Note: Intro -- The Indian Ocean and its Role in the Global Climate System -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Glossary -- Acronyms -- Chapter 1: Introduction to the Indian Ocean -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Research history -- 3. Geology -- 4. Oceanography -- 4.1. Ocean circulation -- 4.1.1. Near-surface currents -- 4.1.2. The overturning circulation -- 4.2. Upper-ocean structure -- 4.2.1. Sea surface temperature (SST) -- 4.2.2. Upper-ocean stratification -- 4.3. Interocean basin connections and heat transport -- 5. Atmosphere -- 6. Hydrology and hydrography -- 7. Biogeochemistry, productivity, and fisheries -- 7.1. Nutrients, phytoplankton, and zooplankton -- 7.2. Oxygen, carbon, and pH -- 7.3. Productivity and fisheries -- 8. Summary and conclusions -- 9. Educational resources -- References -- Chapter 2: A brief historical overview of the maritime Indian Ocean World (ancient times to 1950) -- 1. Monsoon winds, fishing, and coastwise trade: The earliest maritime peoples of the Indian Ocean rim -- 2. Arab traders and the spread of Islamic culture by sea (c. 800-1400CE) -- 3. The Chola kingdom: Maritime power of South Asia (9th-12th centuries CE) -- 4. Indian Ocean world seaborn trade from China (13th-15th centuries CE): Merchants of the Song and Ming dynasties -- 5. Sea change: Arrival of the Portuguese, armed trade, and colonization (c. 1498-1600) -- 6. Advent of the Dutch: Dutch East India Company ambitions and activities in the Indian Ocean world (c. 1600-1800) -- 7. The English East India company in the Indian Ocean world (c. 1600-1858) -- 8. Arrival of the French (18th-20th centuries) -- 9. Slave trading in the Indian Ocean -- 10. Whaling voyages in the Indian Ocean (c. 1785-1920) -- 11. The Indian Ocean world during the late colonial era (1860-1950) -- 12. Conclusion -- 13. Educational resources -- References. , Chapter 3: Past, present, and future of the South Asian monsoon -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Monsoon dynamics -- 2.1. Climatological dynamics -- 2.1.1. Warming of the summer hemisphere relative to the winter hemisphere -- 2.1.2. Warming of land relative to ocean -- 2.1.3. Asian orography -- 2.2. Subseasonal dynamics -- 3. Drivers of South Asian monsoon variability -- 3.1. Pacific Ocean drivers -- 3.2. Indian Ocean drivers -- 3.3. Atlantic Ocean drivers -- 3.4. High-latitude influences -- 4. Past variability in the South Asian monsoon -- 4.1. Late Holocene monsoon variability from stalagmite and lacustrine proxies -- 4.2. Last millennium variability from tree rings -- 5. Changes in the South Asian monsoon in a warming world -- 6. Seasonal forecasting -- 7. Conclusions -- 8. Educational resources -- References -- Chapter 4: Intraseasonal variability in the Indian Ocean region -- 1. Introduction to intraseasonal ocean-atmosphere coupling -- 2. The intraseasonal oscillation -- 2.1. Overview -- 2.2. Atmospheric processes and their dynamic interpretation -- 2.3. ISO forcing of the ocean -- 2.4. Differences between boreal winter and boreal summer -- 2.5. Model limitations to ISO simulation -- 3. Intraseasonal oceanic variability -- 3.1. 1D perspective -- 3.1.1. Effects of surface fluxes on the upper ocean -- 3.1.2. Vertical Ocean dynamics -- 3.2. 2D perspective -- 3.3. Ocean layers -- 4. Ocean feedbacks to the atmosphere -- 4.1. Intraseasonal SST feedbacks to maintenance and propagation of atmospheric ISOs -- 4.2. Other modes of SST variability that affect atmospheric ISV -- 4.2.1. The SST diurnal cycle -- 4.2.2. Interannual SST variability -- 4.2.3. SST gradients -- 4.2.4. Oceanic equatorial waves -- 5. ISV and the maritime continent prediction barrier -- 6. Conclusions -- 7. Educational resources -- References. , Chapter 5: Climate phenomena of the Indian Ocean -- 1. Introduction -- 2. IOD and its flavors -- 3. Indian Ocean Basin mode and interbasin connections -- 4. Indian Ocean subtropical dipole -- 5. Ningaloo Niño/Niña -- 6. Predictability and prediction of IOD, Indian Ocean subtropical dipole, and Ningaloo Niño -- 7. Conclusions -- 8. Educational resources -- Author contributions -- References -- Chapter 6: Extreme events in the Indian Ocean: Marine heatwaves, cyclones, and tsunamis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Marine heatwaves -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Mechanisms and relationships with climate variability and change -- 2.2.1. Subseasonal to interannual variability -- 2.2.2. Historical trends and future projection -- 2.3. Impacts of marine heatwaves -- 3. Tropical cyclones -- 3.1. TC mechanisms and control by the ocean-atmosphere background state -- 3.2. Present climate -- 3.3. Future TC projections -- 4. Tsunami -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Mechanisms of tsunami generation -- 4.2.1. Subduction zones in the Indian Ocean -- 4.2.2. Tsunami wave dynamics -- 4.3. Impact of tsunamis -- 4.4. Tsunami monitoring system -- 5. Conclusions -- 6. Educational resources -- Marine heatwaves -- Tropical cyclones -- Tsunamis -- References -- Chapter 7: Impacts of the Indian Ocean on regional and global climate -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Impacts on regional (hydro)climate -- 2.1. Impacts in Indian Ocean rim countries -- 2.2. Remote teleconnections -- 3. Indian Ocean-ENSO interactions -- 3.1. Impacts of ENSO on the Indian Ocean -- 3.2. Impacts of the Indian Ocean on ENSO -- 3.2.1. Indian Ocean Basin Mode impact -- 3.2.2. IOD impact -- 3.2.2.1. IOD simultaneous impact -- 3.2.2.2. IOD delayed impact -- 3.3. Impacts of Indian Ocean-ENSO interactions on climate predictability -- 4. The effect of long-term warming of the Indian Ocean on regional and global climate. , 4.1. Indian Ocean long-term warming -- 4.2. Effects on Indian Ocean regional climate -- 4.3. Remote effects on global climate -- 4.3.1. Effect on the tropical Pacific -- 4.3.2. Effect on the tropical Atlantic -- 4.3.3. Effect on the extratropics -- 5. Conclusions -- 6. Educational resources -- References -- Chapter 8: Indian Ocean circulation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Monsoon circulation -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Cross-equatorial gyre circulations -- 2.3. Somali current system and western Arabian Sea -- 2.4. Eastern Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal -- 2.5. Southwest/Northeast Monsoon Currents -- 2.6. Marginal Seas -- 3. Equatorial regime -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Mean circulation -- 3.3. Wyrtki jets -- 3.4. Equatorial undercurrents -- 3.5. Equatorial waves -- 3.6. Equatorial deep jets -- 4. Southern hemisphere circulation -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Subtropical gyre circulation -- 4.3. Western boundary -- 4.4. Eastern boundary -- 5. Overturning circulations -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Shallow overturning cells -- 5.3. Deep circulation -- 5.4. Abyssal circulation -- 5.4.1. Western Indian Ocean -- 5.4.2. Eastern Indian Ocean -- 5.4.3. Abyssal warming and cooling -- 6. Conclusions -- 7. Educational resources -- References -- Chapter 9: Oceanic basin connections -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Indonesian Throughflow -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Pathways through the Indonesian seas -- 2.3. Biogeochemistry within the Indonesian seas -- 2.4. The ITF influence on the properties and currents within the Indian Ocean -- 3. Southeastern boundary exchanges -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Exports from the Indian Ocean -- 3.2.1. The Leeuwin Current -- 3.2.2. The southern Australia current system -- 3.2.3. A deep eastern boundary current -- 3.3. Imports to the Indian Ocean -- 3.3.1. Leeuwin Undercurrent -- 3.3.2. Tasman leakage -- 3.3.3. Flinders current. , 4. The Agulhas leakage -- 4.1. Introduction to the greater Agulhas current system -- 4.2. Temporal variability of the Agulhas current and Agulhas leakage -- 4.3. Impact of the Agulhas leakage on the Atlantic Ocean -- 5. Southern Ocean water mass exchanges -- 6. Predicted changes to Interbasin boundary current connections -- 7. Conclusions -- 8. Educational resources -- References -- Chapter 10: Decadal variability of the Indian Ocean and its predictability -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Observational datasets -- 3. Internal decadal climate variability -- 3.1. Remote forcing from other regions -- 3.2. Intrinsic Indian Ocean decadal variability -- 4. Externally forced signals -- 4.1. Detection and attribution of Indian Ocean warming -- 4.2. Nonuniform warming patterns -- 5. Predictability -- 6. Conclusions -- 7. Educational resources -- References -- Chapter 11: Indian Ocean primary productivity and fisheries variability -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Indian Ocean productivity: Variability and trends -- 3. Trends in coastal fisheries -- 3.1. The western Indian Ocean -- 3.1.1. Description of the fisheries -- 3.1.2. Socio-economic importance -- 3.1.3. Vulnerability to climate change -- 3.2. North Indian Ocean -- 3.2.1. Description of the fisheries -- 3.2.2. Socio-economic importance -- 3.2.3. Vulnerability to climate change -- 3.3. The Eastern Indian Ocean -- 3.3.1. Description of fisheries -- 3.3.2. Socio-economic importance -- 3.3.3. Vulnerability to climate change -- 4. Trends in tuna fisheries -- 4.1. Outlook for tuna fisheries in the Indian Ocean -- 4.2. Status and management of tuna and billfish stocks -- 4.3. Vulnerability to climate change -- 5. Conclusion -- 6. Educational resources -- References -- Chapter 12: Oxygen, carbon, and pH variability in the Indian Ocean -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The northern Indian Ocean oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). , 1.2. Role of the Indian Ocean in the global carbon cycle.