Note: Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Foreword -- Part I Synthesis/Overview -- 1 Knowledge Gained from Video-Monitoring Grassland Passerine Nests -- 2 Conservation Implications When the Nest Predators Are Known -- 3 Gamebirds and Nest Cameras: Present and Future -- Part II Breeding Behavior -- 4 Hatching And Fledging Times From Grassland Passerine Nests -- 5 Attendance Patterns And Survival of Western Meadowlark Nests -- 6 Sprague's Pipit Incubation Behavior -- 7 Patterns of Incubation Behavior In Northern Bobwhites -- 8 The Influence of Weather on Shorebird Incubation -- 9 Nocturnal Activity of Nesting Shrubland and Grassland Passerines -- Part III Behavioral Responses to Predation/Predator Identification -- 10 Bird Productivity and Nest Predation In Agricultural Grasslands -- 11 Predatory Identity can Explain Nest Predation Patterns -- 12 Nest Defense: Grassland Bird Responses To Snakes -- 13 Partial Depredations On Northern Bobwhite Nests -- 14 Identification of Sprague's Pipit Nest Predators -- Part IV Technology -- 15 Development of Camera Technology For Monitoring Nests -- Appendix -- Index -- Complete Series List.

Note: Intro -- ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITES: FEATURES AND ACQUISITION PLANS -- ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITES: FEATURES AND ACQUISITION PLANS -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: GEOSTATIONARY OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITES: IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED IN CONTINUITY PLANNING AND INVOLVEMENT OF KEY USERS -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- BACKGROUND -- Overview of the GOES-R Program -- Acquisition Strategy -- Program Office Structure -- Prior Report Noted Challenges with Instrument Development and Recommended Steps to Improve Management and Oversight -- GOES-R IS IN DEVELOPMENT, BUT DELAYS IN KEY PROGRAM MILESTONES HAVE ENDANGERED SATELLITE CONTINUITY -- Progress Continues to Be Made on GOES-R Procurement, but Much Work Remains to Be Completed on the Flight and Ground Projects -- Flight Project-Progress Made, but Two Instruments Have Experienced Technical Challenges -- Ground Project-Development Is Under Way, but Important Work Remains to Be Done -- Continued Delays in Launch Dates Put the Continuity of Satellite Operations at Risk -- NOAA HAS NOT ESTABLISHED ADEQUATE CONTINUITY PLANS FOR ITS GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES -- NOAA'S EFFORTS TO INVOLVE EXTERNAL GOES DATA USERS, PRIORITIZE THEIR DATA NEEDS, AND COMMUNICATE PROGRAM STATUS HAVE SHORTFALLS -- Key GOES Data Users Have Been Identified, but Efforts to Involve Other Federal Agencies and Prioritize Their Data Needs Are Not Sufficient -- NOAA Has Not Effectively Communicated with Other Federal Agencies -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXECUTIVE ACTION -- AGENCY COMMENTS -- APPENDIX I: OBJECTIVES, SCOPE, AND METHODOLOGY -- End Notes -- End Notes for Appendix I -- Chapter 2: ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITES: STRATEGY NEEDED TO SUSTAIN CRITICAL CLIMATE AND SPACE WEATHER MEASUREMENTS -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO RECOMMENDS. , WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- BACKGROUND -- Current Environmental Satellite Programs Include Both Operational and Research Satellites -- Operational Environmental Satellites -- Research Satellites -- Environmental Satellite Data and Products -- An Overview of Climate Products and Uses -- An Overview of Space Weather Products and Uses -- Federal Responsibilities for Environmental Satellites, Satellite Data Processing, and Climate and Space Weather Products -- Climate Responsibilities -- Space Weather Responsibilities -- Interagency Coordination of Satellite-Provided Environmental Observations -- Executive Oversight of Federal Environmental Observations -- Prior GAO Reports Recommended Developing Plans to Restore Cancelled Instruments -- FEDERAL AGENCIES HAVE NOT ESTABLISHED PLANS TO RESTORE ALL CAPABILITIES REMOVED FROM THE NPOESS AND GOES-R PROGRAMS -- Federal Efforts to Ensure the Long-term Provision of Satellite Climate Data Are Insufficient -- FEDERAL AGENCIES LACK A STRATEGY FOR THE LONG-TERM PROVISION OF SPACE WEATHER DATA -- CONCLUSIONS -- Recommendations for Executive Action -- AGENCY COMMENTS AND OUR EVALUATION -- APPENDIX I: OBJECTIVES, SCOPE, AND METHODOLOGY -- APPENDIX II: KEY FEDERAL ORGANIZATIONS WITH CLIMATE AND SPACE WEATHER RESPONSIBILITIES -- APPENDIX III: FEDERAL ORGANIZATIONS THAT PARTICIPATE IN INTERAGENCY COORDINATION GROUPS -- End Notes -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- UNITED STATES NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION FUNCTIONS, FUNDING, AND PROGRAMS -- UNITED STATES NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION FUNCTIONS, FUNDING, AND PROGRAMS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 THE U.S. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION: AN OVERVIEW -- SUMMARY -- BACKGROUND -- ORGANIZATION AND THE FY2013 REQUEST -- Biological Sciences (BIO) -- Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE) -- Engineering (ENG) -- Geosciences (GEO) -- Mathematical and Physical Sciences (MPS) -- Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences (SBE) -- Education and Human Resources (EHR) -- OTHER PROGRAM ACTIVITIES AND ACCOUNTS -- Policy Issues -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 EMPOWERING THE NATION THROUGH DISCOVERY AND INNOVATION: NSF STRATEGIC PLAN FOR FISCAL YEARS (FY) 2011-2016 -- I. INTRODUCTION -- NSF Core Values -- II. MISSION -- III. VISION -- IV. PLANNING IN A DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT -- V. STRATEGIC GOALS AND PERFORMANCE GOALS -- Transform the Frontiers -- Performance Goals -- Innovate for Society -- Performance Goals -- I-1: Make investments that lead to results and resources that are useful to society. -- I-2: Build the capacity of the nation's citizenry for addressing societal challenges through science and engineering. -- I-3: Support the development of innovative learning systems. -- Perform as a Model Organization -- Preformance Goals -- M-1: Achieve management excellence through leadership, accountability, and personal responsibility. -- M-2: Infuse learning as an essential element of the NSF culture with emphasis on professional development and personal growth. -- M-3: Encourage and sustain a culture of creativity and innovation across the agency to ensure continuous improvement and achieve high levels of customer service. -- VI. STRATEGIES AND MEANS -- Core Strategies -- Means for Carrying out Core Strategies -- VII. EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT. , New Approaches to Evaluation and Assessment -- End Notes -- Chapter 3 AN ANALYSIS OF STEM EDUCATION FUNDING AT THE NSF: TRENDS AND POLICY DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- Methodology, Sources, Data, and Notes -- HISTORICAL FUNDING TRENDS AT NSF -- By Character Class -- By Appropriations Account -- POLICY ISSUES AND OBSERVATIONS -- What Policy Rationale Drives Funding for STEM Education at NSF? -- What Are NSF's STEM Education Activities? -- What Is NSF's Role in the Federal STEM Education Portfolio? -- The Federal STEM Education Effort: Selected Governance Concerns -- Duplication and Consolidation -- A Federal STEM Education Strategy -- What Impact Might Changes in the NSF STEM Education Account Have on Research Activities at NSF? -- OPTIONS FOR CONGRESS -- APPENDIX A. APPROPRIATIONS DATA -- APPENDIX B. CHARACTER CLASS DATA -- End Notes -- Chapter 4 U.S. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION: EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM TO STIMULATE COMPETITIVE RESEARCH (EPSCOR) -- SUMMARY -- BACKGROUND -- EPSCOR GOALS AND MISSION -- OPERATION AND FUNDING -- PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS -- ISSUES -- CONGRESSIONAL ACTIVITY -- End Notes -- Chapter 5 U.S. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION: MAJOR RESEARCH EQUIPMENT AND FACILITY CONSTRUCTION -- SUMMARY -- BACKGROUND -- DEFINITION OF A MAJOR RESEARCH FACILITY -- CONGRESSIONAL HEARING ON PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES -- AUDIT OF FUNDING FOR MAJOR RESEARCH EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES -- CONGRESSIONAL ACTIVITY -- PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES -- TERMINATION OF A MAJOR RESEARCH PROJECT -- MREFC SUPPORT IN THE FY2013 BUDGET REQUEST -- APPENDIX -- End Notes -- Chapter 6 HEARING CHARTER FOR ''AN OVERVIEW OF THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2013'' -- 1. PURPOSE -- 2. WITNESSES -- 3. HEARING OVERVIEW -- NSF Overview -- NSF Budget Summary -- NSF Budget Priorities -- Research and Related Activities (RRA). , Education and Human Resources (EHR) -- Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC) -- Agency Operations and Award Management (AOAM) -- National Science Board (NSB) -- Office of the Inspector General (OIG) -- Interagency Research Activities -- National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) -- Networking and Information Technology R& -- D (NITRD) -- U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) -- APPENDIX A: ONENSF FRAMEWORK PRIORITIES 6 -- End Notes -- Chapter 7 TESTIMONY OF DR. SUBRA SURESH, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION. HEARING ON ''AN OVERVIEW OF THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2013'' -- NSF: BUILDING A FOUNDATION FOR SUCCESS -- THE NSF FY 2013 BUDGET REQUEST -- Budget Rationale -- One NSF Framework -- The Intersection of Research and Education -- Continued Investment in American Innovation and Entrepreneurship -- World Class Scientific Infrastructure -- Excellence in Operations -- Efficient Management -- CONCLUSION -- Chapter 8 TESTIMONY OF DR. RAY M. BOWEN, CHAIRMAN, NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD. HEARING ON ''AN OVERVIEW OF THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2013'' -- INTRODUCTION -- FISCAL YEAR 2013 BUDGET REQUEST -- U.S. LEADERSHIP IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -- PUBLIC RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES -- THE GLOBALIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION -- NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD ACTIVITIES -- Merit Review Criteria -- Data Policies -- Instrumentation Report -- Board Involvement in Budget Planning -- CONCLUSION -- Chapter 9 FY 2011 PERFORMANCE AND FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS -- WHO WE ARE AND WHAT WE DO -- FROM THE DIRECTOR -- FOLLOWING THE MONEY -- HOW WE ARE DOING: PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHTS -- MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES -- LOOKING AHEAD: ONENSF -- FY 2011 NSF Executive Staff and Officers -- NSF Officers -- National Science Board Members in FY 2011 -- RESEARCH AND EDUCATION HIGHLIGHTS. , Controlling Machines with Our Minds -- Research Vessel -- Scratch -- End Notes -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- ESTROGENS: BIOCHEMISTRY, THERAPEUTIC USES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS -- ESTROGENS: BIOCHEMISTRY, THERAPEUTIC USES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: ESTROGENS AS MEDIATORS OF OBESITY-INDUCED INFLAMMATION -- ABSTRACT -- ABBREVIATIONS -- ADIPOSE TISSUE-RELATED INFLAMMATION -- ESTROGEN SIGNALING -- ESTROGEN TURNOVER IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE -- MODELS OF ESTROGEN INSUFFICIENCY -- ESTROGENS AND ADIPOSE TISSUE MASS, DISTRIBUTION AND CELLULARITY -- ESTROGENS AND AT INFLAMMATION -- XENOESTROGENS AND OBESITY-ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN USE, FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE ON COGNITIVE TESTS DEMANDING ATTENTION IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN -- INTRODUCTION -- METHOD -- Sustained Attention -- Attention Span -- Word Repetition Span -- RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: THE ROLE OF ESTROGENS IN OSTEOARTHRITIS AND INFLAMMATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ESTROGEN RECEPTORS STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS -- ESTROGEN ON INFLAMMATION -- ESTROGEN AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS -- ESTROGEN AND OSTEOARTHRITIS -- CONCLUSION -- COMPETING INTERESTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: ESTROGEN IN REGULATING THE GENDER DISPARITY OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- HCC OCCURS PREFERENTIALLY IN MALES,WITH THE SEX DIFFERENCE STARTING FROM CHRONIC HEPATITIS -- THE INVOLVEMENT OF ANDROGEN AXIS IN PROMOTING MALE HCC -- THE INVOLVEMENT OF ESTROGEN AXIS IN PROTECTING FEMALE HCC: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE AND ANIMAL STUDIES -- WILD TYPE AND VARIANT ESTROGEN RECEPTORSIN NORMAL AND HCC LIVER TISSUES -- MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF ESTROGEN AXIS IN FEMALE HCC. , THE MECHANISMS OF ESTROGEN AXIS IN PREVENTING HEPATIC FIBROSIS AND STEATOSIS -- THE REGULATORY MECHANISMS FOR THE DOWN-REGULATION OF ERa IN FEMALE HCC -- THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE HEPATITISVIRUS B AND ESTROGEN PATHWAY -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL EFFECTS OF ESTROGENS ON GENE EXPRESSION: MESSENGER RNA STABILITYAND TRANSLATION REGULATEDBY MICRORNAS AND OTHER FACTORS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ESTROGENS STABILIZE AND DESTABILIZESPECIFIC MRNAS -- ESTROGENS AFFECT MRNA TRANSLATION -- ESTROGEN ACTIONS AND MICRORNAS -- MicroRNAs - Biogenesis and Regulation of Gene Expression -- Estrogens Regulate Expression of MicroRNA Genes in Responsive Tissues during Normal Physiology and Disease -- MicroRNAs Regulate ER Gene Expression and Estrogen Actions -- FUTURE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO REGULATINGPOST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL ESTROGEN ACTIONS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Dedication -- Consultant/Reviewers -- Contents -- Part I: Organization of the Body -- Chapter 1: ORIENTATION TO THE HUMAN BODY -- Organization of the Body -- Organ Systems -- Anatomical Terms -- Directional Terms -- Body Planes -- Body Regions -- Body Cavities -- Abdominal Regions and Quadrants -- Homeostasis -- Homeostatic Regulation -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Chapter 2: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE -- Basic Structures of Life -- Elements -- Atoms -- Isotopes -- Chemical Bonds -- Basic Processes of Life -- Energy -- Metabolism -- Chemical Reactions -- Compounds of Life -- Inorganic Molecules -- Organic Compounds -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Chapter 3: CELLS -- Cell Variations -- Cell Structure -- Plasma Membrane -- Nucleus -- Cytoplasm and Organelles -- Cytoskeleton -- Movement Through Cell Membranes -- Passive Transport -- Active Transport -- Cellular Growth and Reproduction -- DNA Structure -- RNA Structure -- Protein Synthesis -- Transcription -- Translation -- Cell Growth and Reproduction -- The Cell Cycle -- Mitosis -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Part II: Covering, support, and movement of the body -- Chapter 4: TISSUES -- Tissue Development -- Epithelial Tissue -- Classification of Epithelial Tissue -- Connective Tissue -- Components of Connective Tissue -- Types of Connective Tissue -- Nervous Tissue -- Muscle Tissue -- Skeletal Muscle -- Cardiac Muscle -- Smooth Muscle -- Tissue Repair -- Steps in Tissue Repair -- Membranes -- Epithelial Membranes -- Connective Tissue Membranes -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Chapter 5: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM -- Structure of the Skin -- Layers of the Epidermis -- Skin Color. , Functions of the Skin -- Appendages of the Skin -- Hair -- Nails -- Glands -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Chapter 6: BONES & -- BONE TISSUE -- Bone Functions -- Classification of Bones -- Parts of a Long Bone -- Bone Tissue -- Types of Bone Tissue -- Bone Development Bone Marrow -- Intramembranous Ossification -- Endochondral Ossification -- Bone Remodeling -- Bone Fractures -- Fracture Repair -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Chapter 7: SKELETAL SYSTEM -- Overview of the Skeletal System -- Bone Surface Markings -- The Adult Skeleton -- Bones of the Skeletal System -- The Skull -- Cranium -- Suture Lines -- Foramen Magnum -- Facial Bones -- Bones Associated with the Skull -- Sinuses -- The Infant Skull -- The Vertebral Column -- Five Sections of the Vertebral Column -- Normal Curvatures of the Spine -- Vertebrae Characteristics -- Intervertebral Disc -- Specialty Vertebrae -- The Thoracic Cage -- Sternum -- Ribs -- Pectoral Girdle -- Upper Limb -- Hand -- Pelvic Girdle -- Pelvis -- Lower Limb -- Femur -- Patella -- Fibula -- Tibia -- Foot and Ankle -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Chapter 8: JOINTS -- Classifications of Joints -- Fibrous Joints -- Cartilaginous Joints -- Synovial Joints -- Types of Synovial Joints -- Movements of Synovial Joints -- Key Synovial Joints -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Chapter 9: MUSCULAR SYSTEM -- Types of Muscle -- Cardiac Muscle -- Smooth Muscle -- Skeletal Muscle -- Skeletal Muscle Structure -- Structure of Muscle Fibers -- Muscle Contraction and Relaxation -- How Muscle Fibers Contract -- How Muscle Fibers Relax -- Muscle Tone -- Contraction of an Entire Muscle -- Controlling the Strength of a Contraction -- Isotonic and Isometric Contraction. , Energy Source for Contraction -- Muscle Function -- Superficial Muscles -- How Muscles Are Named -- Muscles of the Head and Neck -- Muscles of the Trunk -- Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Arm -- Muscles That Move the Forearm -- Muscles of the Wrist and Hand -- Muscles Acting on the Hip and Thigh -- Muscles Acting on the Foot -- Major Muscles of the Body -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Part III: Regulation and Integration of the body -- Chapter 10: NERVOUS SYSTEM -- Overview of the Nervous System -- Divisions of the Nervous System -- Nervous System Cells -- Neuroglia -- Neurons -- Neuron Structure -- Repair of Nerve Fibers -- Impulse Conduction -- Impulse Conduction in Myelinated Fibers -- Synapses -- Spinal Cord and Somatic Reflexes -- Structure of the Spinal Cord -- Attachment of Spinal Nerves -- Meninges of the Spinal Cord -- Spinal Tracts -- Spinal Nerves -- Categories of Spinal Nerves -- Dermatomes -- Somatic Reflexes -- The Brain and Cranial Nerves -- General Structures of the Brain -- Gray and White Matter -- Meninges of the Brain -- Ventricles -- Cerebrospinal Fluid -- Blood-Brain Barrier -- Divisions of the Brain -- Brainstem -- Cerebellum -- Diencephalon -- Cerebrum -- The Limbic System -- Functions of the Cerebral Cortex -- Motor Functions of the Cerebral Cortex -- Sensory Functions of the Cerebral Cortex -- Language -- Special Senses -- Sleep -- Memory -- Cerebral Lateralization -- Cranial Nerves -- Autonomic Nervous System -- Visceral Reflexes -- Structure of the Autonomic Nervous System -- Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System -- The Sympathetic Division -- The Parasympathetic Division -- Effects of the ANS on Target Organs -- Neurotransmitters -- Receptors -- Neurotransmitters and Receptors -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Chapter 11: SENSE ORGANS. , Sensory Receptors -- Classification of Receptors -- The General Senses -- Pain -- Temperature -- Touch -- The Special Senses -- Taste -- Smell -- Hearing -- Balance -- Vision -- Eye Anatomy -- The Process of Vision -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Chapter 12: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM -- Overview of the Endocrine System -- Comparison of Endocrine and Nervous Systems -- Hormones -- The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus -- Anterior Pituitary -- Posterior Pituitary -- Control of Pituitary Secretions -- Pineal Gland -- Thymus -- Thyroid Gland -- Parathyroid Glands -- Calcium Homeostasis -- Adrenal Glands -- Pancreas -- Regulation of Blood Glucose -- Gonads -- Other Endocrine Cells and Chemicals -- Prostaglandins -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Part IV: Maintenance of the body -- Chapter 13: BLOOD -- Components of Blood -- Blood Cell Formation -- Red Blood Cells -- Hemoglobin -- Life Cycle of Red Blood Cells -- Breakdown of Red Blood Cells -- White Blood Cells -- Granulocytes -- Agranulocytes -- Platelets and the Control of Bleeding -- Hemostasis -- Blood Types -- The Rh Group -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Chapter 14: HEART -- Structures of the Heart -- The Pericardium -- The Heart Wall -- The Heart Chambers and Great Vessels -- The Heart Valves -- The Heart Skeleton -- Heart Sounds -- Blood Flow Through the Heart -- Coronary Circulation -- Cardiac Conduction -- Electrocardiogram -- Cardiac Cycle -- Cardiac Output -- Heart Rate -- Stroke Volume -- Left Ventricular Failure -- Right Ventricular Failure -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Chapter 15: VASCULAR SYSTEM -- Vessel Structure -- Arteries -- Conducting Arteries -- Distributing Arteries -- Arterioles -- Veins -- Venules -- Medium-Sized Veins. , Large Veins -- Capillaries -- Capillary Organization -- Capillary Exchange -- Circulatory Routes -- Pulmonary Circulation -- Systemic Circulation -- Principles of Circulation -- Blood Pressure -- Peripheral Resistance -- Venous Return -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Chapter 16: LYMPHATIC & -- IMMUNE SYSTEMS -- Lymphatic System -- Lymph -- Lymphatic Vessels -- Lymphatic Tissues and Organs -- Overview of the Immune System -- Nonspecific Immunity -- External Barriers -- Phagocytosis -- Antimicrobial Proteins -- Natural Killer Cells -- Inflammation -- Fever -- Specific Immunity -- Lymphocytes -- Antibodies -- Cellular Immunity -- Humoral Immunity -- Immune System Disorders -- Hypersensitivity -- Autoimmune Diseases -- Immunodeficiency Diseases -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Chapter 17: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM -- Upper Respiratory Tract -- Nose and Nasal Cavities -- Pharynx -- Larynx -- Lower Respiratory Tract -- Trachea -- Bronchial Tree -- Alveoli -- Lungs -- Pulmonary Ventilation -- Respiratory Muscles -- Pressure and Airflow -- Measurements of Ventilation -- Variations in Respiratory Rhythm -- Gas Exchange -- How the Blood Transports Gases -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Chapter 18: URINARY SYSTEM -- Overview of the Urinary System -- The Kidneys -- Renal Circulation -- Renal Innervation -- Nephron -- Urine Formation -- Glomerular Filtration -- Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion -- Composition of Urine -- Storage and Elimination of Urine -- Ureters -- Urinary Bladder -- Urethra -- Urination -- Review of Key Terms -- Own the Information -- Test Your Knowledge -- Chapter 19: FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, ACID-BASE BALANCE -- Water Balance -- Fluid Compartments -- Balancing Water Gain and Loss -- Regulation of Intake and Output. , Disorders of Water Balance.

Note: Intro -- Phloem -- Contents -- Contributors -- Section A Introduction -- 1 Phloem, the Integrative Avenue -- 2 Cell Biology of Sieve Element-Companion Cell Complexes -- Development of the Sieve Element-Companion Cell Complex -- Symplastic Connections to and within the Phloem -- Origins and Development of Plasmodesmata -- Connections between SE-CCs and Surrounding Cells -- Sieve Pores-Connecting Sieve Elements into Sieve Tubes -- Modified Plasmodesmata between Sieve Elements and Companion Cells: The Pore-Plasmodesma Units -- Other Specialized Features of Sieve Elements -- The Sieve Element Reticulum -- Cytoskeletal Proteins in Mature Sieve Elements -- Transport between Sieve Element and Companion Cell -- Cytosolic Transport through PPUs -- Membrane-Associated Transport through PPUs -- Future Directions -- References -- 3 Fundamentals of Phloem Transport Physiology -- What's In?-Constituents and Their Concentrations in Sieve-Tube Sap -- Propulsion of a Nutrient Enriched Sap through Sieve Tubes-Pressure Flow and Its Physiological Implications -- Phloem Loading in Collection Phloem -- Phloem Loading Mechanisms and Pathways -- Pre-SE-CC Loading Transport Processes Are Common to All Phloem Loading Mechanisms and Pathways -- Apoplasmic Loaders-Probable Cellular Site of Apoplasmic Exchange and Membrane Transport Mechanisms -- Phloem Loading of Nutrients Other Than Sugars -- Phloem Loading of Water and SE-CC Water Relations -- Transport Phloem-the Multitasker -- Transport Phloem Functions -- Sugar and Amino N Leak and Retrieval Functions -- Net Resource Efflux from Transport Phloem -- Net Resource Influx into Transport Phloem -- Xylem-to-Phloem Exchange -- Release Phloem-Letting Go of the Translocation Stream -- Mapping Cellular Pathways of Phloem Unloading -- Some General Physiological Principles of Phloem Unloading. , Pressure Flow-Integrating Collection, Transport, and Release Phloem Functions -- Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section B Functional Aspects of Structural SE Components -- 4 Roles of Plasma Membrane Transporters in Phloem Functions -- Membrane Transporters and Loading of Resources in Collection Phloem -- Membrane Transporters Regulate Cytosolic Pool Sizes of Sugars in Mesophyll Cells Destined for Phloem Loading -- Sugars Are Retrieved into Mesophyll Cells during Their Symplasmic Transit to Collection Phloem -- Sugar Release in Apoplasmic Phloem Loading Species -- H+-ATPases: Membrane Potential Difference, ΔpH, and Alkalinization of Phloem Sap -- Membrane Transporters Loading Sucrose, the Ubiquitous Phloem Sugar, into SE-CCs -- Polyol and Inositol Transporters and Their Role(s) in Phloem Loading -- Potassium Channels: Working in Harmony with Sugar Transporters to Drive Phloem Translocation -- Phloem Loading of Water and Aquaporins -- Nitrogen (and in Some Circumstances Sulfur) Are Primarily Accumulated into the Phloem by Amino Acid Transporters -- Phloem Loading of Macroelements Other Than Potassium -- Microelement Phloem Loading: An Emerging Key Field in Biofortification -- Transport Phloem: A Plurality of Membrane Transport Functions -- Transporters Detected in the Transport Phloem -- Membrane Transporters Act in Retrieval -- Net Resource Efflux from Transport Phloem -- Net Resource Influx into Transport Phloem -- Xylem-to-Phloem Exchange of Solutes -- Letting Go: Membrane Transporters Participate in Phloem Unloading of Resources -- Membrane Transporters Contributing to Phloem Unloading in Growth Sinks -- Phloem Unloading in Storage Sinks: Fleshy Fruits and Tubers -- Resource Unloading in Developing Seeds: A Cacophony of Membrane Transporters in a Sink System Committed to an Apoplasmic Step in the Postphloem Unloading Pathway. , Aquaporins and Phloem Unloading of Water in Growth and Storage Sinks -- The Dark Side: Ferrymen Transporting Toxic Elements or Compounds -- Phloem Transporters Confer Adaptive Responses to Salt Stress -- Transporter Infidelity Opens Gates to Heavy Metals -- Phloem Transporters Engaged in Signal Transmission -- Phloem Loading/Unloading of Plant Hormones -- Sieve Tube Ion Channels Involved in Electrical Signaling -- Phloem Loading of Plant Defense Compounds -- Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Regulation of Sucrose Carrier Activities -- Functional Characteristics of Sucrose Transporters -- Cellular and Subcellular Localization of Sucrose Transporters Involved in Sucrose Uptake by Sieve Tubes -- Subcellular Localization of Sucrose Transporters -- A Model for the Endocytosis of Sucrose Transporters -- Vacuolar Sucrose Transporters -- Regulation of Sucrose Transporters -- Transcriptional Control of Sucrose Transporter Expression -- Posttranscriptional Regulation of Sucrose Transporters -- Posttranslational Control of Sucrose Transporters Expression -- Sucrose Sensing and Signaling -- Sucrose Transport and Gibberellins -- Sucrose Transport and Ethylene -- The Role of Sucrose Transporters Outside the Phloem: Sucrose Transport and Pollen Development -- Future Directions -- References -- 6 Cellular Basis of Electrical Potential Waves along the Phloem and Impact of Coincident Ca2+ Fluxes -- Electrical Long-Distance Signals in Higher Plants -- Action Potentials in Plants -- Variation Potentials in Higher Plants -- Stimulus-Specific Generation of APs and VPs? -- EPWs Trigger Ca2+ Influx via Diverse Ca2+ Permeable Channels into Sieve Elements -- Ca2+ Activities in Sieve Elements before, during, and after EPW Passage -- Ca2+-Permeable Channels of the Sieve Element Plasma Membrane. , Passage of EPWs, Ca2+ Influx, and Sieve Element Occlusion Mechanisms -- Ca2+ Hotspots as Result of a Limited Diffusion Range of Ca2+ Ions Released by Clustered Ca2+ Permeable Channels in SEs -- Ca2+ Channels and the Presence of Cytoskeleton in Sieve Elements? -- Electropotential Waves, Sieve-Element Cell Biology and Whole-Plant Responses -- Differential Effects of APs and VPs in Intact Plants -- Impact of Ca2+ Channels on Reversible Sieve-Element Occlusion in Intact Plants -- Collective Effects of Ca2+ Fluxes Generated by Sieve-Element Ca2+ Channels on Whole-Plant Function -- Future Directions -- References -- 7 Sieve Element Occlusion -- Callose -- Callose Biosynthesis -- Callose Deposition in Sieve Tubes -- P-Proteins -- Dispersive P-Protein Bodies -- Nondispersive P-Proteins -- Forisomes -- Sieve Plate Pore Occlusion: A Concerted Effort? -- Future Directions -- References -- Section C Long-Distance Signaling -- 8 Sieve Elements: Puzzling Activities Deciphered through Proteomics Studies -- Methods Used to Collect Sieve-Tube Sap -- Overview of Sieve-Tube Sap Composition -- Sieve-Tube Sap Proteome: An Integral Component of the Plant Communication System -- Noncell-Autonomous Proteins and Large Protein Complexes in Sieve Elements -- The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System: A Role in Protein Degradation or Signaling? -- Phytohormones and Signaling -- Calcium, Kinases, and Signal Transduction Pathways -- Metabolic Activities Reveal Oxygen Status of Phloem Tissues -- Low Oxygen Tensions and Adaptation to Primary Metabolism -- Production of Metabolites Acting on Defense and Detoxification -- Oxidative Metabolism, Antioxidant Defense, and Control of Redox State -- The Phloem Plays a Key Role in Plant Defense -- Defense Proteins and Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses -- Lectins and Storage Proteins -- Protease Inhibitors and Protein Turnover. , Structural Components of Sieve Elements -- SE Structural Proteins -- Sites of Sieve-Tube Sap Protein Synthesis -- Presence of the Translational Machinery in Sieve Tubes: An Enigmatic Puzzle -- Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Endogenous RNA Constituents of the Phloem and Their Possible Roles in Long-Distance Signaling -- Methods for Identifying Phloem RNAs -- Methods to Localize Specific RNAs in Tissue Sections -- Methods to Analyze RNAs in Sieve-Tube Sap Samples -- RNAs Identified in Sieve-Tube Sap -- mRNAs in Sieve-Tube Sap -- siRNAs in Sieve-Tube Sap -- miRNAs in Sieve-Tube Sap -- tRNAs and Other RNAs in Sieve-Tube Sap -- Methods for Studying RNA Transport in Sieve Tubes -- Demonstrating RNA Transport by Grafting Experiments -- Demonstrating RNA Phloem Transport by Particle Bombardment, Microinjection, or Transient Expression of Molecules -- Demonstrating RNA Transport in Natural "Grafts" Formed by Parasitic Plants -- Evidence for RNA Movement and Possible Functions of Phloem-Mobile RNAs -- Phloem-Mobile mRNAs -- Phloem-Mobile siRNAs -- Phloem-Mobile miRNAs -- Phloem-Mobile tRNAs and Other RNAs -- Import and Transport Mechanism of Phloem-Mobile RNAs -- Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 The Effect of Long-Distance Signaling on Development -- The Protein of FLOWERING LOCUS T Functions as the Mobile Floral Signal -- Full-Length mRNA as a Long-Distance Signal -- Mobile GAI RNA -- The Long-Distance Transport of a BEL1-like mRNA Regulates Tuber Development -- Evidence for Movement of BEL5 RNA through the Phloem -- The Role of Untranslated Regions in RNA Transport -- Untranslated Regions of StBEL5 Mediate Transcript Mobility -- Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Plant Defense and Long-Distance Signaling in the Phloem -- Responses to Long-Distance (Systemic) Signaling. , Systemic Wound Response.

Note: Intro -- ANDROGENS -- ANDROGENS -- Contents -- Preface -- Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Advanced Prostate Cancer on the Ground of Androgen Milieu in the Prostate -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Androgen Milieu in Blood -- Androgen Milieu in the Prostate -- Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness and the Androgen Milieu in the Prostate and in Blood -- Intraprostatic Androgen Milieu during Androgen Deprivation Therapy -- Androgen Milieu in the Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer -- Clinical-Translational Advances of Prostate Cancer -- Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Antagonists: Degarelix -- Cytochrome P450, Family 17, Subfamily A, Polypeptide 1 (CYP17A1) Inhibitors -- Abiraterone Acetate (Zytiga, Johnson & -- Johnson) -- Orteronel (TAK-700) [(1S)-1-(6,7-Dimethoxy-2-Naphthyl)-1-(1H-Imidazol-4-Yl)-2-Methylpropan-1-Ol] -- TOK-001 (VN/124-1) [3 -Hydroxy-17-(1H-Benzimidazole-1-Yl)Androsta-5,16-Diene] -- 3.-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Inhibitors -- Apoptone (HE3235) (17 -Ethynyl-5 -Androstan-3 , 17 -Diol) -- Inhibitors Targeting Androgen Receptor -- A New Androgen Receptor Antagonist, MDV3100 -- A New Androgen Receptor Antagonist, ARN-509 -- An Inhibitor of the Amino Terminal Domain (NTD) of the AR: EPI-001 -- The Prospects of the Androgen Deprivation Therapy on the Ground of Androgen Milieu in the Prostate -- Conclusion -- References -- Clinical Model of Androgen Deficiency - Clinical Model of Androgen Deficiency - Clinical Model of Androgen Deficiency - Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Its Effect on Bone Metabolism, Metabolism and Cognitive Functions -- Introduction -- Methods -- Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) -- Testosterone: A Basal Overview of Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Its Action -- Androgens and Bone Metabolism -- ADT and Its Side Effects -- Bone Loss and Osteoporosis -- Osteoporosis. , Diagnosis of Osteoporosis -- ADT, PCa and Clinical Aspects of Bone Disease -- Treatment of ADT Induced Osteoporosis -- Androgens and Cognitive Functions -- Potential Mechanisms of Action -- Cognitive Functions and ADT -- Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Changes in Body Composition -- ADT and Insulin Resistance -- Early Metabolic Changes -- Late Metabolic Changes -- ADT and Lipid Alterations -- ADT, Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease -- References -- The Role of Testosterone in Male Erectile Dysfunction -- 1. Erectile Dysfunction -- 2. Definitions -- 2.1. Total Testosterone -- 2.2. Free Testosterone -- 2.3. Bio-Available/Bioactive Testosterone -- 3. Hypogonadism -- 3.1. Late Onset Hypogonadism -- 3.2. Hypogonadism Prevalence -- 4. Relationship between Testosterone and ED -- 5. Physiology of Erection -- 6. Influence of Testosterone on Penile Erection -- 6.1. NOS/cGMP Pathway -- 6.2. Source of NO -- 6.3. Phosphodiesterases (PDE) -- 7. Making the Diagnosis of Hypogonadism and Working up Erectile Dysfunction -- Patient History -- Physical Exam -- Laboratory Studies -- Specific Diagnostic Tests -- 7.1. Questionnaires -- 7.2. Laboratory Diagnosis -- 7.3. Total Testosterone -- What is the Lower Level of Testosterone Required to Maintain Erection? -- 7.4. Free Testosterone -- 7.5. Calculated Free Testosterone -- 7.6. Other Endocrine Markers -- 8. Testosterone and Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) -- 8.1. Safety, Tolerability and Specific Considerations -- 8.2. Testosterone and PDE5 Inhibitors (PDE5-I) in ED -- References -- Roles of Androgen Receptor in Normal Prostate Development and Prostate Cancer Progression -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Dual Roles of the AR in Normal Prostate Development -- 2.1. Stromal AR: Proliferation Stimulator and Survival Factor -- 2.2. Epithelial AR: Survival Factor for Epithelial Luminal Cells. , 2.3. Epithelial AR: Suppressor for Epithelial Basal Intermediate Cell Proliferation -- 2.4. Epithelial AR: Survival Factor for Stromal Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation -- 3. AR Dual Roles in Prostate Cancer Progression and Metastasis -- 3.1. Stromal AR: Stimulator for Tumor Progression and Metastasis -- 3.2. Epithelial AR: Survival Factor for Tumor Progression and Metastasis in Luminal Cells -- 3.3. Epithelial AR: Suppressor for Tumor Progression and Metastasis in Basal Intermediate Cells -- 3.4. Epithelial AR: Suppressor of Prostate Cancer Metastasis -- 4. AR Dual Roles in Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines -- 4.1. AR in PC3 Cells: Suppressor for Proliferation and Metastasis -- 4.2. AR in LNCaP Cells: Proliferation Stimulator and Suppressor -- 4.3. AR in CWR22Rv1 Cells: Proliferation Stimulator and Suppressor -- 4.4. AR in PC346C Prostate Cancer Cells: Proliferation Stimulator and Suppressor -- 5. AR Dual Roles in Prostate Cancer Stem Cell Progression -- 6. AR Dual Roles and Human Prostate Cancer Clinical Data -- 7. The Impact of AR Dual Roles on Current Clinical ADT -- 7.1. Challenge to Current ADT -- 7.2. Target the AR at an Early Stage -- 7.3. Concomitant Treatment of AR Antagonism with Anti-Metastasis Agents -- Future Direction -- Conclusion -- References -- Endogenous Pathways for Steroidogenesis and Androgen Signalling in Prostate Cancer Cells -- Summary -- Introduction -- The Prostate -- Androgen Receptor -- Prostate Cancer and Treatment -- Links between Androgen Levels and Prostate Cancer Risk -- Steroidogenesis and Prostate Cancer -- Conclusion -- References -- The Role and Effects of Novel Androgen Therapy in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer -- Abstract -- I. Introduction -- II. Emergence of Castration Resistance: Androgen Regulation and Signaling -- III. Clinical Studies. , IV. Adverse Effects of Targeting Androgen Regulation: Recent Findings -- Conclusion -- References -- Androgens and Male Fertility: Spermatogenesis and Contraception -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Androgens -- Role of Androgens in Male Sexual Development -- Spermatogenesis -- Hypthalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis -- Role of the Androgen Receptor -- Classical Testosterone Signaling Pathways -- Non-Classical Testosterone Pathways in Sertoli Cells -- Male Hormone Contraception -- References -- Androgens, Cognition and Social Behavior in Children* -- Introduction -- Androgens -- Testosterone -- Androstenedione -- Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) -- Androgen-Secreting Glands -- Suprarenal Glands -- Gonads -- Testicles -- Ovaries -- Biosynthesis of Steroid Hormones -- Action Mechanisms of Androgens -- Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Behavior -- Sexual Differentiation -- Genetic Sex -- Gonadal Sex -- Hormonal Sex -- Effects of Organization and Activation -- Relation of Androgens to Psychological Processes -- Relationship between Androgens and Social Behavior -- Conclusion -- References -- Androgens, Androgen Suppression, and Prostate Cancer: Recent Preclinical and Clinical Findings and Implications* -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Prevention Studies -- 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors -- Treatment Studies -- Role of ADT in Early Prostate Cancer -- ADT Combined with Radiation -- ADT Combined with Surgery -- ADT for Patients Ineligible for Local Definitive Therapy -- Role of Continuous ADT in Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer -- Early versus Late Therapy -- Peripheral Androgen Blockade -- Role of Continuous ADT in Advanced Disease -- Combined Androgen Blockade -- Antiandrogen Monotherapy -- Antiandrogen Withdrawal -- Intermittent ADT -- Role of Intermittent ADT in Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer. , Role of Intermittent ADT in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Prostate Cancer -- Individual Dosing Based on Testosterone Levels -- Rapid Hormonal Testosterone Cycling -- Other Agents -- Ketoconazole -- Aminoglutethimide -- Abiraterone Acetate -- ADT Combined with Other Modalities -- ADT and Chemotherapy -- ADT and Vaccines -- Adverse Effects of ADT -- Skeletal Changes and Loss of Bone Mineral Density -- Hot Flashes -- Metabolic Syndrome -- Sexual Dysfunction -- Emotional and Cognitive Side Effects -- Systemic Effects -- Biology of Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer -- Potentially Therapeutic Approaches Targeting AR -- Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- The Impact of Climate Change and Bioenergy on Nutrition -- Contents -- List of Boxes -- List of Figures -- Table -- Authors -- Chapter 1: Summary -- Background: Unacceptably Slow Progress in Reducing Hunger and Malnutrition -- Causations and Linkages: Conceptual and Analytical Frameworks -- Future Challenges, Major Issues and Risks -- Demographic Forces and Urbanization -- Structural Shifts in Food and Agriculture Systems -- Transboundary Movement of Disease -- Environmental and Energy Pressures -- Climate Change and Food and Nutrition Security -- Impacts on Agricultural Production -- Impacts on Food and Nutrition Security -- Social Impacts of Climate Change -- Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for Climate Change -- Nutrition and Bioenergy -- Policies and Programmes for Improving Nutrition -- Governance Issues -- A Revitalised Twin-Track Approach -- Direct Nutrition Interventions -- Educating Girls -- Responding to Threats to Nutrition from Climate Change and Biofuel Demand -- Chapter 2: Introduction -- Purpose -- Concept and Content -- Chapter 3: World Food Insecurity and Malnutrition: Scope, Trends, Causes and Consequences -- Dimensions of the Nutrition Problem -- Hidden Hunger -- Box 3.1 Key Definitions and Use of Terminology -- The Deadly Scourge of Child Malnutrition -- Box 3 .2 Twenty-Four Countries are Home to 80% of the World's Stunted Preschoolers -- Nutrition Throughout the Lifecycle -- HIV/AIDS and Nutrition -- Water, Sanitation and Nutrition -- The Double Burden of Malnutrition -- Hunger Crises -- Unacceptably Slow Progress in Reducing Hunger and Malnutrition -- Causations and Linkages: Conceptual and Analytical Frameworks -- Costs of Malnutrition -- Future Challenges, Major Issues and Risks -- Demographic Forces and Rapid Urbanization -- Structural Changes in the Food and Agricultural System. , Transboundary Pests and Diseases -- Environmental and Energy Concerns -- Chapter 4: Climate Change and Food and Nutrition Security -- Overview of Climate Change - Evidence and Effects -- Evidence -- Effects -- Impacts of Climate Change on the Human and Global Environment -- Vulnerable Regions -- Vulnerable Ecosystems -- Vulnerable Populations -- Impacts on the Four Food Security Dimensions: Availability, Stability, Access and Utilization -- Climate Change Impacts on Food Availability -- Climate Change Impacts on Food Stability and Access -- Climate Change Impacts on Food Utilization -- Care and Feeding -- Food Safety -- Access to Clean Water -- Health and Sanitation -- Box 4.1 The Interaction Between Nutrition and Infection -- Links Between Global Climate Change, Food Security, Hunger and Nutrition -- Social Impacts of Climate Change -- Box 4.2 Climate Change and Conflict in Sudan -- Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies -- Adaptation Strategies -- Mitigation Strategies -- Chapter 5: Nutrition and Bioenergy -- Overview -- Why Biofuel? Why Now? -- Government Support and Subsidies -- Prevalence of Biofuel Production -- State of Technology -- Environmental Implications -- Nutrition Impacts -- Diversion of Food and Feed to Fuel and Rising Food Prices -- Mitigation of Negative Impacts of Biofuels -- Development of International Standards and a Regulatory Regime -- Sustainable and Pro-poor Production of Biofuels -- FAO Activities -- Chapter 6: Policies and Programmes for Improving Nutrition -- International Initiatives -- Policies and Programmes -- Governance Issues -- A Revitalised Twin-Track Approach -- Box 6.1 Cutting Hunger in Brazil -- Improving and Increasing Investments in Agriculture -- Income and Employment Generation for Nutritional Improvement -- Safety Net Programmes -- Insurance to Preserve Assets Against Shocks. , Direct Nutrition Interventions -- Education for All -- Priorities and Approaches for Responding to Threats to Nutrition from Climate Change and Biofuel Demand -- Need for Serious Global Governance with Regard to Climate Change -- Policies for Responding to Rising Bioenergy Demand -- Chapter 7: Conclusions and Recommendations -- Responding to Climate Change -- Assuring Pro-poor and Sustainable Biofuel Development -- Making Nutrition a Development Priority -- Appendices -- Appendix 1: Scenarios of the IPCC's Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) 1 -- Appendix 2: IFPRI IMPACT Model 2 -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) -- Abstract -- Preface: Living with a Star and the Solar Dynamics Observatory -- Introduction -- History -- The Spacecraft Summary -- Science Goals -- Science Investigation Teams -- Atmospheric Imaging Assembly -- Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment -- Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager -- Science Data Capture Requirement -- Ground System and Mission Operations -- SDO Orbit and Mission Phases -- SDO Data -- Rules of the Road for Data Use -- Browse and Public Access Data -- Final Data Archive -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Science Overview -- Energy Input, Storage, and Release: The Dynamic Coronal Structure -- Coronal Heating and Irradiance: Thermal Structure and Emission -- Transients: Sources of Radiation and Energetic Particles -- Connections to Geospace: Material and Magnetic-Field Output of the Sun -- Coronal Seismology: A Diagnostic to Study Coronal Waves and Oscillations -- Instrument Overview -- Mirrors and Multilayer Coatings -- Filters -- CCD Detector and Camera System -- Guide Telescope and Image-Stabilization System -- Mechanisms -- Electronics and Software -- Instrument Calibration -- Instrument Operations -- Data Processing -- Level 1 Data Processing -- Level 1.5 Data Processing -- Data Distribution -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Initial Calibration of the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Photometric Calibration -- Measuring the Response Function -- Geometric Area -- EUV Filters -- Mirrors -- CCDs -- UV Optics -- Contamination -- Wavelength Response -- Channel Crosstalk -- Error Budget -- Cross-Calibration with EVE -- Temperature Response. , Instrument Characterization -- Camera-CCD System Characterization -- Flat-Field -- Optical Performance -- Filter Mesh Diffraction -- Stray Light -- Guide Telescope-ISS -- Image Coalignment -- Compression -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix: Accessing the Response Functions -- References -- Heliophysics Event Knowledgebase for the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and Beyond -- Abstract -- Introduction -- HEK Design Goals -- Heliophysical Events -- Example Usage -- HEK Implementation -- Mission (Coverage) Assets -- Capturing Planning Metadata -- JSOC Assets -- Event Detection System -- AIA Visualization Center -- Browse Products -- Public Assets -- The Heliophysics Event and Coverage Registries -- HEK Services -- HEK Clients -- Data Request Management -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Computer Vision for the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Operations Concept and Overview of Modules -- Flare Detection -- H Filaments -- Sigmoids -- CME Recognition and Tracking -- Coronal Dimming Regions -- Jets -- Oscillations -- EIT Wave Tracking -- Detection and Analysis of Active Regions and Coronal Holes -- X-ray Bright Points -- Correlation with Other Databases -- Correlation with Jets -- Magnetic Feature Tracking and Sunspots -- Polarity Inversion Line Mapping -- Nonlinear Force-free Field Extrapolations -- Trainable Feature Recognition and Retrieval -- Method -- Discovery of New Features -- A Pipeline for the Generation of Feature and Event Metadata -- Computing Facilities at LMSAL -- SAO Computing Facilities -- Interfacing to DRMS -- Module Testing -- Community Access to Metadata at SAO -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO): Overview of Science Objectives, Instrument Design, Data Products, and Model Developments -- Abstract -- Introduction -- EVE Science Plan -- EVE Science Objectives -- EVE Objective 1 - Specify Solar EUV Irradiance -- EVE Objective 2 - Understand Why Solar EUV Irradiance Varies -- EVE Objective 3 - Forecast Solar EUV Variations -- EVE Objective 4 - Understand Response of Geospace Environment -- EVE Science Team -- EVE Measurement Requirements -- EVE Instrumentation -- MEGS-A Instrument -- MEGS-B Instrument -- MEGS-SAM Instrument -- MEGS-P Instrument -- ESP Instrument -- Other EVE Subsystems -- EVE Data Products -- EVE Level 0C - Space Weather Product -- EVE Level 1 -- EVE Level 2 -- EVE Level 3 -- EVE Data System -- Solar Irradiance Models -- NRLEUV Model -- FISM Model -- SIP Hybrid System of Data and Models -- Earth's Atmospheric Models -- TDIM, IFM, and GAIM Models -- CTIPe Model -- NRLMSIS Model -- JB2006 and JB2008 Models -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) Multiple EUV Grating Spectrographs (MEGS): Radiometric Calibrations and Results -- Abstract -- Introduction -- EVE Instruments -- EVE MEGS Calibration Heritage -- SURF Calibration Setup -- MEGS A and B Calibration -- MEGS A and B Algorithms -- Wavelength Scale, Bandpass, and Spectral Resolution -- LASP Calibration Setup -- Wavelength Scale -- Bandpass -- Spectral Resolution -- Corrected Count Rate -- Dark Count Correction -- Scattered Light -- Linearity -- Gain Correction -- Invalid Pixel Masking -- SURF Responsivity -- SURF Beam Current -- SURF Flux -- Field-of-View (FOV) Maps -- Higher-Order Correction -- Flight Responsivity -- MEGS P Calibration -- MEGS P Algorithm -- Uncertainty Algorithm -- Calibration Results. , Application for MEGS In-flight Calibrations -- MEGS SAM Calibration -- Responsivity Algorithm -- Uncertainty Algorithm -- Calibration Results -- Solar EUV Measurements on 14 April 2008 -- MEGS A and B -- MEGS P -- SAM -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- EUV SpectroPhotometer (ESP) in Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE): Algorithms and Calibrations -- Abstract -- Introduction -- ESP Scientific Objectives -- ESP Overview -- An Algorithm to Convert ESP Count Rates into Solar Irradiance -- Results from the Ground Tests -- Thermal Changes of Dark Count Rates -- Thermal Changes of Reference Count Rates -- ESP Pre-flight Calibration -- ESP Variables: Where They Are Measured and How Accurately -- ESP Calibration Overview -- Results from the BL-9 Calibration -- ESP Filter Transmissions -- Measured Transmission of the Diffraction Grating -- On-axis Efficiencies -- Results from the BL-2 Radiometric Pre-flight Calibration -- ESP Responses for the Tilted Positions -- BL-2 Calibration for ESP FOV Maps -- BL-2 Calibration for ESP On-axis Position -- ESP Sensitivity to the Higher Orders (BL-2 Order Sorting Test) -- A Comparison of ESP Measured Irradiance from the Sounding Rocket Flight with other Measurements -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) Investigation for the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) -- Abstract -- Overview -- Top Level Goals -- Scope -- The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager Instrument -- HMI Data Products -- Team, Collaborations and Community -- History -- HMI Science Goals -- Science Overview -- Scientific Goals -- Convection-Zone Dynamics and the Solar Dynamo -- Structure and Dynamics of the Tachocline -- Variations in Differential Rotation -- Evolution of Meridional Circulation -- Dynamics in the Near-Surface Shear Layer. , Origin and Evolution of Sunspots, Active Regions, and Complexes of Activity -- Formation and Deep Structure of Magnetic Complexes of Activity -- Active Region Source and Evolution -- Magnetic Flux Concentration in Sunspots -- Sources and Mechanisms of Solar Irradiance Variation -- Sources and Drivers of Solar Activity and Disturbances -- Origin and Dynamics of Magnetic Sheared structures and alpha-type Sunspots -- Magnetic Configuration and Mechanisms of Solar Flares -- Emergence of Magnetic Flux and Solar Transient Events -- Evolution of Small-Scale Structures and Magnetic Carpet -- Links Between the Internal Processes and Dynamics of the Corona and Heliosphere -- Complexity and Energetics of the Solar Corona -- Large-Scale Coronal Field Estimates -- Coronal Magnetic Structure and Solar Wind -- Precursors of Solar Disturbances for Space-Weather Forecasts -- Far-Side Imaging and Activity Index -- Predicting Emergence of Active Regions by Helioseismic Imaging -- Determination of Magnetic Cloud Bs Events -- Theoretical Support and Modeling -- Data Products -- Global Helioseismology -- Local-Area Helioseismology -- Full-Disk Velocity and Sound-Speed Maps -- Synoptic Maps of Mass Flows and Sound-Speed Perturbations -- Synoptic Maps of Horizontal Flows in Upper Convection Zone -- Higher-Resolution Maps Zoomed on Particular Active Regions -- Deep-Focus Maps -- Far-Side Images of the Sound-Speed Perturbations -- Magnetography -- Vector Magnetic Field -- Continuum Intensity -- Real-Time Products -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Design and Ground Calibration of the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) Instrument on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Instrument Description -- HMI Optics Package -- Imaging Optics -- Polarization Selectors -- Filters -- Front Window -- Blocking Filter -- Lyot Filter. , Michelson Interferometers.