Note: Intro -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Acronyms -- 1 Overview of the Indigenous Situation in the Pan-Amazonia Region: A Brief Introduction -- Part I Indigenous Peoples in Amazonia: Territorial Context, Land Management, and Rights -- 2 A Voice in the Development of Amazonia: The Constitutional Rights to Participation of Indigenous Peoples -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Background -- 2.3 The Right to FPIC in International Law -- 2.4 Meaning of FPIC -- 2.5 Constitutional and Federal Rights for Indigenous Peoples -- 2.6 FPIC in Practice: Case Studies -- 2.7 Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- 3 Indigenous Land Rights in Brazil: Challenges and Barriers to Land Demarcation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Brief History of the Occupation of the Brazilian Territory -- 3.3 Evolution of Indigenous Territorial Rights -- 3.4 Procedure for Demarcation of Indigenous Lands -- 3.4.1 Identification Studies -- 3.4.2 Approval of the Report by FUNAI and Publication -- 3.4.3 Questioning the Findings of the Report -- 3.4.4 Statement of Limits of the Indigenous Land and Physical Delimitation -- 3.4.5 Homologation -- 3.4.6 Registry -- 3.5 Challenges and Obstacles to the Consolidation of Indigenous Territorial Rights -- 3.5.1 Extensive and Bureaucratic Procedures -- 3.5.2 Concept of Traditionally Occupied Land -- 3.5.3 Political Control -- 3.5.4 Lack of a Unique Rural Land Registration Data Center -- 3.5.5 Land Conflicts -- 3.5.6 Law Suits -- 3.5.7 Pressure and Threats -- 3.5.8 Proposals for Amendment of the Existing Legislation -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Reviewing Amazonian Countries Policies for the Protection of Indigenous Peoples in Voluntary Isolation and Initial Contact (IPVIIC) and Its Implications for Territorial Dynamics and Indigenous Peoples' Development in Amazonia -- 4.1 Background. , 4.2 Indigenous Peoples in Voluntary Isolation and Initial Contact in the Amazon -- 4.3 Amazonian Indigenous Peoples and European Contact -- 4.4 The Origins of the Twentieth Century Public Policies on IPVIIC in the Amazon -- 4.5 A Characterization of Amazonian Countries' Legislation on IPVIIC -- 4.6 Amazonian Protected Areas and IPVIIC -- 4.7 The Contribution of Amazonian Indigenous People's Organizations -- 4.8 The Proposal for Managing Landscapes of Multiple Rights as IPVIIC Corridors -- 4.9 Main Findings -- 4.10 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Indigenous Land Management, Ecological Restoration and Ethno-Ecotourism Development: The Environmental Role and Empowerment of the Fakcha Llakta Community in Ecuador -- 5.1 Introduction: "Ecology of Knowledge" in the New Ecuadorian Constitution and the Development of Community Ecotourism -- 5.2 Environmental History of the Indigenous Rural Community -- 5.3 Ecological Restoration Actions by the Fackha Llakta Community in the Peguche Waterfall Protected Forest (PWPF): Toward an Ethno-Ecotourism Development -- 5.4 Construction of Irrigation Canals (1975): Fakcha Llakta Community Dealing with River Water Contamination -- 5.5 Endemic Species of Great Tourism Value -- 5.6 The Archaeological Tourism Spots of Peguche: Visitors' Experiences of an Indigenous Colonial Period -- 5.7 Strengthening Fakcha Llakta Community Ethno-Ecotourism: A Partnered Project that Began in 2003 Supported by the United Nations, the Ecuadorian Foundation for Social Development (FUNEDES) and Several Local and International Volunteers -- 5.7.1 Along the Water Canal and Jatun Yacu River: The Creation of Rest, Recreational, Camping, Cooking, and Socialization Zones. , 5.8 Recovery of the Peguche Waterfall Protected Forest and Sustainable Management of Environmental Services: The Construction of the Interpretation Center, Trails, and Renovation of the Signage -- 5.8.1 Ethnobotanical Garden Area -- 5.8.2 Reforestation Area -- 5.9 Final Considerations -- References -- 6 Ecotourism in the Yanomami Land: A Proposal for Territorial Management and Indigenous Ethnodevelopment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Yanomami Indigenous Land (Maturacá Region) -- 6.3 Historical and Current Context of Tourism Development in Yaripo -- 6.4 Yaripo Visit Plan Design and Implementation: Yanomami Governance in Ecotourism -- 6.5 Final Considerations -- References -- 7 New Territorialities and Collective Ethnic Identities in the Brazilian Amazon Frontier, Rondonia State: Surui Paiter, Arara, and Gavião Indigenous Communities' Land Claims and Alternative Cultural Landscapes -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Tupian Peoples' Outstanding Presence in South America -- 7.2 The Expansion of the Frontier in the Amazon and Its Reverberations Among the Rain Forest Indigenous Peoples -- 7.3 Collective Ethnic Identities in Brazil's Ecological Heartland -- 7.4 Final Remarks -- References -- 8 The Process of Tourism Transition and the Tourism Social Contract in Indigenous Territory: The Case of the Nova Esperança Indigenous Community (Rio Cuieiras, Brazil) -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Principles and Realities Regarding Tourism in Indigenous Territories -- 8.3 Tourism Structures, Power Structures: The Case of the Nova Esperança Indigenous Community -- 8.3.1 Some Reflections on the Tourism Process -- 8.4 Final Considerations -- References -- 9 Ayahuasca Lodges in the Peruvian Amazon: A Valid Alternative for Ethno-development? -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ethno-Development: Some Tools to Study the Ayahuasca Tourism. , 9.3 Exploitation of Rubber and Ayahuasca: Intertwined Tales -- 9.4 Ayahuasca and Tourism -- 9.5 Consequences for Local Communities -- 9.6 Final Remarks -- References -- 10 Alleluia and the Akawaio: The Spiritual Geography of a Highland Revitalization Movement -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Spiritual Geography of Landscape -- 10.3 Physical and Human Geography of Guyana -- 10.4 Akawaio Spiritual Ontology: The First Steady State -- 10.5 Period of Individual Stress -- 10.6 Period of Cultural Change -- 10.7 Period of Revitalization -- 10.8 New Steady State -- 10.9 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Indigenous Higher Education at Insikiran Institute of Roraima: The Challenges of Social Participation and the Interculturalization of Knowledge in the Northernmost Amazonia -- 11.1 Conceptualization of Indigenous Issues: From Territorial Disputes, Ethnicism, Ethnic Inequalities to Higher Education Placements -- 11.2 Indigenous Higher Education in Brazil: General Aspects -- 11.3 Constitutional Advances of 1988, Indigenous Territorial and Educational Issues: The Need of Progressing Further in an Ethnically Grounded Higher Education -- 11.4 Roraima State, Indigenous Lands, and Higher Education of Original Peoples -- 11.5 Education and Schools in Indigenous Lands -- 11.6 Indigenous Higher Education-The Role of Insikiran -- 11.7 Advancing Social Participation and the Interculturalization of Knowledge: Addressing the Challenges in Indigenous Education -- 11.8 Final Consideration -- References -- Part II Indigenous Lands and Peoples: Conservation and Ecological Aspects -- 12 Indigenous Participation in the Native Seed Market: Adapting Ethnic Institutions for Ecological Restoration in the Southeastern Amazon -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Contrasts and Conflicts: Deforestation in the Southeastern Amazon -- 12.3 Community-Based Restoration in the Southeastern Amazon. , 12.4 Indigenous Participation in Native Seeds Production -- 12.5 Local Knowledge and Innovation for Native Seed Production -- 12.6 Holistic Indigenous Knowledge Aspects of Native Seed -- 12.7 Community Organization: Indigenous Associations' Roles -- 12.8 Native Seed Production Outcomes -- 12.9 Community Livelihood Outcomes from Seed Production -- 12.10 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Cosmology as Indigenous Land Conservation Strategy: Wildlife Consumption Taboos and Social Norms Along the Papuri River (Vaupes, Colombia) -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Methods and Materials -- 13.2.1 Data Gathering Techniques and Analytic Framework -- 13.2.2 Community Living Experience -- 13.2.3 Participant Observation and Field Diary Register -- 13.2.4 Group of 12 Hunters -- 13.3 Results -- 13.4 Site Description -- 13.4.1 The Community -- 13.4.2 Recent History of the Community -- 13.5 Kumua Places, Traditional Ceremonies, and Regulations Related to Wildlife -- 13.5.1 The Maloka, House of Origin -- 13.5.2 Home Mambeadero -- 13.5.3 Yuruparí and Yage Use -- 13.5.4 Dabucuris Seasonal Abundance Celebrations -- 13.5.5 Ecological Calendars -- 13.6 Diets, Taboos, and Other Local Regulations About the Use of Wild Fauna -- 13.7 Final Considerations -- References -- 14 The Non-human Borderlands: Engaging with Ecological Justice and Indigenous Rights in Amazonia -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Conservation in Amazonia -- 14.3 Indigenous People and Conservation -- 14.4 Two Main Camps in Conservation -- 14.4.1 Anthropocentric Position -- 14.4.2 Ecocentric Position -- 14.4.3 Bottlenecks in Conservation Ethics -- 14.5 Points of Reconciliation -- 14.6 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Biodiversity and Knowledge Associated with the Wapishana People's Language: An Ethnolinguistic-Territorial and Conservation Case Study in the Amazon -- 15.1 Introduction. , 15.2 Classification of the Plants in the Wapishana Language and Culture's Logic.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Understanding Climate Change Hazards -- Hydrometeorological Analysis of an Extreme Flash-Flood: The 28 September 2012 Event in Murcia, South-Eastern Spain -- Introduction -- The Study Region -- The Hydrometeorological Episode: A Brief Description -- Analysis of the San Wenceslao Flash-Flood -- Observed Databases and Precipitation Analysis -- Basin Response and Hydrological Modelling -- Anthropogenic Impacts on the Basin Response -- Kinematics of the San Wenceslao Flash-Flood -- Storm Movement and Soil Variability: Impact on the Hydrological Response -- Conclusions -- References -- A Multiple Linear Regression-Based Approach for Storm Surge Prediction Along South Brazil -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Astronomical Tide and Storm Surge -- Meteorological Data and the Mapping of the Cyclones' Paths -- Statistical Analysis and Data Filtering -- Extreme Data Analysis -- Results -- Analysis of the ADCP Data-Itapocorói Bay -- The Cyclones' Path -- Partial Serial Correlation (PSC) and Time Lag Multiple Linear Regression (TLMLR) -- Analysis of Positive and Negative Events Separately -- Validation of the Methodology -- Historical Analysis of Storm Surge -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Hydrodynamic Study of Free Standing Drilling Riser Under Hurricane Conditions -- Introduction -- Problem Statement -- Free Standing Drilling Riser -- Studies Conducted on Free Standing Drilling Riser (FSDR) -- API Recommended Practice for Design, Selection, Operation and Maintenance of Marine Drilling Riser System (API-RP 16Q) -- Hurricane -- Hurricane Generated Sea State -- Hurricane Generated Waves -- Hurricane Generated Swell -- Research Methodology -- Procedures to Develop the Functional Relationship Between Emergency Disconnection Location and Lateral Displacement of FSDR. , Procedures to Identify the Optimum Emergency Disconnection Location Along Drilling Riser Line in Technical Terms -- Procedures to Develop the Functional Relationship Between Saffir Simpson Scale Storm Maximum Significant Wave Height and Lateral Displacement of FSDR -- Procedure to Determine the Effect of Hurricane Generated Swell on Hydrodynamic Response of FSDR -- Results for Determination of Functional Relationship Between Emergency Disconnection Location and Lateral Displacement of FSDR -- Results for Determination of Optimum Emergency Disconnection Location Along Riser Line in Technical Terms -- Results for Determination of Functional Relationship Between Saffir Simpson Scale Maximum Significant Wave Height and Lateral Displacement of FSDR -- Results for Determination of Hydrodynamic Response of FSDR Under Hurricane Generated Swell -- Conclusion -- References -- Assessing Contribution of Climate Change on Wetlands by Using Multi-temporal Satellite Data -- Introduction -- Data and Methodology Used -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- City-scale Modeling of Urban Heat Islands for Kolkata -- Introduction -- Health Impacts of UHI -- Methods and Materials -- Study Area -- Preparation of Spatial Database -- Population Distribution -- Modeling of UHI Susceptibility -- Preparation of UHI Inventory Map and Training and Validation Dataset -- AHP Model -- Kernel Logistic Regression -- SVM Model -- SMCE Model -- Model Evaluation and Assessment -- Contribution measures for UHI Susceptibility -- Results and Discussion -- AHP Model and UHI Zonation -- KLR Model and UHI Zonation -- SVM Model and UHI Zonation -- SMCE Model and UHI Zonation -- Performances of City-scale UHI Models -- Assessment and Comparison of City-scale UHI Models -- Applicability of the Models and Priority Voting Ensemble of Contributing Factors. , Conclusion -- References -- GIS Hazard Assessments as the First Step to Climate Change Adaptation -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Methods -- Index Distribution -- Management Considerations -- Conclusions -- References -- Landscape Ecology and Conservation for Building Resilience and Adaptation to Global Change in Venezuela -- Introduction -- Conceptual Theoretical Framework About the Landscape Analysis -- Landscape Ecology: Spatial Patterns and Dynamics of Changes -- Modelling of Climate Change Scenarios -- Conservation and Adaptation -- Methodological Contributions for Building Resilience -- Building Resilience -- Conclusions -- References -- Influence of Vegetation in the Creation of Urban Microclimates -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Results and Discussions -- Strategies -- Conclusions -- References -- Preliminary Evaluation of Emergency Shelters for Disasters Associated with Landslides at the Hydrographic Basin of Corrego D'Antas, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil -- Introduction -- The Socio-Environmental Disasters Associated with Landslide and the Reduction of Vulnerability Through Emergency Shelters (ES's) -- Emergency Shelters (ES) -- Study Area -- Methodology for Constructing a ES Evaluation Coefficient -- Calculation of ECES-CD and Classification of Shelters -- ECES-CD Application Methodology -- Results -- Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Carbon Sequestration Potential of a Disturbed Humid Tropical Ecosystem, Southeast Nigeria -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Sample Collection -- Determination of Carbon Stock of the Woody Species -- Statistical Analysis -- Major Limitations of This Research -- Results and Discussion -- Ecological Characteristics of the Study Area -- Carbon Sequestration Across Land Use Categories -- Relationship Between Ecological Characteristics and Carbon Sequestered by Tree Species. , Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Flash-Floods: More Often, More Severe, More Damaging? An Analysis of Hydro-geo-environmental Conditions and Anthropogenic Impacts -- Introduction: Peculiarities of Flash Floods and the Question of Anthropogenic Effects -- Effects of Climate Warming -- Effects of Altered Land Use and Land Cover -- Effects of Engineering Measures Along the River Course and Within the Catchment -- Case Study: The Extreme Braunsbach Flash Flood, 29th May, 2016 -- Description of the Affected Region -- Rainfall Conditions -- Discharge Situation -- Geomorphological Analysis -- Damage Analysis -- Intensified Rainfall as a Consequence of Global/Regional Warming -- Land Use, Land Cover and Land Surface Conditions -- Constructions Along the River Course and Within the Catchment -- Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Landslide Hazard Induced by Climate Changes in North-Eastern Romania -- Introduction -- Landslides in Northeastern Romania -- Climate Change Scenarios -- Methods -- Forecasting the Influence of Climate Change for Landslide Hazard -- Conclusions -- References -- Objective Analysis of Envelope Curves for Peak Floods of European and Mediterranean Flash Floods -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- The EuroMedeFF Database -- Use of Quantile Regression for Derivation of Flash Flood Envelope Curves -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Treatment of Natural Hazards Within Planning Documents in Serbia in Relation to Climate Change Issues -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Planning and Natural Hazards in Serbia -- Treatment of Natural Hazards Within the Planning Documents in Serbia -- The Case of the Kolubara Lignite Basin -- Conclusions and Recommendations for Planning Policy -- References -- Occurrence and Characteristics of Flash Floods in Bavaria (Germany) -- Introduction. , The Flash Flood Events in May and June 2016 in Bavaria -- Flash Flood Identification Based on Discharge Measurements -- Selection of Suitable Gauging Stations -- Flood Identification from Discharge Time Series -- Determination of Flash Flood Events -- Occurrence and Characteristics of Flash Floods in Bavaria -- Flash Flood Occurrence and Frequency -- Classification into the European Context -- Seasonal Distribution of Flash Floods -- Flash Flood Magnitude and Speed -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Ozone Layer Holes, Regional Climate Change and Possible Ways for Their Forecasting -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Ozone Layer and Ozone Hole -- Ozone and Its Influence on Earth's Ecosystem -- Regional Climate -- Climate Change and Total Ozone -- Regional Hazards and Their Prediction -- Statistical Assessment of Total Ozone and Surface Temperature Correlation -- Case study 1: The Ozone Mechanisms on the Territory of Belarus -- Case study 2: The Ozone Mechanism and Sudden Stratospheric Warming in February 2018 -- Conclusion -- References -- The Protective Role of Forests to Reduce Rockfall Risks and Impacts in the Alps Under a Climate Change Perspective -- Protection Forests -- Managing Protection Forests Against Rockfall Hazard -- Managing Protection Forests Under Climate Change -- Conclusions -- References -- Handling the Impacts of Climate Hazards via Adaptation Methods and Options -- Towards a Prioritized Climate Change Management Strategy: A Revisit to Mitigation and Adaptation Policies -- Introduction -- Climate Change Management Policies: A Dilemma Between Two Choices -- Mitigation Policy -- Adaptation Policy: From a Dilemma to Choice -- Contextualizing Adaptation Priority -- Benefits of Adaptation Priority -- Conclusion -- References -- Urban Heat Island Effect, Extreme Temperatures and Climate Change: A Case Study of Hong Kong SAR. , Introduction.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Climate Change Adaptation in the Agriculture and Land Use Sectors: A Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in Pacific Small Island Developing States (SIDS) -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Climate-Related Hazards, Slow Onset Events and Impacts in Ecosystems -- Climate-Related Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Risks in Social Systems -- Adaptation Components in Pacific NDCs -- Adaptation Measures in Ecosystems -- Adaptation Measures in Social Systems -- Adaptation Gap and Opportunity Analysis -- Mitigation and Sustainable Development Co-benefits of Adaptation in the Pacific -- Barriers to Implementation and Support Needs -- Conclusion -- References -- Place Attachment and Cultural Barriers to Climate Change Induced Relocation: Lessons from Vunisavisavi Village, Vanua Levu, Fiji -- Introduction -- The Vunisavisavi Community -- Method -- Limitations of the Research -- Place Attachment and Its Implications on Relocation -- Cultural Barriers and Traditional Obligations -- Funding Constraints -- Overview of Past Climate Induced Relocation Efforts in Fiji -- Community Based Adaptation -- Integrating Traditional Practices in Adaptation Strategies -- Ecosystem Based Adaptation -- Conclusion -- References -- "Adaptation in Small Islands: Research Themes and Gaps" -- Introduction -- Social Issues -- Sectoral Impacts of Climate Change -- Community-Based Adaptation -- Relocation of Communities -- Financing Adaptation -- National Governments -- International Donors -- Regional Organisations -- Community's Own Contributions -- Islander Perceptions and Information Sources -- The Paris Agreement and Its Follow-up -- Conclusions: Implications for Research and Policy -- References -- Dam(n) Seawalls: A Case of Climate Change Maladaptation in Fiji -- Vulnerability to Climate Change in Pacific Island Countries. , Climate Change (Mal)Adaptation -- Coastal Protection Measures -- Research Aim and Questions -- Case Study Sites and Project Background -- Methods -- Implications and Outcomes of Seawalls for Communities -- Reducing Exposure to Coastal Pressures? -- Implications for Land and Livelihood Security -- A Case of Maladaptation -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- An Overview of the Information Presented in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu -- Introduction -- A Description of the (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions for Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu -- Fiji -- Papua New Guinea -- Solomon Islands -- Vanuatu -- Clarity, Transparency and Understanding (CTU) -- Are Current NDCs Consistent, Comprehensive and Feasible? -- Mitigation -- Adaptation -- Finance -- Recommendations to Improve Information Provided in NDCs -- Study Limitations -- Conclusion -- References -- iTaukei Ways of Knowing and Managing Mangroves for Ecosystem-Based Adaptation -- Introduction -- Study Aims -- Literature Review -- Mangroves in Fiji -- The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Environmental Management -- Ecosystem-Based Adaptation to Climate Change -- Method and Study Site -- Sampling Strategy -- Semi-structured Household Interviews -- Participant Observation -- Data Analysis -- Research Limitations -- Study Site -- Valuing Mangrove Ecosystems -- iTaukei Mangrove Management Strategies -- Future Recommendations: A Way Forward for Ecosystem-Based Adaptation -- Conclusion -- References -- Planned Relocation from the Impacts of Climate Change in Small Island Developing States: The Intersection Between Adaptation and Loss and Damage -- Introduction -- Human Mobility -- Human Mobility in the Context of Loss and Damage -- Human Mobility in the Context of Adaptation. , Non-economic Losses in the Context of Planned Relocation -- Attributes of Non-economic Losses -- Addressing Non-economic Losses in the Context of Planned Relocation -- The New Loss and Damage Spectrum -- Conclusion -- References -- A Knowledge Network Approach to Understanding Water Shortage Adaptation in Kiribati -- Introduction -- Approach -- Method -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Climate Change and Peri-Urban Household Food Security-Lessons from West Taraka, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea -- Introduction: Global Context of Climate Change and Agriculture -- Geography and Climate of PNG -- Subsistence Agriculture -- The Study Site -- Method -- Sampling -- Assessment of Dietary Patterns-24-h Diet Recall -- Assessment of Socio-Economic Level -- Data Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Household Characteristic Profile -- Change in Food Production -- Household Dietary Diversity and Food Consumption Scores -- HDDS -- FCS Threshold -- Correlation Test Between the Selected Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Households and Their FCS and HDD -- Conclusion, Limitations and Recommendations -- Limitations and Implications of the Study Site -- References -- Resilience in Education: An Example from Primary School in Fiji and Technical Vocational Education and Training -- Introduction -- Methods -- Methodology -- Data Analytical Strategy -- Limitation of the Paper -- Results -- Integrating Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction-A Key for Education for Sustainable Development in Tonga -- Integrating Climate Change in Education -- EU PacTVET Resilience in Education -- Discussion -- Integration Climate Change in Education for Primary and Secondary Schools -- Resilience in Education-EU PacTVET Project -- Using the Concept of Ako to Understand Resilience in Education. , Policy Implication: Resilience in Education for the Pacific by Integration or Teaching -- Conclusions -- References -- Engaging Communities and Government in Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Adaptation in Papua New Guinea -- Introduction -- Climate Change in Papua New Guinea -- Ecosystem Services -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Multi-level Governance of Climate Change Adaptation: A Case Study of Country-Wide Adaptation Projects in Samoa -- Introduction -- Background: The Multi-level Governance Framework -- Rationale -- Characteristics of MLG -- Applying MLG to Internationally Funded Climate Adaptation Projects in Developing Countries -- Research Methodology -- The Case Study -- Case Study Introduction: Climate Change Adaptation Projects in Samoa -- Case Study Results -- Programmatic and Pragmatic Approach -- Safeguards -- Resources -- Aligning Timelines -- Stakeholder Participation in the Decision-Making Process -- Discussion -- Characteristics of MLG -- Conclusion -- References -- The Impact of Connectivity on Information Channel Use in Tonga During Cyclone Gita: Challenges and Opportunities for Disaster Risk Reduction in Island Peripheries -- Introduction -- Case Study Context: Tonga and Cyclone Gita -- Data and Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Climate Change in Tonga: Risk Perception and Behavioral Adaptation -- Introduction -- A Climate Change Risk Perception and Behavioral Adaptation Model -- Present Study -- Method -- Participants and Procedure -- Assessment Instruments -- Results -- Model Building Data Analytic Plan and Procedures -- Climate Change Risk Perceptions -- Climate Change Behavioral Intention -- Community Norms and Personal Values -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References. , Climate Change Adaptation in the Pacific Islands: A Review of Faith-Engaged Approaches and Opportunities -- Science and Faith in the Pacific -- Historical Context and Why It Matters -- Discussion: Epistemologies, Vernacular and Insider-Outsider Perspectives -- Concluding Synthesis: Creating Consilience -- Opportunities for Future Research -- References -- Climate Change and the Pacific Region: Some Future Trends -- Introduction -- Some Problems in the Implementation of Climate Change Policies -- Some Future Trends -- Conclusions -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Principles, Philisophy and Applications of Climate Services -- 1 Introducing Climate Services and Their Applications -- Introduction -- Experiences from This Book -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 BASIEC: A Coastal Climate Service Framework for Community-Based Adaptation to Rising Sea-Levels -- Introduction -- Rationale and Guiding Principle -- BASIEC Framework -- SLR Risk Information -- SLR Risk Communication -- SLR Risk Education -- SWOT Analysis of the BASIEC Framework -- Application of the BASIEC Framework -- Limitation and Scope of the BASIEC Framework -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural Farms and Its Contribution to Global Warming -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Description of the Study Area -- The Nitrogen Cycle and the LEACHN Model -- Model Input Data Collection and Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Laboratory Results -- Modelling Results: N2O Emissions Through Denitrification -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Business Strategies and Climate Change-Prototype Development and Testing of a User Specific Climate Service Product for Companies -- Introduction -- Methodological Approach -- Development of the "Company Analysis Tool" -- Structure and Content of the "Company Analysis Tool" -- Cooperation with Companies -- Results -- Recommendations for Action How to Integrate Climate Change into Business Strategies -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Why There Is More to Adaptation Than Creating a Strategy -- Introduction -- The Specific Adaptation Environment in Urban Areas -- The "GERICS Adaptation Toolkit for Cities" ("GERICS-Stadtbaukasten") -- The Working Process -- Starting Point: Regional and Local Climate Information -- Communication Is Key -- Example: The Adaptation Challenge Thermal Comfort -- Example: The Adaptation Challenge Urban Flooding. , The Role of Climate Services and Further Needs for Research -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 COREDAR: A Coastal Climate Service Framework on Sea-Level Rise Risk Communication for Adaptation Policy Planning -- Introduction -- Need for a Coastal Climate Service Framework on Sea-Level Rise Risk Communication for Adaptation Policy Planning and Decision-Making -- Methodological Approach -- COREDAR: A Coastal Climate Service Framework on Sea-Level Rise Risk Communication for Adaptation Policy Planning and Decision-Making -- Architecture of the Framework -- Stepwise Approach of the Framework -- Limitations and Scope -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 What Do Users Expect from Climate Adaptation Services? Developing an Information Platform Based on User Surveys -- Introduction -- Climate Adaptation Services -- Literature Review: Awareness and Use of Climate Services -- Literature Review: Involving Users in the Development of Climate Services -- Methodologic Approach for Identifying User Needs for Climate Adaptation Services -- Results: Identified User Needs for Climate Adaptation Services -- Background of Potential Users -- Awareness and Usage of Climate Adaptation Services -- Further Needs for Climate Adaptation Services -- Requirements for Climate Adaptation Services -- Presentation on a Web Portal -- Barriers to Climate Adaptation -- Networking and Continued Exchange Among Users and Providers -- Developing the Climate Preparedness Portal Based on Identified User Needs -- Structure, Quality and Synthesized Content of the KLiVO Portal -- Gap Analysis on Provided Services -- Continuous Exchange Between Users and Providers -- Conclusions: How to Develop User-Friendly Climate Services -- References -- 8 Physical Climate Risks and the Financial Sector-Synthesis of Investors' Climate Information Needs -- Introduction -- Overview of Investor Approaches. , Case Studies -- France -- Country-Specific Context: France -- User Needs -- The Netherlands -- Country-Specific Context: The Netherlands -- User Needs -- Norway -- Country-Specific Context: Norway -- User Needs -- Key Climate Information Needs of Investors -- Risk Awareness -- Risk Analysis -- Risk Management -- Conclusion and Way Forward -- References -- 9 Public-Private Cooperation for Climate Adaptation-Providing Insurance Loss Data to the Municipalities -- Introduction -- Responding to Climate Change -- Insurance Loss Data as Part of Climate Services for the Municipalities -- Compilation of Three Studies on Insurance Loss Data -- Aims and Limitations -- Empirical Background and Existing Research -- Insurance in Norway -- Insurance Loss Data in European Climate Policies -- Existing Research and Experience on Public Access to Private Insurance Loss Data -- Insurance Loss Data as a Climate Service -- Environmental Psychology Contributes to Explain Efforts Towards Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation -- Methods Applied in the Three Referred Studies -- Study 1-Pilot Project About Testing of Loss Data from the Insurance Industry for an Evaluation of Climate Change Vulnerability and Prevention of Climate Related Natural Hazards in Selected Municipalities -- Study 2-Status and Possibilities in the Use of Loss Data in the Work with Climate Change Adaptation -- Study 3-Attitudes in Norwegian Insurance Companies Towards Sharing Loss Data -- Results -- Study 1-Pilot Project About Testing of Loss Data from the Insurance Industry for an Evaluation of Climate Vulnerability -- Study 2-Status and Possibilities in the Use of Loss Data in the Work with Climate Change Adaption -- Study 3-Attitudes in Norwegian Insurance Companies Towards Sharing Loss Data -- Discussion and Conclusions -- Summary of the Main Findings -- Discussion of the Findings and Consequences. , Practical Arrangements of Sharing of Insurance Loss Data -- Constrains of the Research and Further Research -- References -- 10 Evaluation of Climate Services: Enabling Users to Assess the Quality of Multi-model Climate Projections and Derived Products -- Introduction -- Collecting the Missing Pieces: The Survey -- Typical User Profiles -- Outcome of the Survey: Guidance Needed on Evaluation of Quality of Climate Data -- Evaluation of Quality of Climate Data and Derived Products -- QUACK-Quality Assurance Checklist Tool -- Benefits of QUACK -- Limitations -- Transferability -- Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 11 The Need for Science-Based Information.A Requirement for Top-Downand Bottom-up Decision-MakingProcesses -- 12 Provision of Climate Services-The XDC Model -- Requirements for Methods That Measure Climate Impact -- XDC Model -- Familiar Concept: Science Based Targets -- XDC Model Output: Standard XDC and Scenario Based XDC -- XDC Model: Input Data Needed -- Basic Steps of Processing -- Step 1: Economic Emission Intensity (EEI) of the Company -- Step 2: Global Emissions -- Step 3: Climate Performance -- Example 1: Calculation of the Standard XDC for Enel S.P.A. -- Example 2: Calculation of a Scenario Based XDC for Enel S.P.A. -- Contextualisation of XDC Results -- Example 3: Target XDC Calculation -- Strategy Development for Transitioning Towards a < -- 2 °C-World -- 2 °C-Compatible Emission Reduction Pathway -- Example 4: Defining a 2 °C-Compatible Reduction Pathway -- Example 5: Assessment of Climate Mitigation Activities -- Evaluation of the XDC Model Against Requirements as Set Above -- Outlook -- References -- Case Studies on Climate Services -- 13 Climatological Global Solar UV Index: Measurement and Health Issues in Malta -- Introduction -- The Current Maltese Scenario and the Aims of This Study -- UVR Measurements and Forecasts. , UVR Measurements Using Ground Based Instruments -- UVI Calculations Using BFRs -- UVR Estimation Methods -- Correspondence Between Forecast and UVER Data -- Forecast UVI Data -- Measurement of UVE Data -- Comparison Between Forecast UVI and UVER Data -- Awareness, Knowledge and Behaviour in Relation to UVI and Sun Protection -- Awareness and Impact of UVI Forecasts -- Preferred Sources by which UVI Forecasts are Communicated to the General Public -- Preferred Sources by which High UVI Alerts are Communicated to the General Public -- Knowledge in Relation to the Negative Impacts of Excessive Sun Exposure -- Use of Recommended Sun Protection Items During Summer -- Gaps Between Sun Protection Knowledge and Behaviour -- Long Term Trends in the Incidence of Skin Cancer in Malta -- Shortcomings of the Current UVI Concept and Recommendations for an Improved UVI Concept at Global Level -- The UVI Concept Is not Clear Enough and Can Be Confusing -- UVI Presentation Is Inadequate and Ineffective -- UVI Is not Being Promoted Enough -- UVI Promotion Should Be Part of Larger Sun Protection Initiative -- Recommendations for a More Effective Use of the UVI Tool Under a Climate Change Scenario -- Recommendations for a More Clearly Communicable UVI Concept -- Recommendations for Improved Local Sun Protection Campaigns -- Recommendations to Introduce Climatological UVER Data by the National Meteorological Office -- Recommendations Regarding the Increasing Trends of Skin Cancer in Malta Under a Climate Change Scenario -- Future Prospects -- Conclusions -- References -- 14 Climate Change Risk and Insurance as an Adaptation Strategy: An Enquiry into the Regulatory Framework of South Africa and Ghana -- Introduction -- Insurance as a Climate Risk Adaptation Strategy in Developing Countries. , Climate Change Risks, Adaptation and Insurance: Policy Responses and Emerging Strategies from South Africa and Ghana.