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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Central and autonomic nervous system interaction is altered by short-term meditation
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2009
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 106, No. 22 ( 2009-06-02), p. 8865-8870
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 22 ( 2009-06-02), p. 8865-8870
    Abstract: Five days of integrative body–mind training (IBMT) improves attention and self-regulation in comparison with the same amount of relaxation training. This paper explores the underlying mechanisms of this finding. We measured the physiological and brain changes at rest before, during, and after 5 days of IBMT and relaxation training. During and after training, the IBMT group showed significantly better physiological reactions in heart rate, respiratory amplitude and rate, and skin conductance response (SCR) than the relaxation control. Differences in heart rate variability (HRV) and EEG power suggested greater involvement of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the IBMT group during and after training. Imaging data demonstrated stronger subgenual and adjacent ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity in the IBMT group. Frontal midline ACC theta was correlated with high-frequency HRV, suggesting control by the ACC over parasympathetic activity. These results indicate that after 5 days of training, the IBMT group shows better regulation of the ANS by a ventral midfrontal brain system than does the relaxation group. This changed state probably reflects training in the coordination of body and mind given in the IBMT but not in the control group. These results could be useful in the design of further specific interventions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904031106
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Complete Resequencing of 40 Genomes Reveals Domestication Events and Genes in Silkworm ( Bombyx )
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2009
    In:  Science Vol. 326, No. 5951 ( 2009-10-16), p. 433-436
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 326, No. 5951 ( 2009-10-16), p. 433-436
    Abstract: A single–base pair resolution silkworm genetic variation map was constructed from 40 domesticated and wild silkworms, each sequenced to approximately threefold coverage, representing 99.88% of the genome. We identified ~16 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms, many indels, and structural variations. We find that the domesticated silkworms are clearly genetically differentiated from the wild ones, but they have maintained large levels of genetic variability, suggesting a short domestication event involving a large number of individuals. We also identified signals of selection at 354 candidate genes that may have been important during domestication, some of which have enriched expression in the silk gland, midgut, and testis. These data add to our understanding of the domestication processes and may have applications in devising pest control strategies and advancing the use of silkworms as efficient bioreactors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1176620
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The B73 Maize Genome: Complexity, Diversity, and Dynamics
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2009
    In:  Science Vol. 326, No. 5956 ( 2009-11-20), p. 1112-1115
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 326, No. 5956 ( 2009-11-20), p. 1112-1115
    Abstract: We report an improved draft nucleotide sequence of the 2.3-gigabase genome of maize, an important crop plant and model for biological research. Over 32,000 genes were predicted, of which 99.8% were placed on reference chromosomes. Nearly 85% of the genome is composed of hundreds of families of transposable elements, dispersed nonuniformly across the genome. These were responsible for the capture and amplification of numerous gene fragments and affect the composition, sizes, and positions of centromeres. We also report on the correlation of methylation-poor regions with Mu transposon insertions and recombination, and copy number variants with insertions and/or deletions, as well as how uneven gene losses between duplicated regions were involved in returning an ancient allotetraploid to a genetically diploid state. These analyses inform and set the stage for further investigations to improve our understanding of the domestication and agricultural improvements of maize.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1178534
    RVK:
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    VEGF-B is dispensable for blood vessel growth but critical for their survival, and VEGF-B targeting inhibits pathological angiogenesis
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2009
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 106, No. 15 ( 2009-04-14), p. 6152-6157
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 15 ( 2009-04-14), p. 6152-6157
    Abstract: VEGF-B, a homolog of VEGF discovered a long time ago, has not been considered an important target in antiangiogenic therapy. Instead, it has received little attention from the field. In this study, using different animal models and multiple types of vascular cells, we revealed that although VEGF-B is dispensable for blood vessel growth, it is critical for their survival. Importantly, the survival effect of VEGF-B is not only on vascular endothelial cells, but also on pericytes, smooth muscle cells, and vascular stem/progenitor cells. In vivo, VEGF-B targeting inhibited both choroidal and retinal neovascularization. Mechanistically, we found that the vascular survival effect of VEGF-B is achieved by regulating the expression of many vascular prosurvival genes via both NP-1 and VEGFR-1. Our work thus indicates that the function of VEGF-B in the vascular system is to act as a “survival,” rather than an “angiogenic” factor and that VEGF-B inhibition may offer new therapeutic opportunities to treat neovascular diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0813061106
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Chaperone-mediated pathway of proteasome regulatory particle assembly
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2009
    In:  Nature Vol. 459, No. 7248 ( 2009-6), p. 861-865
    Details
    In: Nature, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 459, No. 7248 ( 2009-6), p. 861-865
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-0836 , 1476-4687
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/nature08063
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    RVK:
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 120714-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1413423-8
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Experimentally observed phenomena on cardiac energetics in heart failure emerge from simulations of cardiac metabolism
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2009
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 106, No. 17 ( 2009-04-28), p. 7143-7148
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 17 ( 2009-04-28), p. 7143-7148
    Abstract: The failing heart is hypothesized to suffer from energy supply inadequate for supporting normal cardiac function. We analyzed data from a canine left ventricular hypertrophy model to determine how the energy state evolves because of changes in key metabolic pools. Our findings—confirmed by in vivo 31 P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy—indicate that the transition between the clinically observed early compensatory phase and heart failure and the critical point at which the transition occurs are emergent properties of cardiac energy metabolism. Specifically, analysis reveals a phenomenon in which low and moderate reductions in metabolite pools have no major negative impact on oxidative capacity, whereas reductions beyond a critical tipping point lead to a severely compromised energy state. The transition point corresponds to reductions in the total adenine nucleotide pool (TAN) of ≈30%, corresponding to the reduction observed in humans in heart failure [Ingwall JS, Weiss RG (2004) Is the failing heart energy starved? On using chemical energy to support cardiac function. Circ Res 95( 2 ):135–145]. At given values of TAN and the total exchangeable phosphate pool during hypertrophic remodeling, the creatine pool attains a value that is associated with optimal ATP hydrolysis potential. Thus, both increases and decreases to the creatine pool are predicted to result in diminished energetic state unless accompanied by appropriate simultaneous changes in the other pools.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812768106
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Solution structure of eggcase silk protein and its implications for silk fiber formation
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2009
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 106, No. 22 ( 2009-06-02), p. 8906-8911
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 22 ( 2009-06-02), p. 8906-8911
    Abstract: Spider silks are renowned for their excellent mechanical properties and biomimetic and industrial potentials. They are formed from the natural refolding of water-soluble fibroins with α-helical and random coil structures in silk glands into insoluble fibers with mainly β-structures. The structures of the fibroins at atomic resolution and silk formation mechanism remain largely unknown. Here, we report the 3D structures of individual domains of a ≈366-kDa eggcase silk protein that consists of 20 identical type 1 repetitive domains, one type 2 repetitive domain, and conserved nonrepetitive N- and C-terminal domains. The structures of the individual domains in solution were determined by using NMR techniques. The domain interactions were investigated by NMR and dynamic light-scattering techniques. The formation of micelles and macroscopic fibers from the domains was examined by electron microscopy. We find that either of the terminal domains covalently linked with at least one repetitive domain spontaneously forms micelle-like structures and can be further transformed into fibers at ≥37 °C and a protein concentration of 〉 0.1 wt%. Our biophysical and biochemical experiments indicate that the less hydrophilic terminal domains initiate the assembly of the proteins and form the outer layer of the micelles whereas the more hydrophilic repetitive domains are embedded inside to ensure the formation of the micelle-like structures that are the essential intermediates in silk formation. Our results establish the roles of individual silk protein domains in fiber formation and provide the basis for designing miniature fibroins for producing artificial silks.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0813255106
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Residual breast cancers after conventional therapy display mesenchymal as well as tumor-initiating features
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2009
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 106, No. 33 ( 2009-08-18), p. 13820-13825
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 33 ( 2009-08-18), p. 13820-13825
    Abstract: Some breast cancers have been shown to contain a small fraction of cells characterized by CD44 + /CD24 −/low cell-surface antigen profile that have high tumor-initiating potential. In addition, breast cancer cells propagated in vitro as mammospheres (MSs) have also been shown to be enriched for cells capable of self-renewal. In this study, we have defined a gene expression signature common to both CD44 + /CD24 −/low and MS-forming cells. To examine its clinical significance, we determined whether tumor cells surviving after conventional treatments were enriched for cells bearing this CD44 + /CD24 −/low -MS signature. The CD44 + /CD24 −/low -MS signature was found mainly in human breast tumors of the recently identified “claudin-low” molecular subtype, which is characterized by expression of many epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT)-associated genes. Both CD44 + /CD24 −/low -MS and claudin-low signatures were more pronounced in tumor tissue remaining after either endocrine therapy (letrozole) or chemotherapy (docetaxel), consistent with the selective survival of tumor-initiating cells posttreatment. We confirmed an increased expression of mesenchymal markers, including vimentin ( VIM ) in cytokeratin-positive epithelial cells metalloproteinase 2 ( MMP 2), in two separate sets of postletrozole vs. pretreatment specimens. Taken together, these data provide supporting evidence that the residual breast tumor cell populations surviving after conventional treatment may be enriched for subpopulations of cells with both tumor-initiating and mesenchymal features. Targeting proteins involved in EMT may provide a therapeutic strategy for eliminating surviving cells to prevent recurrence and improve long-term survival in breast cancer patients.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0905718106
    RVK:
    TA 1000
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2009
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
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