internal structure of garnet porphyroblasts from garnet–phengite schists (GPS) of the Zermatt area (Western Alps) has been successfully decoded. The centimetre-sized garnet porphyroblasts are composed of granulite facies garnet fragments overgrown by a younger generation of grossular-rich eclogite facies garnet. The early granulite facies garnet (G-Grt) formed from low-P, high-T metamorphism during a pre-Alpine orogenic event. The late garnet (E-Grt) is typical of high-pressure, low-temperature (HPLT) metamorphism and can be related to Alpine subduction of the schists. Thus, the garnet of the GPS are polycyclic (polymetamorphic). G-Grt formation occurred at ~670 MPa and 780°C, E-Grt formed at ~1.7 GPa and 530°C. The G-Grt is relatively rich in Prp and poor in Grs, while E-Grt is rich in Grs and poor in Prp. The Alm content (mol.%) of G-Grt is 68 of E-Grt 55. After formation of E-Grt between and around fragmented G-Grt at 530°C, the GPS have been further subducted and reached a maximum temperature of 580°C before exhumation started. Garnet composition profiles indicate that the initially very sharp contacts between the granulite facies fragments of G-Grt and fracture seals of HPLT garnet (E-Grt) have been modified by cation diffusion. The profiles suggest that Ca did not exchange at the scale of 1 µm, whereas Fe and Mg did efficiently diffuse at the derived maximum temperature of 580°C for the GPS at the scale of 7–8 µm. The Grt–Grt diffusion profiles resulted from spending c. 10 Ma at 530–580°C along the P–T–t path. The measured Grt composition profiles are consistent with diffusivities of log DMgFe = −25.8 m2/s from modelled diffusion profiles. Mg loss by diffusion from G-Grt is compensated by Fe gain by diffusion from E-Grt to maintain charge balance. This leads to a distinctive Fe concentration profile typical of uphill diffusion.
    Keywords: 549 ; diffusion ; eclogite facies ; garnet ; porphyroblast ; uphill diffusion
    Language: English
    Type: article
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 391 (1998), S. 781-783 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Knowledge of the rheological properties of the lower crust and the metamorphic processes that operate there is important for our understanding of orogenic processes and granite genesis. The rheological properties critically depend on whether fluids are present in the lower crust, and, if ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words crystalline rocks ; salt-water plume ; geophysical methods ; geologic fabric
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De l'eau salée s'écoule d'un système de failles du socle cristallin de la Forêt Noire dans un aquifère alluvial de la vallée de la rivière Kinzig, près d'Ohlsbach, dans la vallée supérieure du Rhin (sud-ouest de l'Allemagne). L'eau salée (minéralisation : 16 g/kg) remonte d'un réservoir situéà plus de 3 km de profondeur. Une fois qu'elle pénètre dans l'aquifère alluvial, l'eau salée profonde se mélange avec l'eau souterraine douce et suit les axes d'écoulement vers le centre de la vallée du Rhin. Là, le panache d'eau salée d'origine naturelle arrive dans une zone où s'infiltre une eau riche en chlorures d'origine humaine, le long du Rhin. Le panache a été cartographié en utilisant (1) les données des chlorures tirées des observations dans les puits, et (2) les données de résistivité de sondages électriques. Les teneurs naturelles de base en chlorures sont de l'ordre de 7 mg/kg. Dans la partie centrale du panache, la concentration en chlorures dépasse 200 mg/kg. Une zone continue où les teneurs en Cl dépassent 50 mg/kg est identifiée depuis la faille de décharge vers le Rhin sur une distance de plus de 12 km. La gamme des résistivités s'étend de plus de 50 Ω, dans les régions non contaminées, à moins de 7 Ω dans la zone centrale du panache, longue de 700 m. Un panache de faible résistivité (7 à 10 Ω) se développe dans la vallée du Rhin sur plus de 7 km. Les cartes des deux panaches sont en bon accord.
    Abstract: Resumen Existe una descarga de agua salina desde una zona fracturada del basamento cristalino de la Selva Negra hacia un acuífero en el valle del Río Kinzig, cerca de Ohlsbach, en el Valle Alto del Rhin (sudoeste de Alemania). El agua salina (con un Total de Sales Disueltas de 16 g/kg) asciende desde una profundidad superior a los 3 km. Una vez se ha producido la descarga al acuífero, el agua salina se mezcla con agua dulce y se transporta hacia la zona central del Valle del Rhin. Allí este penacho natural se junta con otro penacho, este de origen antrópico, también rico en cloruros. El penacho final se pudo delinear a partir de datos tanto de concentración de cloruro en pozos de observación como de resistividad geoeléctrica. Los valores de fondo para el cloruro son de 7 mg/kg, mientras que en la parte central del penacho se registran valores superiores a los 200 mg/kg. Se distingue una zona con valores de Cl superiores a los 50 mg/kg, extendiéndose desde el punto de descarga y unos 12 km hacia el interior. Las resistividades oscilan desde  1 50 Ω en las regiones no contaminadas, hasta 〈7 Ω en la parte central del penacho, de unos 700 m de longitud. Una zona de baja resistividad (valores de 7–10 Ω) se extiende más de 7 km hacia el Valle del Rhin. Los dos penachos dibujados presentan una buena correspondencia.
    Notes: Abstract  Salt-water discharges from a fault system in the crystalline basement of the Black Forest into the gravel aquifer of the Kinzig River valley near Ohlsbach, upper Rhine River valley, southwestern Germany. The salt water (TDS, 16 g/kg) ascends from a reservoir at  1 3 km depth. Once discharged into the gravel aquifer, the saline deep water mixes with fresh groundwater and is carried along the groundwater flow path to the middle of the Rhine River valley. There, the natural geogene salt-water plume merges with a man-made chloride-rich infiltration zone along the Rhine River. The plume was mapped using (1) chloride data from groundwater observation wells, and (2) resistivity data from geoelectric sounding. Background chloride is about 7 mg/kg. In the central region of the plume, chloride concentration exceeds 200 mg/kg. A continuous area of Cl  1 50 mg/kg is distinguished from the discharge fault to the Rhine River over a distance of 12 km. Resistivities range from  1 50 Ω in uncontaminated regions to 〈7 Ω in the 700 m-long central region of the plume. A low resistivity plume (7–10 Ω) stretches for  1 7 km into the Rhine River valley. The two plume maps are in good agreement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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