Note: Intro -- Amphibian Conservation -- Amphibian Conservation -- Contents -- Advisory board -- About the authors -- Acknowledgements -- About this book -- The purpose of Conservation Evidence synopses -- Who is this synopsis for? -- The Conservation Evidence project -- Scope of the Amphibian Conservation synopsis -- Husbandry vs conservation of species -- How we decided which conservation interventions to include -- How we reviewed the literature -- How the evidence is summarized -- Terminology used to describe evidence -- Taxonomy -- Habitats -- Significant results -- Multiple interventions -- How you can help to change conservation practice. -- Threat: Residential and commercial development -- Key messages -- Protect brownfield or ex-industrial sites -- Restrict herbicide, fungicide and pesticide use on and around ponds on golf courses -- Legal protection of species -- 1.1 Protect brownfield or ex-industrial sites -- 1.2 Restrict herbicide, fungicide and pesticide use on and around ponds on golf courses -- 1.3 Legal protection of species -- Threat: Agriculture -- Key messages - engage farmers and other volunteers -- Pay farmers to cover the costs of conservation measures -- Engage landowners and other volunteers to manage land for amphibians -- Key messages - terrestrial habitat management -- Manage cutting regime -- Manage grazing regime -- Reduced tillage -- Maintain or restore hedges -- Plant new hedges -- Manage silviculture practices in plantations -- Key messages - aquatic habitat management -- Exclude domestic animals or wild hogs by fencing -- Manage ditches -- Engage farmers and other volunteers -- 2.1 Pay farmers to cover the costs of conservation measures -- 2.2 Engage landowners and other volunteers to manage land for amphibians -- Terrestrial habitat management -- 2.3 Manage cutting regime -- 2.4 Manage grazing regime. , 2.5 Reduce tillage -- 2.6 Maintain or restore hedges -- 2.7 Plant new hedges -- 2.8 Manage silviculture practices in plantations -- Aquatic habitat management -- 2.9 Exclude domestic animals or wild hogs by fencing -- 2.10 Manage ditches -- Threat: Energy production and mining -- Key messages -- Artificially mist habitat to keep it damp -- 3.1 Artificially mist habitat to keep it damp -- Threat: Transportation and service corridors -- Key messages -- Install culverts or tunnels as road crossings -- Install barrier fencing along roads -- Modify gully pots and kerbs -- Use signage to warn motorists -- Close roads during seasonal amphibian migration -- Use humans to assist migrating amphibians across roads -- 4.1 Install culverts or tunnels as road crossings -- 4.2 Install barrier fencing along roads -- 4.3 Modify gully pots and kerbs -- 4.4 Use signage to warn motorists -- 4.5 Close roads during seasonal amphibian migration -- 4.6 Use humans to assist migrating amphibians across roads -- Threat: Biological resource use -- Key messages - hunting and collecting terrestrial animals -- Use amphibians sustainably -- Threat: Biological resource use -- Reduce impact of amphibian trade -- Use legislative regulation to protect wild populations -- Commercially breed amphibians for the pet trade -- Key messages - logging and wood harvesting -- Thin trees within forests -- Harvest groups of trees instead of clearcutting -- Use patch retention harvesting instead of clearcutting -- Use leave-tree harvesting instead of clearcutting -- Use shelterwood harvesting instead of clearcutting -- Leave standing deadwood/snags in forests -- Leave coarse woody debris in forests -- Retain riparian buffer strips during timber harvest -- Hunting and collecting terrestrial animals -- 5.1 Use amphibians sustainably -- 5.2 Reduce impact of amphibian trade. , 5.3 Use legislative regulation to protect wild populations -- 5.4 Commercially breed amphibians for the pet trade -- Logging and wood harvesting -- 5.5 Thin trees within forests -- 5.6 Harvest groups of trees instead of clearcutting -- 5.7 Use patch retention harvesting instead of clearcutting -- 5.8 Use leave-tree harvesting instead of clearcutting -- 5.9 Use shelterwood harvesting instead of clearcutting -- 5.10 Leave standing deadwood/snags in forests -- 5.11 Leave coarse woody debris in forests -- 5.12 Retain riparian buffer strips during timber harvest -- Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance -- Key messages -- Use signs and access restrictions to reduce disturbance -- 6.1 Use signs and access restrictions to reduce disturbance -- Threat: Natural system modifications -- Key messages -- Use prescribed fire or modifications to burning regime -- Use herbicides to control mid-storey or ground vegetation -- Mechanically remove mid-storey or ground vegetation -- Regulate water levels -- 7.1 Use prescribed fire or modifications to burning regime -- 7.1.1 Forests -- 7.1.2 Grassland -- 7.2 Use herbicides to control mid-storey or ground vegetation -- 7.3 Mechanically remove mid-storey or ground vegetation -- 7.4 Regulate water levels -- Threat: Invasive alien and other problematic species -- Key messages - reduce predation by other species -- Threat: Invasive alien and other problematic species -- Remove or control mammals -- Remove or control fish population by catching -- Remove or control fish using rotenone -- Remove or control fish by drying out ponds -- Exclude fish with barriers -- Encourage aquatic plant growth as refuge against fish predation -- Remove or control invasive bullfrogs -- Remove or control invasive viperine snake -- Remove or control non-native crayfish -- Key messages - reduce competition with other species. , Reduce competition from native amphibians -- Remove or control invasive cane toads -- Remove or control invasive Cuban tree frogs -- Key messages - reduce adverse habitat alteration by other species -- Prevent heavy usage or exclude wildfowl from aquatic habitat -- Control invasive plants -- Key messages - reduce parasitism and disease - chytridiomycosis -- Sterilize equipment when moving between amphibian sites -- Use gloves to handle amphibians -- Remove the chytrid fungus from ponds -- Use zooplankton to remove zoospores -- Add salt to ponds -- Use antifungal skin bacteria or peptides to reduce infection -- Use antifungal treatment to reduce infection -- Use antibacterial treatment to reduce infection -- Use temperature treatment to reduce infection -- Treating amphibians in the wild or pre-release -- Immunize amphibians against infection -- Key messages - reduce parasitism and disease - ranaviruses -- Sterilize equipment to prevent ranaviruses -- Reduce predation by other species -- 8.1 Remove or control mammals -- 8.2 Remove or control fish population by catching -- 8.3 Remove or control fish using rotenone -- 8.4 Remove or control fish by drying out ponds -- 8.5 Exclude fish with barriers -- 8.6 Encourage aquatic plant growth as refuge against fish predation -- 8.7 Remove or control invasive bullfrogs -- 8.8 Remove or control invasive viperine snake -- 8.9 Remove or control non-native crayfish -- Reduce competition with other species -- 8.10 Reduce competition from native amphibians -- 8.11 Remove or control invasive cane toads -- 8.12 Remove or control invasive Cuban tree frogs -- Reduce adverse habitat alteration by other species -- 8.13 Prevent heavy usage or exclude wildfowl from aquatic habitat -- 8.14 Control invasive plants -- Reduce parasitism and disease - chytridiomycosis -- 8.15 Sterilize equipment when moving between amphibian sites. , 8.16 Use gloves to handle amphibians -- 8.17 Remove the chytrid fungus from ponds -- 8.18 Use zooplankton to remove zoospores -- 8.19 Add salt to ponds -- 8.20 Use antifungal skin bacteria or peptides to reduce infection -- 8.21 Use antifungal treatment to reduce infection -- 8.22 Use antibacterial treatment to reduce infection -- 8.23 Use temperature treatment to reduce infection -- 8.24 Treat amphibians in the wild or pre-release -- 8.25 Immunize amphibians against infection -- Reduce parasitism and disease - ranaviruses -- 8.26 Sterilize equipment to prevent ranavirus -- Threat: Pollution -- Key messages - agricultural pollution -- Plant riparian buffer strips -- Prevent pollution from agricultural lands or sewage treatment facilities entering watercourses -- Create walls or barriers to exclude pollutants -- Reduce pesticide, herbicide or fertilizer use -- Key messages - industrial pollution -- Add limestone to water bodies to reduce acidification -- Augment ponds with ground water to reduce acidification -- Agricultural pollution -- 9.1 Plant riparian buffer strips -- 9.2 Prevent pollution from agricultural lands or sewage treatment facilities entering watercourses -- 9.3 Create walls or barriers to exclude pollutants -- 9.4 Reduce pesticide, herbicide or fertilizer use -- Industrial pollution -- 9.5 Add limestone to water bodies to reduce acidification -- 9.6 Augment ponds with ground water to reduce acidification -- Threat: Climate change and severe weather -- Key messages -- Use irrigation systems for amphibian sites -- Maintain ephemeral ponds -- Deepen ponds to prevent desiccation -- Provide shelter habitat -- Artificially shade ponds to prevent desiccation -- Create microclimate and microhabitat refuges -- Protect habitat along elevational gradients -- 10.1 Use irrigation systems for amphibian sites -- 10.2 Maintain ephemeral ponds. , 10.3 Deepen ponds to prevent desiccation.

Note: Intro -- Bat Conservation -- Contents -- Advisory board -- About the authors -- Acknowledgements -- About this book -- The purpose of Conservation Evidence synopses -- Who this synopsis is for -- The Conservation Evidence project -- Scope of the Bat Conservation synopsis -- How we decided which bat conservation interventions to include -- How we reviewed the literature -- How the evidence is summarized -- Terminology used to describe evidence -- Taxonomy -- Significant results -- Interpretation of evidence -- IMPORTANT NOTE - defining the phrase 'we found no evidence' -- How you can help to change conservation practice -- Threat: Residential and commercial development -- Key messages -- Conserve existing roosts within developments -- Retain or relocate access points to bat roosts -- Create alternative roosts within buildings -- Change timing of building works -- Conserve old buildings or structures as roosting sites for bats -- Maintain bridges and retain crevices for roosting -- Protect brownfield sites -- Provide foraging habitat in urban areas -- Retain or replace existing bat commuting routes -- 1.1 Conserve existing roosts within developments -- 1.2 Retain or relocate access points to bat roosts -- 1.3 Create alternative roosts within buildings -- 1.4 Change timing of building works -- 1.5 Conserve old buildings or structures as roosting sites for bats -- 1.6 Maintain bridges and retain crevices for roosting -- 1.7 Protect brownfield sites -- 1.8 Provide foraging habitat in urban areas -- 1.9 Retain or replace existing bat commuting routes -- Threat: Agriculture -- Key messages - Land use change -- Conserve old buildings or structures as roosting sites for bats -- Retain old or dead trees with hollows and cracks as roosting sites for bats -- Retain or plant trees to replace foraging habitat for bats. , Protect or create wetlands as foraging habitat for bats -- Retain or replace existing bat commuting routes -- Key messages - Intensive farming -- Convert to organic farming -- Introduce agri-environment schemes -- Encourage agroforestry -- Land use change -- 2.1 Conserve old buildings or structures as roosting sites for bats -- 2.2 Retain dead/old trees with hollows and cracks as roosting sites for bats -- 2.3 Retain or plant trees to replace foraging habitat for bats -- 2.4 Protect or create wetlands as foraging habitat for bats -- 2.5 Retain or replace existing bat commuting routes -- Intensive farming -- 2.6 Convert to organic farming -- 2.7 Introduce agri-environment schemes -- 2.8 Encourage agroforestry -- Threat: Energy production - wind turbines -- Key messages -- Modify turbine design to reduce bat fatalities -- Modify turbine placement to reduce bat fatalities -- Leave a minimum distance between turbines and habitat features used by bats -- Deter bats from turbines using radar -- Deter bats from turbines using ultrasound -- Remove turbine lighting to avoid attracting bats -- Switch off turbines at low wind speeds to reduce bat fatalities -- Automatically switch off wind turbines when bat activity is high -- Close off nacelles on wind turbines to prevent roosting bats -- 3.1 Modify turbine design to reduce bat fatalities -- 3.2 Modify turbine placement to reduce bat fatalities -- 3.3 Leave a minimum distance between turbines and habitat features used by bats -- 3.4 Deter bats from turbines using radar -- 3.5 Deter bats from turbines using ultrasound -- 3.6 Remove turbine lighting to avoid attracting bats -- 3.7 Switch off turbines at low wind speeds to reduce bat fatalities -- 3.8 Automatically switch off wind turbines when bat activity is high -- 3.9 Close off nacelles in wind turbines to prevent roosting bats. , Threat: Energy production - mining -- Key messages -- Legally protect bat hibernation sites in mines from reclamation -- Provide artificial hibernacula to replace roosts lost in reclaimed mines -- Relocate bats from reclaimed mines to new hibernation sites -- 4.1 Legally protect bat hibernation sites in mines from reclamation -- 4.2 Provide artificial hibernacula to replace roosts lost in reclaimed mines -- 4.3 Relocate bats from reclaimed mines to new hibernation sites -- Threat: Transportation and service corridors -- Key messages - Roads -- Install underpasses as road crossing structures for bats -- Install overpasses as road crossing structures for bats -- Install bat gantries or bat bridges as road crossing structures for bats -- Install green bridges as road crossing structures for bats -- Install hop-overs as road crossing structures for bats -- Divert bats to safe crossing points with plantings or fencing -- Deter bats with lighting -- Replace or improve habitat for bats around roads -- 5.1 Install underpasses as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.2 Install overpasses as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.3 Install bat gantries or bat bridges as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.4 Install green bridges as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.5 Install hop-overs as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.6 Divert bats to safe crossing points with plantings or fencing -- 5.7 Deter bats with lighting -- 5.8 Replace or improve habitat for bats around roads -- Threat: Biological resource use -- Key messages - Hunting -- Introduce and enforce legislation to control hunting of bats -- Educate local communities about bats and hunting -- Threat: Biological resource use -- Introduce sustainable harvesting of bats -- Key messages - Guano harvesting -- Introduce and enforce legislation to regulate the harvesting of bat guano. , Introduce sustainable harvesting of bat guano -- Key messages - Logging and wood harvesting -- Use selective harvesting/reduced impact logging instead of clearcutting -- Use shelterwood cutting instead of clearcutting -- Thin trees within forests -- Manage woodland or forest edges for bats -- Retain deadwood/snags within forests for roosting bats -- Replant native trees -- Retain residual tree patches in logged areas -- Incorporate forested corridors or buffers into logged areas -- Hunting -- 6.1 Introduce and enforce legislation to control hunting of bats -- 6.2 Educate local communities about bats and hunting -- 6.3 Introduce sustainable harvesting of bats -- Guano harvesting -- 6.4 Introduce and enforce legislation to regulate harvesting of bat guano -- 6.5 Introduce sustainable harvesting of bat guano -- Logging and wood harvesting -- 6.6 Use selective harvesting/reduced impact logging instead of clearcutting -- 6.7 Use shelterwood cutting instead of clearcutting -- 6.8 Thin trees within forest -- 6.9 Manage forest or woodland edges for bats -- 6.10 Retain deadwood/snags within forests for roosting bats -- 6.11 Replant native trees -- 6.12 Retain residual tree patches in logged areas -- 6.13 Incorporate forested corridors or buffers into logged areas -- Threat: Human disturbance - caving and tourism -- Key messages -- Use cave gates to restrict public access -- Maintain microclimate at underground hibernation/roost sites -- Impose restrictions on cave visits -- Educate the public to reduce disturbance to hibernating bats -- Legally protect bat hibernation sites -- Provide artificial hibernacula for bats to replace disturbed sites -- 7.1 Use cave gates to restrict public access -- 7.2 Maintain microclimate at hibernation/roost sites -- 7.3 Impose restrictions on cave visits -- 7.4 Educate the public to reduce disturbance to hibernating bats. , 7.5 Legally protect bat hibernation sites -- 7.6 Provide artificial hibernacula for bats to replace disturbed sites -- Threat: Natural system modification - natural fire and fire suppression -- Key messages -- Use prescribed burning -- 8.1 Use prescribed burning -- Threat: Invasive species and disease -- Key messages - Invasive species -- Remove invasive plant species -- Control invasive predators -- Translocate to predator or disease free areas -- Key messages - White-nose syndrome -- Control anthropogenic spread -- Increase population resistance -- Cull infected bats -- Modify cave environments to increase bat survival -- Invasive species -- 9.1 Remove invasive plant species -- 9.2 Control invasive predators -- 9.3 Translocate to predator or disease free areas -- White-nose syndrome -- 9.4 Control anthropogenic spread -- 9.5 Increase population resistance -- 9.6 Cull infected bats -- 9.7 Modify cave environments to increase bat survival -- Threat: Pollution -- Key messages - Domestic and urban waste water -- Change effluent treatments -- Key messages - Agricultural and forestry effluents -- Introduce legislation to control use -- Change effluent treatments -- Key messages - Light and noise pollution -- Leave bat roosts, roost entrances and commuting routes unlit -- Minimize excess light pollution -- Restrict timing of lighting -- Use low pressure sodium lamps or use UV filters -- Impose noise limits in proximity to roosts and bat habitats -- Key messages - Timber treatments -- Use mammal safe timber treatments in roof spaces -- Restrict timing of treatment -- Domestic and urban waste water -- 10.1 Change effluent treatments -- Agricultural and forestry effluents -- 10.2 Introduce legislation to control use -- 10.3 Change effluent treatments -- Light and noise pollution -- 10.4 Leave bat roosts, roost entrances and commuting routes unlit. , 10.5 Minimize light pollution.

Note: Intro -- Advisory board -- About the authors -- Acknowledgements -- About this book -- 1 Threat: Residential and commercial development -- Key messages -- 1.1 Conserve existing roosts within developments -- 1.2 Retain or relocate access points to bat roosts -- 1.3 Create alternative roosts within buildings -- 1.4 Change timing of building works -- 1.5 Conserve old buildings or structures as roosting sites for bats -- 1.6 Maintain bridges and retain crevices for roosting -- 1.7 Protect brownfield sites -- 1.8 Provide foraging habitat in urban areas -- 1.9 Retain or replace existing bat commuting routes -- 2 Threat: Agriculture -- Key messages - Land use change -- Key messages - Intensive farming -- Land use change -- 2.1 Conserve old buildings or structures as roosting sites for bats -- 2.2 Retain dead/old trees with hollows and cracks as roosting sites for bats -- 2.3 Retain or plant trees to replace foraging habitat for bats -- 2.4 Protect or create wetlands as foraging habitat for bats -- 2.5 Retain or replace existing bat commuting routes -- Intensive farming -- 2.6 Convert to organic farming -- 2.7 Introduce agri-environment schemes -- 2.8 Encourage agroforestry -- 3 Threat: Energy production - wind turbines -- 3.1 Modify turbine design to reduce bat fatalities -- 3.2 Modify turbine placement to reduce bat fatalities -- 3.3 Leave a minimum distance between turbines and habitat features used by bats -- 3.4 Deter bats from turbines using radar -- 3.5 Deter bats from turbines using ultrasound -- 3.6 Remove turbine lighting to avoid attracting bats -- 3.7 Switch off turbines at low wind speeds to reduce bat fatalities -- 3.8 Automatically switch off wind turbines when bat activity is high -- 3.9 Close off nacelles in wind turbines to prevent roosting bats -- 4 Threat: Energy production - mining. , 4.1 Legally protect bat hibernation sites in mines from reclamation -- 4.2 Provide artificial hibernacula to replace roosts lost in reclaimed mines -- 4.3 Relocate bats from reclaimed mines to new hibernation sites -- 5 Threat: Transportation and service corridors -- Key messages - Roads -- 5.1 Install underpasses as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.2 Install overpasses as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.3 Install bat gantries or bat bridges as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.4 Install green bridges as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.5 Install hop-overs as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.6 Divert bats to safe crossing points with plantings or fencing.

Note: Intro -- Advisory board -- About the authors -- Acknowledgements -- About this book -- 1 Threat: Residential and commercial development -- Key messages -- 1.1 Protect brownfield or ex-industrial sites -- 1.2 Restrict herbicide, fungicide and pesticide use on and around ponds on golf courses -- 1.3 Legal protection of species -- 2 Threat: Agriculture -- Key messages - engage farmers and other volunteers -- Key messages - terrestrial habitat management -- Key messages - aquatic habitat management -- Engage farmers and other volunteers -- 2.1 Pay farmers to cover the costs of conservation measures -- 2.2 Engage landowners and other volunteers to manage land for amphibians -- Terrestrial habitat management -- 2.3 Manage cutting regime -- 2.4 Manage grazing regime -- 2.5 Reduce tillage -- 2.6 Maintain or restore hedges -- 2.7 Plant new hedges -- 2.8 Manage silviculture practices in plantations -- Aquatic habitat management -- 2.9 Exclude domestic animals or wild hogs by fencing -- 2.10 Manage ditches -- 3 Threat: Energy production and mining -- 3.1 Artificially mist habitat to keep it damp -- 4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors -- 4.1 Install culverts or tunnels as road crossings -- 4.2 Install barrier fencing along roads -- 4.3 Modify gully pots and kerbs -- 4.4 Use signage to warn motorists -- 4.5 Close roads during seasonal amphibian migration -- 4.6 Use humans to assist migrating amphibians across roads -- 5 Threat: Biological resource use -- Key messages - hunting and collecting terrestrial animals -- Key messages - logging and wood harvesting -- Hunting and collecting terrestrial animals -- 5.1 Use amphibians sustainably -- 5.2 Reduce impact of amphibian trade -- 5.3 Use legislative regulation to protect wild populations -- 5.4 Commercially breed amphibians for the pet trade -- Logging and wood harvesting. , 5.5 Thin trees within forests -- 5.6 Harvest groups of trees instead of clearcutting -- 5.7 Use patch retention harvesting instead of clearcutting -- 5.8 Use leave-tree harvesting instead of clearcutting -- 5.9 Use shelterwood harvesting instead of clearcutting -- 5.10 Leave standing deadwood/snags in forests.