Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Plates -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural Geography in Tropical Africa -- Part I: Studies of the Natural Environment -- 3 A Simple Energy Balance Approach to the Moisture Balance Climatology of Africa -- 4 Rainfall Reliability -- 5 The Dry Season Flow Characteristics of West African Rivers -- 6 Geomorphology and Land Classification in Tropical Africa -- 7 The Soil Resources of West Africa -- 8 The Ecological Background to Land-Use Studies in Tropical Africa, with Special Reference to the West -- Part II: Studies of the Social Environment -- 9 Peasant Agriculture in Tropical Africa -- 10 Population Density and Agricultural Systems in West Africa -- 11 The Zoning of Land Use Around Rural Settlements in Tropical Africa -- 12 Colonial Administrative Policies and Agricultural Patterns in Tropical Africa -- Part III: Case Studies -- 13 Natural Resource Survey in Malawi: Some Considerations of the Regional Method in Environmental Description -- 14 An Ecological Approach to the Study of Soils and Land Use in the Forest Zone of Nigeria -- 15 Man-Water Relations in the East Central Sudan -- 16 Problems of Land Tenure and Ownership in Swaziland -- 17 Agricultural Change in Kikuyuland -- 18 Agricultural Progress in Zambia -- Appendixes -- A: A Glossary of Terms Describing Units of the Natural Environment -- B: Major Soil Groups in Africa -- Index.

Note: FM -- CTR -- Copyright -- Toc -- Foreword by Thomas M. Philip -- Introduction -- Combine pdf -- 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 -- 5 -- 6 -- Appendix -- Notes -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. Introduction: The Role of Binary Star Evolution in Astrophysics -- 2. Historical Notes on Binary Star Discoveries -- 2.1 Visual Binaries and the Universal Validity of the Laws of Physics -- 2.2 Astrometric Binaries -- 2.3 Spectroscopic Binaries -- 2.4 Eclipsing Binaries -- 2.5 The Discovery of the Binary Nature of Novae and Other Cataclysmic Variables -- 2.6 The Discovery of the Binary Nature of the Brightest X-ray Sources in the Sky -- 2.7 Centaurus X-3: Discovery of the First Neutron Star X-ray Binary -- 2.8 Cygnus X-1: Discovery of the First Black Hole X-ray Binary -- 2.9 The Discovery of the Existence of Double NSs and Double BHs -- 2.10 The Discovery of Millisecond Radio Pulsars: Remnants of LMXBs -- 2.11 Type Ia, Ib, and Ic SNe: Results of the Evolution of Binary Systems -- 2.12 Binary Nature of Blue Stragglers, Barium Stars, and Peculiar Post-AGB Stars -- Exercises -- 3. Orbits and Masses of Spectroscopic Binaries -- 3.1 Some Basics about Binary Orbits -- 3.2 Orbit Determination -- 3.3 Determination of Stellar Masses -- 3.4 Masses of Unevolved Main-sequence Stars -- 3.5 The Most Massive Stars -- 3.6 Falsification of Radial Velocity Curves -- 3.7 The Incidence of Interacting Binaries and Their Orbital Distributions and Masses -- Exercises -- 4. Mass Transfer and Mass Loss in Binary Systems -- 4.1 Roche Equipotentials -- 4.2 Limitations in the Concept of Roche Equipotentials -- 4.3 Orbital Changes due to Mass Transfer and Mass Loss in Binary Systems -- 4.4 Observational Examples -- 4.5 Basic Physics of Mass Transfer via L1 -- 4.6 Accretion Disks -- 4.7 Tidal Evolution in Binary Systems -- 4.8 Common Envelopes -- 4.9 Eddington Accretion Limit -- Exercises -- 5. Observed Binaries with Non-degenerate or White Dwarf Components -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Unevolved Systems. , 5.3 Evolved Systems with Non-degenerative Components -- 5.4 Systems with One or Two White Dwarfs -- Exercises -- 6. Observed Binaries with Accreting Neutron Stars and Black Holes: X-ray Binaries -- 6.1 Discovery of NS and BH Character of Bright Galactic X-ray Sources -- 6.2 Two Types of Persistent Strong X-ray Sources: HMXBs and LMXBs -- 6.3 HMXBs and LMXBs vs. IMXBs -- 6.4 Determinations of NS Masses in X-ray Binaries -- 6.5 BH X-ray Binaries -- 6.6 Binaries and Triples with Non-interacting BHs -- Exercises -- 7. Observed Properties of X-ray Binaries in More Detail -- 7.1 High-mass X-ray Binaries in More Detail -- 7.2 Stellar Wind Accretion in More Detail -- 7.3 Spin Evolution of Neutron Stars -- 7.4 The Corbet Diagram for Pulsating HMXBs -- 7.5 Orbital Changes due to Torques by Stellar Wind Accretion, Mass Loss, and Tides -- 7.6 Measuring BH Spins in X-ray Binaries -- 7.7 Ultra-luminous X-ray Binaries -- 7.8 Low-mass X-ray Binaries in More Detail -- Exercises -- 8. Evolution of Single Stars -- 8.1 Overview of the Evolution of Single Stars -- 8.2 Final Evolution and Core Collapse of Stars More Massive than 8 M -- 8.3 Evolution of Helium Stars -- Exercises -- 9. Stellar Evolution in Binaries -- 9.1 Historical Introduction: Importance of Mass Transfer -- 9.2 Evolution of the Stellar Radius and Cases of Mass Transfer -- 9.3 RLO: Reasons for Large-scale Mass Transfer and Conditions for Stability of the Transfer -- 9.4 Results of Calculations of Binary Evolution with Conservative Mass Transfer -- 9.5 Examples of Non-conservative Mass Transfer -- 9.6 Comparison of Case B Results with Some Observed Types of Systems -- 9.7 Differences in Final Remnants of Mass-transfer Binaries and Single Stars -- 9.8 Slowly Rotating Magnetic Main-sequence Stars: The Products of Mergers? -- Exercises -- 10. Formation and Evolution of High-mass X-ray Binaries. , 10.1 Introduction: HMXBs are Normal Products of Massive Binary Star Evolution -- 10.2 Formation of Supergiant HMXBs -- 10.3 Formation of B-emission (Be)/X-ray Binaries -- 10.4 WR Binaries, HMXBs, and Runaway Stars -- 10.5 Stability of Mass Transfer in HMXBs -- 10.6 The X-ray Lifetime and Formation Rate of the Blue Supergiant HMXBs -- 10.7 Highly Non-conservative Evolution and Formation of Very Close Relativistic Binaries -- 10.8 Formation Models of HMXBs Different from Conservative Case B Evolution -- 10.9 The Lower Mass Limit of Binary Stars for Terminating as a BH -- 10.10 Final Evolution of BH-HMXBs: Two Formation Channels for Double BHs -- 10.11 Final Evolution of Wide-orbit BH-HMXBs via CE Evolution -- 10.12 Final Evolution of Relatively Close-orbit BH-HMXBs via Stable RLO -- 10.13 Refinement of the DNS Formation Model: Case BB RLO in Post-HMXB Systems -- Exercises -- 11. Formation and Evolution of Low-mass X-ray Binaries -- 11.1 Origin of LMXBs with Neutron Stars -- 11.2 Origin of LMXBs with Black Holes -- 11.3 Mechanisms Driving Mass Transfer in Close-orbit LMXBs and CVs -- 11.4 Formation and Evolution of UCXBs -- 11.5 Mechanisms Driving Mass Transfer in Wide-orbit LMXBs and Symbiotic Binaries -- 11.6 Stability of Mass Transfer in Intermediate-Mass and High-Mass X-ray Binaries -- Exercises -- 12. Dynamical Formation of Compact Star Binaries in Dense Star Clusters -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Observed Compact Object Binaries in Globular Clusters: X-ray Binaries and Radio Pulsars -- 12.3 Possible Formation Processes of NS Binaries in Globular Clusters -- 12.4 Dynamical Formation of Double BHs -- 12.5 Compact Objects in Globular Clusters Constrain Birth Kicks -- 13. Supernovae in Binaries -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Supernovae of Type Ia -- 13.3 Stripped-Envelope Core-Collapse SNe -- 13.4 Electron-capture SNe in Single and Binary Stars. , 13.5 Ultra-Stripped Supernovae -- 13.6 Comparison between Theory and Observations of SNe Ib and Ic -- 13.7 Supernova Kicks -- 13.8 Kinematic Impacts on Post-SN Binaries -- Exercises -- 14. Binary and Millisecond Pulsars -- 14.1 Introduction to Radio Pulsars -- 14.2 To Be Recycled or Not to Be Recycled -- 14.3 MSPs with He WD or Sub-stellar Dwarf Companions-Evolution from LMXBs -- 14.4 MSPs with CO WD Companions-Evolution from IMXBs -- 14.5 Formation of MSPs via Accretion-induced Collapse -- 14.6 Recycling of Pulsars -- 14.7 Masses of Binary Neutron Stars -- 14.8 Pulsar Kicks -- 14.9 Formation of Double Neutron Star Systems -- Exercises -- 15. Gravitational Waves from Binary Compact Objects -- 15.1 The Evidence of GWs prior to LIGO -- 15.2 GW Luminosity and Merger Timescale -- 15.3 Observations of GW Signals from Binaries -- 15.4 Galactic Merger Rates of Neutron Star/Black Hole Binaries -- 15.5 Formation of Double Black Hole Binaries -- 15.6 Properties of GW Sources Detected so Far -- 15.7 Empirical Merger Rates -- 15.8 BH Spins-Expectations and Observations -- 15.9 Anticipated Other Sources to be Detected in the GW Era -- 15.10 GW Follow-up Multimessenger Astronomy -- 15.11 Cosmological Implications -- 15.12 LISA Sources -- 15.13 LISA Sensitivity Curve and Source Strain -- Exercises -- 16. Binary Population Synthesis and Statistics -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Methodology of Population Synthesis -- 16.3 Empirical vs. Binary Population Synthesis-Based Estimates of Double Compact Object Merger Rates -- 16.4 Some History of Early Binary Population Synthesis: Evolution of Open Star Clusters with Binaries -- Acknowledgments -- Answers to Exercises -- List of Acronyms -- References -- Index.