Note: Förderkennzeichen BMBF 02E11152 , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Illustrations -- List of Tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- List of Acronyms for Museums with bat specimens from Colima -- Chapter 1. Introduction to Study of Colima Bats -- Chapter 2. Study Area -- Chapter 3. Methods -- Chapter 4. Analysis -- Chapter 5. Key to Bats of Colima -- Chapter 6. Accounts -- Appendix A. Gazetteer -- Appendix B. Measurements -- Appendix C. Skulls -- Glossary -- Literature Cited -- Illustration Credits -- Index.

Note: Fitocosmética (...) -- Página legal -- Índice -- Prólogo -- Introducción a la fitocosmética -- 1. Resumen histórico -- 2. Definiciones -- 3. Reglamentación de productos cosméticos en Argentina -- 4. Nomenclatura internacional para los ingredientes cosméticos: INCI -- 5. Fitoingredientes -- Bibliografía -- Piel -- 1. Concepto y funciones -- 2. Morfología de la piel -- 3. Pigmentación de la piel -- 4. Cinética epidérmica -- 5. Aspectos de la superficie de la piel -- 6. Composición química de la epidermis -- 7. Biología del estrato córneo -- 8. Formación y función del manto ácido -- 9. Biotipos cutáneos -- Bibliografía -- Obtención de fitoingredientes para la industria cosmética -- 1. Introducción -- 2. El proceso extractivo -- 3. Extractos -- 4. Fuerza de los extractos -- 5. Ajuste de la calidad -- 6. Rotulación de extractos -- Bibliografía -- Control de calidad de materias primas vegetales usadas en cosmética -- 1. Introducción -- 2. Operaciones técnicas en el control de calidad de las materias primas de origen vegetal -- 3. Conceptos relevantes -- Bibliografía -- Polifenoles en cosmética (...) -- 1. Polifenoles -- 2. Cumarinas -- 3. Quinonas y naftoquinonas (principios floroglucínicos) -- Bibliografía -- Polifenoles en cosmética -- 1. Introducción -- 2. Clasificación -- 3. Acción astringente -- 4. Propiedades fisicoquímicas -- 5. Análisis cuali-cuantitativo -- 6. Usos -- 7. Té verde -- 8. Vid -- 9. Otras especies vegetales utilizadas por su contenido en taninos -- 10. Otras especies vegetales utilizadas por su contenido en polifenoles -- Bibliografía -- Lípidos -- 1. Introducción -- 2. Clasificación Lípidos saponificables -- 3. Métodos de obtención -- 4. Control de calidad. Ensayos de aceites -- 5. Lípidos de la piel -- 6. Lípidos naturales en cosmética -- Bibliografía -- Saponinas -- 1. Introducción -- 2. Especies con saponinas -- Bibliografía. , Hidratos de carbono (...) -- 1. Generalidades -- 2. Clasificación -- 3. Métodos analíticos para el control de calidad -- 4. Monosacáridos como de seis (piranosa). -- 5. Polisacáridos -- 6. Extractos vegetales que contienen hidratos -- 7. Algunas consideraciones sobre los polisacáridos y la comunicación celular -- Bibliografía -- Hidratos de carbono (...) -- 1. Historia -- 2. Aloe vera -- 3. Otras especies de Aloe -- 4. Descripción botánica -- 5. Corte histológico transversal de la hoja -- 6. Obtención del gel y del acíbar -- 7. Composición química del gel -- 8. Composición química del exudado (látex) de las hojas -- 9. Acción sobre la piel del colágeno -- 10. Gel de aloe: usos cosméticos -- Bibliografía -- Hidratos de carbono (...) -- Quitina y quitosano -- 1. Generalidades -- 2. Obtención de la quitina -- 3. Características fisicoquímicas -- 4. Uso del quitosano en cosmética -- Bibliografía -- Ácido hialurónico -- 1. Generalidades -- 2. Propiedades del ácido hialurónico -- 3. Acción y usos en cosmética -- Bibliografía -- Plantas aromáticas, aceites esenciales y resinas -- 1. Introducción -- 2. Productos obtenidos de plantas aromáticas -- 3. Propiedades de los aceites esenciales -- 4. Métodos de obtención -- 5. Control analítico de los aceites esenciales -- 6. Aplicaciones cosméticas de los aceites esenciales -- 7. Lavandas -- 8. Mentas -- 9. Rosas -- 10. Manzanillas -- 11. Cítricos -- 12. Resinas y Bálsamos -- 13. Bálsamo de Perú -- 14. Bálsamo de Tolú -- 15. Colofonia -- Bibliografía -- Vitaminas -- 1. Introducción -- 2. Funciones de las vitaminas -- 3. Las vitaminas y la piel -- 4. Clasificación -- 5. Otros compuestos -- Bibliografía -- Proteínas (...) -- 1. Introducción -- 2. Aminoácidos -- 3. Péptidos y proteínas -- 4. Ejemplos -- 5. Conclusión -- Bibliografía -- Alfa hidroxiácidos (AHA) -- 1. Generalidades -- 2. Modo de acción de los AHA. , 3. Cuidados especiales -- Bibliografía -- Ingredientes de origen animal en cosmética -- 1. Proteínas -- 2. Colágeno -- Bibliografía -- Conceptos básicos aplicados al desarrollo (...) -- 1. Introducción -- 2. Diseño y desarrollo de formulaciones cosméticas: preformulación y componentes principales -- 3. Productos naturales como componentes -- 4. Tecnologías de manufactura aplicables -- 5. Ensayos de caracterización y farmacotécnicos -- 6. Estabilidad -- Bibliografía.

Note: Experto en gestión medioambiental (2a. ed.) -- Página Legal -- Índice -- Unidad Didáctica 1: Conceptos generales sobre el medio ambiente -- 1. Concepto de medio ambiente -- 2. Componentes del medio ambiente -- 3. El modelo de sistema de medio ambiente -- 4. Ecología y medio ambiente -- 5. Los seres humanos y el medio ambiente -- 6. Los recursos ambientales -- 7. Los problemas ambientales -- Ejercicios de repaso y autoevaluación -- Unidad Didáctica 2: Regulación jurídica del medio ambiente -- 1. El Derecho Ambiental -- 2. El Derecho Internacional del Medio Ambiente -- 3. El Derecho ambiental en la Unión Europea -- 4. El Derecho ambiental en España -- 5. La Responsabilidad ambiental y el delito ecológico -- 6. El derecho de acceso a la información ambiental -- 7. La participación pública en la política ambiental -- Ejercicios de repaso y autoevaluación -- Unidad Didáctica 3: Contaminación del medio acuático -- 1. Características generales del agua -- 2. La calidad del agua -- 3. Sistemas de tratamiento y depuración de las aguas -- 4. La contaminación del agua -- 5. Obligaciones legales para los vertidos -- 6. Legislación aplicable al medio acuático -- Ejercicios de repaso y autoevaluación -- Unidad Didáctica 4: El aire y su contaminación -- 1. Descripción del aire y de la atmósfera -- 2. Contaminantes atmosféricos y sus fuentes de contaminación -- 3. Efectos de la contaminación atmosférica -- 4. Instrumentos para el tratamiento de la contaminación atmosférica -- 5. Calidad del aire y protección de la atmósfera -- Ejercicios de repaso y autoevaluación -- Unidad Didáctica 5: Contaminación acústica -- 1. El sonido -- 2. El ruido -- 3. Instrumentos para la medida del sonido -- 4. Evaluación del ruido -- 5. Efectos producidos por la contaminación acústica -- 6. Medidas de protección frente el ruido -- 7. Legislación sobre el ruido. , Ejercicios de repaso y autoevaluación -- Unidad Didáctica 6: Contaminación de suelos -- 1. Concepto y formación del suelo -- 2. Clasificación de los suelos -- 3. La degradación del suelo -- 4. Descontaminación de suelos -- 5. Legislación aplicable a la contaminación de suelos -- Ejercicios de repaso y autoevaluación -- Unidad Didáctica 7: La gestión de residuos -- 1. Residuos: Concepto y Tipología -- 2. El problema de los residuos -- 3. Normativa aplicable a la gestión de los residuos -- 4. La gestión de residuos -- 5. La gestión de residuos industriales -- 6. La minimización de los residuos -- Ejercicios de repaso y autoevaluación -- Unidad Didáctica 8: Técnicas de gestión ambiental (I) -- 1. Sistemas de Gestión Ambiental -- 2. Análisis del Ciclo de Vida -- 3. Etiquetado ecológico -- 4. Marketing ecológico -- 5. Evaluación Ambiental -- 6. Prevención y control integrado de la contaminación -- 7. Desarrollo sostenible y Agenda 21 -- Ejercicios de repaso y autoevaluación -- Unidad Didáctica 9: Técnicas de gestión ambiental (II) -- 1. Red Natura 2000 -- 2. Espacios naturales protegidos -- 3. Energías renovables -- Ejercicios de repaso y autoevaluación -- Unidad Didáctica 10: Auditorías ambientales -- 1. Generalidades sobre la Auditoría -- 2. Metodología de realización de la Auditoría Ambiental -- 3. El auditor ambiental -- Ejercicios de repaso y autoevaluación -- Unidad Didáctica 11: El medio ambiente en la gestión empresarial -- 1. El entorno ambiental en la empresa -- 2. Introducción del factor ambiental en el entorno empresarial -- 3. La estrategia ambiental de la empresa -- 4. Empresa y desarrollo sostenible -- 5. Impacto ambiental de las empresas -- Ejercicios de repaso y autoevaluación -- Bibliografía.

Note: Intro -- Title page -- Table of Contents -- Copyright -- CME Accreditation Page -- Contributors -- Forthcoming Issues -- Foreword -- Preface -- Erratum -- Caring for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Youth in Inclusive and Affirmative Environments -- Key points -- Special considerations in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth care -- Systems-level principles underlying lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth-friendly services -- Strategies for individual providers -- Strategies for clinics and health systems -- Summary -- Development and Mental Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Transgender Youth in Pediatric Practice -- Key points -- Introduction -- The basics: lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender youth development and mental health concepts in pediatric practice -- Meeting mental health needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender youth in pediatric practice -- Case 1: A female to male transgender adolescent with family nonacceptance, depression, anxiety, and suicide attempts -- Case 2: A lesbian female adolescent with truancy, running away, multiple sexually transmitted infections, and high-risk sexual behavior -- Stigma and Minority Stress as Social Determinants of Health Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth: Research Evidence and Clinical Implications -- Key points -- Theories of stigma and minority stress -- Stigma and minority stress as risk indicators for adverse health outcomes among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth -- Stigma-inducing mechanisms -- Interventions to reduce stigma and improve health among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth -- Future directions -- Summary -- Bullying Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth -- Key points -- Introduction -- Key concepts -- Scope of problem. , Causes and consequences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender bullying -- Recommendations for clinicians -- Discussion -- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth and Family Acceptance -- Key points -- Introduction -- Theories of parental acceptance and rejection -- Implications for parent-child attachment -- Parental reactions to youths' lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender disclosure -- Implications for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth identity and health -- Clinical implications -- Summary -- Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Other Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual and Reproductive Health in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Youth -- Key points -- Introduction -- Sexual health and reproductive health inequities among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth -- Approach to sexual and reproductive health care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender youth -- Sexually transmitted infections in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender youth -- Sexual health counseling and prevention -- Family planning -- Summary -- Substance Abuse Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth -- Key points -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- Neurobiology of drug abuse -- Gateway drugs -- Psychiatric comorbidity -- Substance abuse prevention -- Screening for substance abuse -- Diagnosis of substance abuse -- Confidentiality -- Treatment of substance abuse -- American Society of Addiction Medicine Patient Placement Criteria 2 Revised -- Treatment principles -- Evidence-based interventions -- Cognitive-behavioral therapy -- Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach -- Family therapy -- Twelve-step programs and other facilitation groups -- Drug testing -- Youth smoking cessation -- Summary -- Body Image and Eating Disorders Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth -- Key points. , Introduction -- Overview of eating disorders and body image -- Clinical presentation, screening, and treatment -- Practical tips in managing eating disorders -- Sexual orientation and eating disorders and body image -- Gender identity and eating disorders and body image -- Weight regulation and obesity -- Summary -- The Intersection of Sociocultural Factors and Health-Related Behavior in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth: Experiences Among Young Black Gay Males as an Example -- Key points -- Background -- Racial and sexual identities -- Cultural norms and expectations -- Summary and recommendations -- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Families -- Key points -- Family structure -- Parenting preparation -- Pathways to parenthood -- Childhood and parenthood -- Summary -- Appendix 1. National Resources for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth, Providers and Support Persons -- What the Primary Care Pediatrician Needs to Know About Gender Incongruence and Gender Dysphoria in Children and Adolescents -- Key points -- Introduction and terminology -- Prevalence, etiologic factors, and course -- Clinical approach -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Monitoring and follow-up -- Physical check-ups -- Controversies -- Summary -- National Resources for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Youth, Providers, and Support Persons -- For providers -- For youth and families -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Wastewater Treatment and Monitoring: Physico-Chemical Treatment -- Chapter 1: RSM and ANN-GA Experimental Design Optimization for Electrocoagulation Removal of Chromium -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Experimental Setup and Procedure -- 2.2 Analytical Techniques -- 2.3 Electrocoagulation Process -- 2.4 Experimental Design -- 2.4.1 Response Surface Methodology -- 2.4.2 Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm -- 2.5 Path Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 RSM Modelling and Optimization -- 3.2 Centre Composite Design -- 3.3 ANN-GA Modelling and Optimization -- 3.4 Path Analysis -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Sunlight-Assisted Photo-Fenton Process for Removal of Insecticide from Agricultural Wastewater -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Chemicals Used -- 2.2 Experimental Procedure -- 2.3 Analytical Methods -- 3 Result and Discussions -- 3.1 Effect of pH -- 3.2 Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration -- 3.3 Effect of Ferrous Sulphate Dosing Concentration -- 3.4 Effect of Initial Concentration of Insecticide -- 3.5 Rate Equation and Kinetics -- 3.6 FTIR Spectra Analysis -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Catalytic Reduction of Water Contaminant `4-Nitrophenol´ over Manganese Oxide Supported Ni Nanoparticles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 2.2 Synthesis -- 2.3 Characterizations -- 2.4 Catalytic Reduction -- 2.5 Computational Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Computational Studies -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Simulation of Nitrate Removal in a Batch Flow Electrocoagulation-Flotation (ECF) Process by Response Surface Method... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 ECF Reactor -- 2.2 Experimental Procedure. , 2.3 Experimental Design and Data Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Development of Regression Model Equation -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Wastewater Treatment and Monitoring: Biological Treatment -- Chapter 5: Decolourization Studies of a Novel Textile Dye Degrading Bacterium -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Source of Sample -- 2.2 Isolation of Dye-Decolourizing Bacteria -- 2.3 Screening of Dye Decolourizing Bacteria and Decolourization Activity -- 2.4 Optimization of Different Parameters for Maximum Decolourization -- 2.5 Decolourization Analysis with Optimized Condition -- 2.6 Decolourization of Different Dyes -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Isolation and Screening of Dye Decolourizing Bacteria -- 3.2 Dye Decolourization Activity -- 3.3 Optimization for Maximum Decolourization -- 3.4 Decolourization Activity with Different Dyes -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Preliminary Study of Rapid Enhanced Effective Micro-organisms (REEM) in Oil and Grease Trap from Canteen Wastewater -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Wastewater Characteristics -- 2.2 Characteristics of Rapid Effective Enhancements Micro-organisms (REEM) -- 2.3 Experimental Set-up -- 2.4 REEM Batch Experiments -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Effects of REEM on Oil and Grease Removal -- 3.2 Effects of REEM on BOD Removal -- 3.3 Effect of REEM on SS Removal -- 3.4 Oil and Grease Removal in Batch Experiment -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendation -- References -- Chapter 7: Step-Feed Technology in SBR to Enhance the Treatment of Landfill Leachate -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Experimental Lab-Scale Reactor -- 2.2 Leachate Composition and Seed Sludge -- 2.3 Operating Strategy of Conventional SBR Cycle -- 2.4 Operating Strategy of Step-Feed SBR Cycle -- 2.5 Analytical Method -- 3 Results and Discussion. , 3.1 Overview of System Performance -- 3.2 Performance of Conventional SBR Cycle -- 3.3 Evaluation of Conventional SBR Cycle -- 3.4 Performance of Modified SBR Cycle (Step-Feed Process) -- 3.5 Evaluation of Modified SBR Cycle -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Response Surface Optimization of Phosphate Removal from Aqueous Solution Using a Natural Adsorbent -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Adsorbent -- 2.2 Adsorbate -- 2.3 Analytical Methods -- 2.4 Adsorption Experiments -- 2.5 RSM-Based Experimental Design, Modelling and Statistical Analysis -- 2.6 Equilibrium Kinetics and Isotherms Studies -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Characterization of Adsorbent and Adsorption Process -- 3.2 RSM Model Fitting and ANOVA Analysis -- 3.3 Interaction of Variables and the Effect on Response -- 3.4 Process Optimization and Experimental Validation -- 3.5 Equilibrium Kinetics and Isotherms Studies -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Water Using Adsorption -- 1 Background -- 2 Adverse Effects of ECs -- 3 Treatment Technologies -- 4 Clay as Adsorbent -- 5 Experimental Studies on Organo Clay in Adsorbing Ciprofloxacin from Water -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Hydrological and Quality Issues: Surface Water -- Chapter 10: Hydrological Regimes and Zooplankton Ecology at Tempe Floodplains, Indonesia: Preliminary Study Before the Operati... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Environmental Variables -- 3.2 Zooplankton -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Organics and Heavy Metals Content in River Receiving the Effluent of Municipal Landfill Leachate Treatment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV: Hydrological and Quality Issues: Groundwater Contamination. , Chapter 12: Tracing the Significance of River for Arsenic Enrichment and Mobilization -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Groundwater Sampling -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in 14 Districts in Sri Lanka: A Collaboration Research Between Sri Lanka and Jap... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater Affecting Holocene Aquifers of India: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Bengal Delta (West Bengal) -- 3.2 Middle Ganga Plain -- 3.3 Ghaghara Valley -- 3.4 Terai Plain of Nepal and West Bengal -- 3.5 Brahmaputra Valley -- 3.6 Barak Valley -- 3.7 Manipur Valley -- 4 Source and Release of Arsenic to Groundwater -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15: Water Quality Evaluation in a Rural Stretch of Tezpur, Assam (India) Using Water Quality Index and Correlation Mat... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Sampling Area -- 2.2 Sampling and Analysis -- 2.3 Ground Water Quality Index -- 2.4 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Water Quality Parameters -- 3.2 Ground Water Quality Index -- 3.3 Statistical Analysis -- 3.3.1 Basic Statistics -- 3.3.2 Correlation Coefficient -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Part V: Hydrological and Quality Issues: Water Resource in Changing Paradigm -- Chapter 16: Meltwater Quality and Quantity Assessment in the Himalayan Glaciers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Assessment of Meltwater Quality -- 2.1 Chemical Weathering and Hydrogeochemical Processes -- 2.2 Input from Atmospheric Precipitation and Anthropogenic Activities -- 3 Assessment of Meltwater Quantity -- 3.1 Meltwater Runoff -- 3.2 Suspended Sediment Transport. , 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17: Delineation of Point Sources of Recharge in Karst Settings -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Spring Hydrology -- 3.2 Hydrogeochemistry -- 3.3 Water Isotopes in Catchment Waters -- 3.4 Field Investigations -- 3.5 Tracer Test -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18: Identify the Major Reasons to Cause Vulnerability to Mekong Delta Under the Impacts of Drought and Climate Change -- 1 Mekong Delta -- 2 Assessment Method of Drought Impacts to Eco-social Sectors -- 3 Identification of Drought Impact Types and Causes -- 3.1 The Identification of Drought Impact Types to Each Sector in Mekong Delta -- 3.2 Major Drought Impacts to Each Sector in Mekong Delta -- 3.3 The Causes of Major Drought Impact Types -- 3.4 The Sectors Vulnerable Caused by Drought Impacts in Mekong Delta -- 3.5 Importance of Identification of Major Drought Impact Types and Vulnerable Sector -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 19: Multi-pathway Risk Assessment of Trihalomethanes Exposure in Drinking Water Supplies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Analysis of THMs -- 2.2 Cancer Risk Estimation -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Concentration Range of THMs in Drinking Water Supplies -- 3.2 Risk Assessment -- 3.2.1 Cancer Risk Through Oral Ingestion -- 3.2.2 Cancer Risk from Dermal Absorption -- 3.2.3 Cancer Risk from Inhalation Route -- 3.2.4 Non-cancer Risk Assessment -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 20: The Study of Water Losses Using Knowledge Based System Approach -- 1 Water-Issues and Objectives -- 1.1 The Study Area -- 1.2 Water Balance -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Visual Basic Development -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Knowledge Base -- 3.2 User Interface -- 3.3 Non-revenue Water Expert System (NRWES) -- 3.4 NRW Detections. , 3.5 Non-revenue Water Estimation.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Mathematical Chemistry and applications: Volume 1 -- Copyright -- Cover art -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1: Mathematical Structural Descriptors of Molecules and Biomolecules: Background and applications -- Introduction -- Molecular Structure -- Statistical Methods for Qsar Model Development -- Differential Qsar to Characterize Molecular Basis of Drug Resistance -- Similarity: Birds (and Chemicals!) of a Feather Flock together -- Mathematical Descriptors of Nucleic acid Sequences -- Descriptors From Mathematical Proteomics -- Combined Use of Chemodescriptors and Biodescriptors for Bioactivity Prediction -- Conclusion -- Guest Editorial -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- References -- Chapter 2: Ordering Thinking in Chemistry -- Introduction -- Mathematical Way of Thinking -- Order Theory in The Mathematical Way of Thinking in Chemistry -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- References -- Chapter 3: On The Concept for Overall topological Representation of Molecular Structure -- Introduction -- From Simple Graph-invariants to a More General Representation of Molecular topology -- Topological Complexity as a Guide in The Search for a Generalized topological Characterization of Molecular Structure -- The Concept for Overall topological Descriptors of Molecular Structure -- Formulas for The Overall topological indices of Some Classes of Graphs -- Overall topological indices Capture The Patterns of increasing Molecular Complexity -- Overall topological indices (oi) Provide a Basis for High Structure-property and Structure-activity Correlations -- Alternative approaches to a More Complete topological Representation of Molecular Structure -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- References. , Chapter 4: The Four Connectivity Matrices, Their indices, Polynomials and Spectra -- Introduction -- Product-connectivity Matrices -- Sum-connectivity Matrices -- Comparisons Between The Connectivity indices -- Connectivity Polynomials -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 5: The Use of Weighted 2D Fingerprints in Similaritybased Virtual Screening -- Introduction -- Previous Studies -- Methods -- Inverse Frequency Weighting -- Frequency Weighting -- Conclusion -- Appendix -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 6: Molgen 5.0, A Molecular Structure Generator -- Introduction -- Applications -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7: On Comparability Graphs: Theory and applications -- Introduction -- Comparability Graphs -- Applications -- Summary and Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- Abbreviations and Notations -- References -- Chapter 8: Basic Concepts and applications of Molecular topology to Drug Design -- Introduction -- Methodology and applications -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9: Conceptual Density Functional Theory of Chemical Reactivity -- Introduction -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- Abbreviations and Symbols of Some Important Quantities -- References -- Chapter 10: Mathematical (structural) Descriptors in Qsar: applications in Drug Design and Environmental toxicology -- Introduction -- Structural Descriptors -- Qsar in Drug Discovery -- Qsar in Environmental toxicology -- Caesar Models -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- References. , Chapter 11: Current Landscape of Hierarchical QSAR Modeling and its Applications: Some Comments on the Importance of Mathematical Descriptors as well as Rigorous Statistical Methods of Model Building and Validation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Tortuous History of Qsar: From 1868 to The Present Time -- 3. Calculation of Molecular Descriptors for Qsar -- 4. Hierarchical Qsar Development and Validation -- Discussion and Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- References -- Chapter 12: Recent advances in The assessment of Druglikeness Using 2D-structural Descriptors -- Introduction -- Development of Drug-like Filters (DLFS) From Structural Descriptors -- Druglike index (DLI) From Structural Descriptors -- Structural Descriptors for The analysis of Druglikeness: atom Type Diversity -- Atomic Level assessment of Druglikeness -- Future Direction -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 13: Role of In Silico Stereoelectronic Properties and Pharmacophores in Aid of Discovery of Novel Antimalarials, Antileishmanials, and Insect Repellents -- Introduction -- Results and Discussions -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 14: Molecular Taxonomy -- Introduction -- Strings and Their Periodicities -- Quarks and Their Periodicities -- Hadron Periodicities -- Nuclear Periodicity -- Atomic Periodicities -- Molecular Periodicities -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- References -- Subject index -- Back Cover.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Mathematical Chemistry and Applications: Volume 2 -- Copyright -- Cover Art -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1: Topological Efficiency Approach to Fullerene Stability Case Study with C50 -- Introduction -- Distance-based Invariants - The Wiener Index -- Distance-based Invariants - The Topological Efficiency Indices -- Topological Efficiency of C50 Isomers -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of Interest -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 2: Similarity in Chemical Reaction Networks: Categories, Concepts and Closures -- Introduction -- Final Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Chapter 3: Discrimination of Small Molecules Using Topological Molecular Descriptors -- Introduction -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Chapter 4: The Periodicity of Molecules -- Introduction -- Diatomic Molecules -- AH3 Type Tetra-atomic Molecules -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of Interest -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 5: The GRANCH Techniques for Analysis of DNA, RNA and Protein Sequences -- Introduction -- Global Characteristics of DNA Sequences -- Visualizing The DNA -- Numerical Characterization of DNA Sequences -- Graphical Representation And Numerical Characterization of Protein Sequences -- Applications of Granch Techniques -- Problems And Prospects of The Granch Technique -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of Interest -- Abbreviation -- References -- Chapter 6: Linear Regression, Model Averaging, and Bayesian Techniques for Predicting Chemical Activities from Structure -- Introduction -- A Statistical Goal -- Modeling -- Model Selection -- Model Averaging -- Bayesian Statistics -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of Interest -- References. , Chapter 7: Marine Algal Toxicity Models with Dunaliella tertiolecta: In Vivo and In Silico -- Introduction -- Materials And Methods -- Results And Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Chapter 8: Anti-Tubercular Drug Designing Using Structural Descriptors -- Computer-aided Drug Design Against Tuberculosis -- Application of Chemoinformatics -- Molecular Docking & -- Combinatorial Library -- Conclusive Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Chaptre 9: Integrating Bioinformatics and Systems Biology for Exploring Novel Lipid Pathways in Infectious Diseases -- Introduction -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of Interest -- Abbreviations -- References -- Website References -- Supplementary Files -- Chapter 10: Applications of Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics on the Inhibition of Quorum Sensing Systems -- Introduction -- Rational Design of Quorum Sensing Inhibitors -- Applications of Molecular Docking -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of Interest -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 11: Designing Models for Metalloenzymes -- Introduction -- Method Selection -- General Model of Enzymatic Catalysis -- Template Based Metaloenzymes -- Designing Template Qm Models -- Sequential Systems -- Designing Sequential Qm Models -- Allosteric Systems -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of Interest -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 12: The Multi-Factor Coupled Protein Folding: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations -- Introduction -- Space Limitation -- Pressure, Temperature And pH -- Structural Modifications -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Chapter 13: Generalized Topologies: Hypergraphs, Chemical Reactions, and Biological Evolution -- Introduction -- Generalized Topology. , Directed Hypergraphs As Topological Structures -- Dynamical Aspects -- Concluding Remarks: Coarse Graining -- Conflict of Interest -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- Subject Index -- Back Cover.

Note: Front Cover -- Biotechnology of Microbial Enzymes -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 Useful Microbial Enzymes-An Introduction -- 1.1 The Enzymes: A Class of Useful Biochemicals -- 1.2 Microbial Enzymes for Industry -- 1.3 Improvement of Enzymes -- 1.4 Discovery of New Enzymes -- 1.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Production, Purification, and Application of Microbial Enzymes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Production of Microbial Enzymes -- 2.2.1 Enzyme Production in Industries -- 2.2.2 Industrial Enzyme Production Technology -- 2.2.2.1 Submerged Fermentation -- 2.2.2.2 Solid State Fermentation -- 2.3 Strain Improvements -- 2.3.1 Mutation -- 2.3.2 Recombinant DNA (rDNA) Technology -- 2.3.3 Protein Engineering -- 2.4 Downstream Processing/Enzyme Purification -- 2.5 Product Formulations -- 2.6 Global Enzyme Market Scenarios -- 2.7 Industrial Applications of Enzymes -- 2.7.1 Food Industry -- 2.7.1.1 Starch Industry -- 2.7.1.2 Baking Industry -- 2.7.1.3 Brewing Industry -- 2.7.1.4 Fruit Juice Industry -- 2.7.2 Textile Industry -- 2.7.3 Detergent Industry -- 2.7.4 Pulp and Paper Industry -- 2.7.5 Animal Feed Industry -- 2.7.6 Leather Industry -- 2.7.7 Biofuel From Biomass -- 2.7.8 Enzyme Applications in the Chemistry and Pharma Sectors -- 2.7.8.1 Speciality Enzymes -- 2.7.8.2 Enzymes in Personal Care Products -- 2.7.8.3 Enzymes in DNA-Technology -- 2.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3 Solid State Fermentation for Production of Microbial Cellulases -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Solid State Fermentation (SSF) -- 3.2.1 Comparative Aspects of Solid State and Submerged Fermentations -- 3.2.2 Cellulase-Producing Microorganisms in SSF -- 3.2.3 Extraction of Microbial Cellulase in SSF -- 3.2.4 Measurement of Cellulase Activity in SSF -- 3.2.4.1 Filter Paper Activity (FPase). , 3.2.4.2 Carboxymethyl Cellulase Activity (CMCase) -- 3.2.4.3 Xylanase Activity -- 3.2.4.4 β-Glucosidase Activity -- 3.3 Lignocellulosic Residues/Wastes as Solid Substrates in SSF -- 3.4 Pretreatment of Agricultural Residues -- 3.4.1 Physical/Mechanical Pretreatments -- 3.4.1.1 Mechanical Comminution -- 3.4.1.2 Grinding/Milling/Chipping -- 3.4.2 Physico-Chemical Pretreatments -- 3.4.2.1 Steam Explosion (Autohydrolysis) -- 3.4.3 Chemical Pretreatments -- 3.4.4 Biological Pretreatment -- 3.5 Environmental Factors Affecting Microbial Cellulase Production in SSF -- 3.5.1 Water Activity/Moisture Content -- 3.5.2 Temperature -- 3.5.3 Mass Transfer Processes: Aeration and Nutrient Diffusion -- 3.5.3.1 Gas Diffusion -- 3.5.3.2 Nutrient Diffusion -- 3.5.4 Substrate Particle Size -- 3.5.5 Other Factors -- 3.6 Strategies to Improve Production of Microbial Cellulase -- 3.6.1 Metabolic Engineering and Strain Improvement -- 3.6.2 Recombinant Strategy (Heterologous Cellulase Expression) -- 3.6.2.1 Yeast Expression Systems -- 3.6.2.2 Bacterial Expression Systems -- 3.6.2.3 Plant Expression System -- 3.6.3 Mixed-Culture (Coculture) Systems -- 3.7 Fermenter (Bioreactor) Design for Cellulase Production in SSF -- 3.7.1 Tray Type Bioreactor -- 3.7.2 Rotary Drum Bioreactor -- 3.7.3 Packed Bed Bioreactor -- 3.7.4 Fluidized Bed Bioreactor -- 3.8 Biomass Conversion and Application of Microbial Cellulases -- 3.8.1 Textile Industry -- 3.8.2 Laundry and Detergents -- 3.8.3 Food and Animal Feed -- 3.8.4 Pulp and Paper Industry -- 3.8.5 Biofuels -- 3.9 Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- 4 Hyperthermophilic Subtilisin-Like Proteases From Thermococcus kodakarensis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Two Subtilisin-Like Serine Proteases From Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1 -- 4.3 Tk-Subtilisin -- 4.3.1 Ca2+-Dependent Maturation of Tk-Subtilisin. , 4.3.2 Crystal Structures of Tk-Subtilisin -- 4.3.3 Requirement of Ca2+-Binding Loop for Folding -- 4.3.4 Ca2+ Ion Requirements for Hyperstability -- 4.3.5 Role of Tkpro -- 4.3.6 Role of the Insertion Sequences -- 4.3.7 Cold-Adapted Maturation Through Tkpro Engineering -- 4.3.8 Degradation of PrPSc by Tk-Subtilisin -- 4.3.9 Tk-Subtilisin Pulse Proteolysis Experiments -- 4.4 Tk-SP -- 4.4.1 Maturation of Pro-Tk-SP -- 4.4.2 Crystal Structure of Pro-S359A* -- 4.4.3 Role of proN -- 4.4.4 Role of the C-Domain -- 4.4.5 PrPSc Degradation by Tk-SP -- 4.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 5 Enzymes from Basidiomycetes-Peculiar and Efficient Tools for Biotechnology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Brown and White Rot Fungi -- 5.3 Isolation and Laboratory Maintenance of Wood Rot Basidiomycetes -- 5.4 Basidiomycetes as Producers of Enzymes Involved in Degradation of Lignocellulose Biomass -- 5.4.1 Enzymes Involved in the Degradation of Cellulose and Hemicelluloses -- 5.4.2 Enzymes Involved in Lignin Degradation -- 5.5 Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes by Basidiomycetes: Screening and Production in Laboratory Scale -- 5.6 General Characteristics of the Main Ligninolytic Enzymes with Potential Biotechnological Applications -- 5.6.1 Laccases -- 5.6.2 Peroxidases -- 5.7 Industrial and Biotechnological Applications of Ligninolytic Enzymes from Basidiomycetes -- 5.7.1 Application of Ligninolytic Enzymes in Delignification of Vegetal Biomass and Biological Detoxification for Biofuel P ... -- 5.7.2 Application of Ligninolytic Enzymes in the Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds -- 5.7.3 Application of Ligninolytic Enzymes in the Degradation of Textile Dyes -- 5.7.4 Application of Ligninolytic Enzymes in Pulp and Paper Industry -- 5.8 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 6 Microbial Production and Molecular Engineering of Industrial Enzymes: Challenges and Strategies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Strategies for Achieving High-Level Expression of Industrial Enzymes in Microorganisms -- 6.2.1 Strategies for High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in E. coli -- 6.2.1.1 High-Level Expression of Enzymes by Transcriptional Regulation in E. coli -- 6.2.1.2 High-Level Expression of Enzymes by Translational Regulation in E. coli -- 6.2.1.3 Enhancement of the Expression of Enzymes by Different Protein Formations in E. coli -- 6.2.1.4 Improving Enzyme Production Yield by Fusion Proteins or Molecular Chaperones in E. coli -- 6.2.1.5 High-Level Expression of Enzymes by Codon Optimization in E. coli -- 6.2.1.6 Fermentation Optimization of Enzyme Production in E. coli -- 6.2.2 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Bacilli -- 6.2.3 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Lactic Acid Bacteria -- 6.2.4 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Yeasts -- 6.2.4.1 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in P. pastoris -- 6.2.4.2 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in S. cerevisiae -- 6.2.4.3 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Other Yeast Hosts -- 6.2.5 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Filamentous Fungi -- 6.2.5.1 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Aspergillus Species -- 6.2.5.2 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Trichoderma Species -- 6.2.5.3 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Other Filamentous Fungi Species -- 6.3 Molecular Engineering Strategies -- 6.3.1 Directed Evolution -- 6.3.2 Site-Directed Mutagenesis -- 6.3.3 Saturation Mutagenesis -- 6.3.4 Truncation -- 6.3.5 Fusion -- 6.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7 Metagenomics and the Search for Industrial Enzymes -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Dilemma Between Known, Engineered, or Novel Enzymes. , 7.3 Metagenomics and Its Application to Enzyme Research -- 7.4 Success Stories of Naïve and Direct Sequencing Screens for New Enzymes -- 7.5 Success Stories for Introducing Environmental Enzymes into the Market -- 7.6 Enzyme Search: Limitations of Metagenomics and Solutions -- 7.7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 The Pocket Manual of Directed Evolution: Tips and Tricks -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methods to Generate DNA Diversity -- 8.2.1 Mutagenic Methods -- 8.2.1.1 Random Mutagenesis -- 8.2.1.2 Saturation Mutagenesis -- 8.2.2 DNA Recombination Methods -- 8.2.2.1 In Vitro Methods -- 8.2.2.1.1 Homology-Dependent Recombination Methods -- 8.2.2.1.2 Homology-Independent Recombination Methods -- 8.2.2.2 In Vivo Methods -- 8.3 Computational Tools -- 8.4 Functional Expression Systems -- 8.5 Mutant Library Exploration -- 8.5.1 Genetic Selection Methods -- 8.5.2 High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Assays -- 8.5.3 Ultrahigh-Throughput Screening Assays -- 8.6 Forthcoming Trends in Directed Evolution -- 8.7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 9 Insights into the Structure and Molecular Mechanisms of β-Lactam Synthesizing Enzymes in Fungi -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Penicillin and Cephalosporin Biosynthesis: A Brief Overview -- 9.1.2 Genes Involved in Penicillin Biosynthesis -- 9.2 ACV Synthetase -- 9.2.1 The ACV Assembly Line -- 9.2.2 The Cleavage Function of the Integrated Thioesterase Domain -- 9.2.3 The Quality Control (Proofreading) Role of the Thioesterase Domain -- 9.2.4 ACV Analog Dipeptides and Tripeptides Synthesized by the ACVS in Vitro -- 9.3 Isopenicillin N Synthase -- 9.3.1 Binding and Lack of Cyclization of the LLL-ACV -- 9.3.2 The Iron-Containing Active Center -- 9.3.3 The Crystal Structure of IPNS -- 9.3.4 Oxidase and Oxygenase Activities of IPNS. , 9.3.5 Recent Advances on the Cyclization Mechanism.

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