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  • 2015-2019  (1)
  • 1970-1974  (5)
  • 2018  (1)
  • 1970  (5)
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  • 2015-2019  (1)
  • 1970-1974  (5)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2018-03-15
    Description: The severity of recent droughts in semiarid regions is increasingly attributed to anthropogenic climate change, but it is unclear whether these moisture anomalies exceed those of the past and how past variability compares to future projections. On the Mongolian Plateau, a recent decade-long drought that exceeded the variability in the instrumental record was associated with economic, social, and environmental change. We evaluate this drought using an annual reconstruction of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) spanning the last 2060 years in concert with simulations of past and future drought through the year 2100 CE. We show that although the most recent drought and pluvial were highly unusual in the last 2000 years, exceeding the 900-year return interval in both cases, these events were not unprecedented in the 2060-year reconstruction, and events of similar duration and severity occur in paleoclimate, historical, and future climate simulations. The Community Earth System Model (CESM) ensemble suggests a drying trend until at least the middle of the 21st century, when this trend reverses as a consequence of elevated precipitation. Although the potential direct effects of elevated CO 2 on plant water use efficiency exacerbate uncertainties about future hydroclimate trends, these results suggest that future drought projections for Mongolia are unlikely to exceed those of the last two millennia, despite projected warming.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 74 (1970), S. 4310-4313 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 227 (1970), S. 372-373 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] It seems reasonable that the new form of water will have some general features in common with ice and the normal liquid, and so we may expect it to be an electrically neutral association of water molecules weakly bound together. Spectroscopic and theoretical results4 show that hydrogen bonding in ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical chemistry accounts 18 (1970), S. 399-403 
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The total energy of hydrogen bonding is divided into electrostatic and delocalization contributions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 82 (1970), S. 453-468 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Neuere theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen über die pyramidale Inversion werden dargelegt in dem Versuch, ein zusammenhängendes Bild dieser Umwandlung zu zeichnen. Quantenmechanische Studien an pyramidalen Molekülen zeigen, daß das Auftreten einer Inversionsbarriere möglicherweise davon abhängt, wie weit die Bindungswinkel während der Inversion unverändert bleiben. Die Einflüsse der Elektronegativität der Substituenten am Inversionszentrum, einsamer Elektronenpaare und der Einbeziehung von d-Orbitalfunktionen in den Basissatz werden beschrieben. Brauchbarkeit und Grenzen von Molekülorbital-Berechnungen, der Schwingungs- und Mikrowellen-Spektroskopie, direkter kinetischer Messungen und der dynamischen NMR-Spektroskopie (dNMR) zur Ermittlung der einer pyramidalen Inversion entgegenstehenden Energiebarriere werden diskutiert im Zusammenhang mit einem Überblick über die wichtigsten experimentellen Ergebnisse solcher Arbeiten. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt den Zweideutigkeiten, die bei der Interpretation der durch dNMR-Spektroskopie ermittelten Energiebarrieren auftreten. Die Faktoren, von denen die Größe einer Inversionsbarriere abhängt, werden in vier großen Kategorien besprochen: sterische Effekte, Konjugation [einschließlich der (p-d)π-Konjugation] und Hyperkonjugation, Winkelspannungen und Substitution durch Heteroatome. In der letzten Kategorie findet sich eine kritische Diskussion der Einflüsse von Elektronegativität und der Abstoßung zwischen einsamen Elektronenpaaren, der Beziehung zwischen Rotation und Inversion sowie der Rolle der d-Orbitale.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 9 (1970), S. 400-414 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Pyramidal inversion ; Inversion barriers ; Stereochemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pyramidal inversion is discussed from the point of view of recent theoretical and experimental investigations in an attempt to provide a unified description of this process. Quantum mechanical studies of pyramidal molecules indicate that the origin of the inversion barrier may be dependent on the degree of angular constraint. Effects due to the electronegativity of substituents on the inversion center, to the presence of adjacent lone pairs, and to inclusion of d-type functions in the basis set are discussed. The utility and limitations of molecular orbital calculations, vibrational spectroscopy, microwave spectroscopy, direct kinetic measurements, and dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance (DNMR) spectroscopy as means for determining barriers to pyramidal inversion are discussed in context with a review of the highlights of experimental observations on the subject. Ambiguities that arise in the interpretation of barriers determined by DNMR are explored in detail. Factors that affect the magnitude of inversion barriers are discussed separately in four broad categories: steric effects; effects of conjugation (including (p-d)π conjugation) and hyperconjugation; effects of angular constraint; and effects of heteroatomic substitution. In the last category, critical reference is made to the question of electronegativity vs. lone pair-lone pair repulsions, the problem of rotation vs. inversion, and the role of d orbitals.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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