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  • Articles  (3)
  • 2020-2023  (3)
  • 2022  (3)
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  • Articles  (3)
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  • 2020-2023  (3)
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  • 1
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    Quantifying spread in spatiotemporal changes of upper-ocean heat content estimates: an internationally coordinated comparison (2022)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-14
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 35(2), (2022): 851–875, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0603.1.
    Description: The Earth system is accumulating energy due to human-induced activities. More than 90% of this energy has been stored in the ocean as heat since 1970, with ∼60% of that in the upper 700 m. Differences in upper-ocean heat content anomaly (OHCA) estimates, however, exist. Here, we use a dataset protocol for 1970–2008—with six instrumental bias adjustments applied to expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data, and mapped by six research groups—to evaluate the spatiotemporal spread in upper OHCA estimates arising from two choices: 1) those arising from instrumental bias adjustments and 2) those arising from mathematical (i.e., mapping) techniques to interpolate and extrapolate data in space and time. We also examined the effect of a common ocean mask, which reveals that exclusion of shallow seas can reduce global OHCA estimates up to 13%. Spread due to mapping method is largest in the Indian Ocean and in the eddy-rich and frontal regions of all basins. Spread due to XBT bias adjustment is largest in the Pacific Ocean within 30°N–30°S. In both mapping and XBT cases, spread is higher for 1990–2004. Statistically different trends among mapping methods are found not only in the poorly observed Southern Ocean but also in the well-observed northwest Atlantic. Our results cannot determine the best mapping or bias adjustment schemes, but they identify where important sensitivities exist, and thus where further understanding will help to refine OHCA estimates. These results highlight the need for further coordinated OHCA studies to evaluate the performance of existing mapping methods along with comprehensive assessment of uncertainty estimates.
    Description: AS is supported by a Tasmanian Graduate Research Scholarship, a CSIRO-UTAS Quantitative Marine Science top-up, and by the Australian Research Council (ARC) (CE170100023; DP160103130). CMD was partially supported by ARC (FT130101532) and the Natural Environmental Research Council (NE/P019293/1). RC was supported through funding from the Earth Systems and Climate Change Hub of the Australian Government’s National Environmental Science Program. TB is supported by the Climate Observation and Monitoring Program, National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration, U.S. Department of commerce. GCJ and JML are supported by NOAA Research and the NOAA Ocean Climate Observation Program. This is PMEL contribution number 5065. JAC is supported by the Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research (CSHOR), jointly funded by the Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (QNLM, China) and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO, Australia) and Australian Research Council’s Discovery Project funding scheme (project DP190101173). The research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). Data used in this study are available on request.
    Keywords: Bias ; Interpolation schemes ; In situ oceanic observations ; Uncertainty ; Oceanic variability ; Trends
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Global Oceans [in “State of the Climate in 2020”] (2022)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102(8), (2021): S143–S198, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0083.1.
    Description: This chapter details 2020 global patterns in select observed oceanic physical, chemical, and biological variables relative to long-term climatologies, their differences between 2020 and 2019, and puts 2020 observations in the context of the historical record. In this overview we address a few of the highlights, first in haiku, then paragraph form: La Niña arrives, shifts winds, rain, heat, salt, carbon: Pacific—beyond. Global ocean conditions in 2020 reflected a transition from an El Niño in 2018–19 to a La Niña in late 2020. Pacific trade winds strengthened in 2020 relative to 2019, driving anomalously westward Pacific equatorial surface currents. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs), upper ocean heat content, and sea surface height all fell in the eastern tropical Pacific and rose in the western tropical Pacific. Efflux of carbon dioxide from ocean to atmosphere was larger than average across much of the equatorial Pacific, and both chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton carbon concentrations were elevated across the tropical Pacific. Less rain fell and more water evaporated in the western equatorial Pacific, consonant with increased sea surface salinity (SSS) there. SSS may also have increased as a result of anomalously westward surface currents advecting salty water from the east. El Niño–Southern Oscillation conditions have global ramifications that reverberate throughout the report.
    Description: Argo data used in the chapter were collected and made freely available by the International Argo Program and the national programs that contribute to it. (https://argo.ucsd.edu, https://www.ocean-ops. org). The Argo Program is part of the Global Ocean Observing System. Many authors of the chapter are supported by NOAA Research, the NOAA Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program, or the NOAA Ocean Acidification Program. • L. Cheng is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (42076202) and Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB42040402. • R. E. Killick is supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by BEIS and Defra. PMEL contribution numbers 5214, 5215, 5216, 5217, and 5247.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Book chapter
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  • 3
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    The technological, scientific, and sociological revolution of global subsurface ocean observing (2022)
    Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-15
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Roemmich, D., Talley, L., Zilberman, N., Osborne, E., Johnson, K., Barbero, L., Bittig, H., Briggs, N., Fassbender, A., Johnson, G., King, B., McDonagh, E., Purkey, S., Riser, S., Suga, T., Takeshita, Y., Thierry, V., & Wijffels, S. The technological, scientific, and sociological revolution of global subsurface ocean observing. Oceanography, 34(4), (2021): 2-8, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-02.
    Description: The complementary partnership of the Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP; https://www.go-ship.org/) and the Argo Program (https://argo.ucsd.edu) has been instrumental in providing sustained subsurface observations of the global ocean for over two decades. Since the late twentieth century, new clues into the ocean’s role in Earth’s climate system have revealed a need for sustained global ocean observations (e.g., Gould et al., 2013; Schmitt, 2018) and stimulated revolutionary technology advances needed to address the societal mandate. Together, the international GO-SHIP and Argo Program responded to this need, providing insight into the mean state and variability of the physics, biology, and chemistry of the ocean that led to advancements in fundamental science and monitoring of the state of Earth's climate.
    Description: The authors gratefully acknowledge support from their respective Argo and GO-SHIP national programs or national agencies, which have made these programs possible.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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