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  • MDPI AG  (42)
  • Zhang, Gang  (42)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Awareness and Use of Low-Sodium Salt Substitutes and Its Impact on 24-h Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion in China—A Cross-Sectional Study
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 15, No. 13 ( 2023-06-30), p. 3000-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 13 ( 2023-06-30), p. 3000-
    Abstract: The use of low-sodium salt substitute (LSSS) has the potential to reduce sodium and increase potassium intake. LSSS has been available in the Chinese market for years. However, its real-world use and impact on sodium/potassium intake is unclear. Baseline data of 4000 adult individuals who participated in three similarly designed randomized controlled trials were pooled together for this analysis. Self-reported awareness and use of LSSS were collected using a standardized questionnaire, and the participants’ 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion was used to estimate their dietary intake. Mixed-effects models were developed to assess the relationship between LSSS and 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion. 32.0% of the participants reported awareness of LSSS and 11.7% reported its current use. After adjusting for location, sex, age, and education, compared with the group of participants unaware of LSSS, participants who were aware of but not using LSSS and those who were using LSSS had a lower 24-h urinary sodium excretion by −356.1 (95% CI: −503.9, −205.9) mg/d and −490.6 (95% CI: −679.2, −293.7) mg/d, respectively (p 〈 0.001). No significant difference was found for 24-h urinary potassium excretion or sodium-to-potassium ratio among the three groups (p 〉 0.05). In conclusion, the findings of low usage of LSSS and the reduced urinary sodium excretion associated with the awareness and use of LSSS provide further support for the prometon of LSSS as a key salt reduction strategy in China.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu15133000
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Salt-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors and Their Relationship with 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in Chinese Adults
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 14, No. 20 ( 2022-10-20), p. 4404-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 20 ( 2022-10-20), p. 4404-
    Abstract: Salt intake in China is very high, which increases the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to assess the levels of salt-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KABs) and the factors that influence them and to explore the relationship between the scores of salt-related KAB and 24-h urinary sodium excretion. In 2018, we collected data from 5453 individuals aged 18–75 years from six provinces in China. A face-to-face survey was carried out, focusing on the KAB related to salt reduction. All participants were asked to collect one 24-h urine sample. Of the 5453 participants, 5352 completed urine collection. The mean score for overall KAB was 31.27 (SD = 9.18), which was composed of three elements: knowledge 4.80 (SD = 5.14), attitude 9.33 (SD = 3.93), and behavior 17.14 (SD = 4.43). The average 24-h urinary sodium excretion was 187.70 (SD = 77.48) mmol, which was equivalent to a urinary sodium excretion of 4.32 (SD = 1.78) g/d. We found that salt-related knowledge, attitude, behavior, and overall KAB scores were all inversely associated with 24-h urinary sodium excretion. For every one-point increase in the KAB score, the 24-h urinary sodium excretion decreased by 0.851 mmol (95% CI: −1.095, −0.602). We also found that location (rural/urban), sex, age, and education are associated with salt-related KAB scores. These results suggest that large-scale health education is needed to reduce salt intake in the Chinese population. In particular, efforts should be focused on reaching those who live in rural areas with low educational levels and older people.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu14204404
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Metabolites from the Paracel Islands Soft Coral Sinularia cf. molesta
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Marine Drugs Vol. 16, No. 12 ( 2018-12-19), p. 517-
    Details
    In: Marine Drugs, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 12 ( 2018-12-19), p. 517-
    Abstract: Five new oxygenated sesquiterpenes, molestins A–D (1, 3–5) and epi-gibberodione (2), three new cyclopentenone derivatives, ent-sinulolides C, D, and F ((+)-9–(+)-11), one new butenolide derivative, ent-sinulolide H ((+)-13), and one new cembranolide, molestin E (14), together with 14 known related metabolites (6–8, (–)-9–(–)-11, (±)-12, (–)-13, 15–19) were isolated from the Paracel Islands soft coral Sinularia cf. molesta. The structures and absolute configurations were elucidated based on comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, quantum chemical calculations, and comparison with the literature data. Compound 5 is the first example of a norsesquiterpene with a de-isopropyl guaiane skeleton isolated from the genus Sinularia. Molestin E (14) exhibited cytotoxicities against HeLa and HCT-116 cell lines with IC50 values of 5.26 and 8.37 μM, respectively. Compounds 4, 5, and 8 showed significant inhibitory activities against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) with IC50 values of 218, 344, and 1.24 μM, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-3397
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/md16120517
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175190-0
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Study on Microstructure and Tribological Performance of Diamond/Cu Composite Coating via Supersonic Laser Deposition
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Coatings Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2020-03-17), p. 276-
    Details
    In: Coatings, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2020-03-17), p. 276-
    Abstract: The supersonic laser deposition (SLD) of diamond/Cu composite powder is studied over a range of laser power. The deposition efficiency, coating microstructure, cohesive/adhesive bonding, phase composition, micro-hardness, and tribological property of the diamond/Cu composite coating are investigated. The results indicate that, as laser power is increased, deposition efficiency initially increases and then declines. The diamond particles distribute uniformly in the composite coating. Due to the increase of velocity ratio and total energy by laser irradiation, the cohesive/adhesive bonding of the composite coating is improved. The composite coating can preserve the phase composition of the origin powders due to the relatively low heat input during the SLD process. Slight oxidation of the Cu powder can be detected in the coatings prepared with high laser power, which has adverse effects on material deposition. The SLD-diamond/Cu composite coating has superior wear-resistance because of low friction coefficient, high micro-hardness, and uniformly distributed diamond particles.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6412
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/coatings10030276
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662314-6
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of Protein-Chelated Zinc Combined with Mannan-Rich Fraction to Replace High-Dose Zinc Oxide on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Intestinal Health in Weaned Piglets
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Animals Vol. 12, No. 23 ( 2022-12-02), p. 3407-
    Details
    In: Animals, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 23 ( 2022-12-02), p. 3407-
    Abstract: A total of 168 weaned piglets (average initial body weight of 7.70 ± 0.75 kg) were used in a 4-week feeding trial to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with protein-chelated zinc (Zn-Pro) alone or combined with a mannan-rich fraction (MRF) to replace high-dose zinc oxide (ZnO) for weaned piglets. The dietary treatments included a basal diet as control (CON), a ZnO diet (basal diet + 1600 mg Zn/kg from ZnO), a Zn-Pro diet (basal diet + 60 mg Zn/kg from Zn-Pro), and a MRF plus Zn-Pro diet (MRP, basal diet + 800 mg/kg MRF + 60 mg Zn/kg from Zn-Pro). The average daily gain of piglets in the MRP group was higher (p ≤ 0.05) than that in CON and Zn-Pro groups during d 15–28 and d 1–28 of experiment. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein in the MRP group was higher (p ≤ 0.05) than that in the CON group. The serum insulin-like growth factor-1 level in the MRP group was markedly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than that of piglets in the other three treatment groups. Piglets fed the Zn-Pro and ZnO diets had greater (p ≤ 0.05) acetic acid in cecal digesta than those fed the CON diet, while the MRP diet had higher (p ≤ 0.05) cecal propionate concentration than those that were fed the CON diet on d 28 of experiment. Moreover, the villus height of ileum in the MRP group tended to be greater than the CON group (p = 0.09). Compared with the CON and MRP groups, the relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae (p = 0.08) and Lachnospiraceae (p = 0.09) in the Zn-Pro group showed an increasing trend. The relative abundance of Prevotellaceae in the Zn-Pro group was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) than that in the MRP group. In conclusion, the combined addition of MRF and Zn-Pro acted as a suitable alternative to ZnO to beneficially support the growth performance and intestinal health of weaned piglets, as well as contribute to a lower diarrhea rate and environmental pollution from fecal zinc excretion.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2615
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ani12233407
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606558-7
    SSG: 23
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    Online Resource
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Polyhydroxylated Steroids from the South China Sea Soft Coral Sarcophyton sp. and Their Cytotoxic and Antiviral Activities
    MDPI AG ; 2013
    In:  Marine Drugs Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2013-12-02), p. 4788-4798
    Details
    In: Marine Drugs, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2013-12-02), p. 4788-4798
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-3397
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/md11124788
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175190-0
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Multi-Method Analysis of Painting Materials in Murals of the North Mosque (Linqing, China)
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Coatings Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2023-07-24), p. 1298-
    Details
    In: Coatings, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2023-07-24), p. 1298-
    Abstract: The murals of Ming Dynasty North Mosque in Linqing, Shandong Province, Eastern China, are of significant cultural and historical importance. Their final restoration date remains uncertain, making a comprehensive investigation critical before initiating preservation and renovation work. This research project examined the painting materials of the murals using various analytical techniques, including polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), microscopic Raman spectroscopy (M-Raman), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analysis. Results indicated that the pigments employed included ultramarine, emerald green, cinnabar, kaolinite, gypsum, and carbon black, while the gum binder used was protein-based adhesive materials. As synthetic ultramarine and emerald green were not introduced to China until the late Qing Dynasty, this suggests that these murals were restored no earlier than this period. The study also revealed that the mural materials used in the North Mosque mural were similar to those found in other architectural murals in China. Thus, the knowledge gained from the conservation and restoration efforts of similar architectural murals can be leveraged to enhance the conservation and restoration efforts of the North Mosque murals.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6412
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/coatings13071298
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662314-6
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Psycho-Physiological Effects of a Peony-Viewing Program on Middle-Aged and Elderly Individuals at Different Phenological Stages
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 16, No. 3 ( 2019-02-02), p. 439-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 3 ( 2019-02-02), p. 439-
    Abstract: To address the question of whether the behavior of humans to view different phenological peony flowers has various effects on their physical and mental parameters, we investigated psycho-physiological responses of 74 participants (61.3 ± 10.78 years old) to environments of pre- and post-viewing tree peonies at four stages, including the exhibition leaf stage (ELS), initial bloom stage (IBS), full bloom stage (FBS), and terminal bloom stage (TBS). Physiological factors were examined using systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), fingertip pulse (FP), blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), and psychological evaluation, which was carried out using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The results indicated that the SBP, DBP, HR, and FP levels of participants were significantly reduced after viewing tree peonies, whereas no remarkable alterations in SpO2 were found. The POMS scores of anger–hostility (A–H), fatigue–inertia (F–I), tension–anxiety (T–A), confusion–bewilderment (C–B), and depression–dejection (D–D) were significantly lower, but of vigor–activity (V–A) was higher post-viewing than pre-viewing. Furthermore, participants exhibited markedly decreased anxiety levels according to the STAI. Notably, the changes in measurement indices were more pronounced at the FBS. Our studies demonstrated that a short peony-viewing program, especially at the FBS with completely opened and large tree peony flowers, would be a promising therapeutic method for improving physiological functions as well as an effective psychological relaxation strategy for middle-aged and elderly individuals.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030439
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Characteristics of Mercury Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessment in Different Degraded Grasslands of the Songnen Plains, Northeastern China
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 13, No. 19 ( 2021-09-30), p. 10898-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 19 ( 2021-09-30), p. 10898-
    Abstract: Mercury (Hg) is a global and widely distributed heavy metal pollutant. Mercury can affect human health as well as the health of ecosystems and poses ecological risks. The subjects of this study are three types of grassland in the Beidianzi region, Songnen Plains, Northeastern China, characterized by different degrees of degradation. The mercury content levels in the atmosphere, soil, and forage grass on the different grasslands were determined. In addition, the relationships between the mercury pollution levels in the atmosphere and soil, and the mercury distribution correlations between the soil and plants, were examined in detail. The potential risk index (RI), single factor index (PI), and ground accumulation index (Igeo) were used to evaluate the ecological risks. The results showed that the mercury content in the soils of three types of grassland exceeded the China national standard (GB36600-2018), and the soil mercury content in the moderately degraded grassland was the highest. The single factor index method and land accumulation index method showed that the three types of grassland were slightly polluted, while the potential risk index showed that the three types of grassland were severely polluted, and the potential risk index of the moderately degraded grassland was the highest. The potential risk index decreased with the increase of soil depth. The variation trend of atmospheric mercury content was lower in the morning and evening and higher in the afternoon. The potential risk index of atmospheric mercury indicated that all types of grassland were at severe risk. There was a significant positive correlation between atmospheric mercury and soil mercury. The mercury content in herbage increased with the increase of degradation. The BP neural network prediction model constructed had good accuracy and had certain reference value.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su131910898
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Self-Supervised Despeckling Algorithm with an Enhanced U-Net for Synthetic Aperture Radar Images
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 13, No. 21 ( 2021-10-31), p. 4383-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 21 ( 2021-10-31), p. 4383-
    Abstract: Self-supervised method has proven to be a suitable approach for despeckling on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. However, most self-supervised despeckling methods are trained by noisy-noisy image pairs, which are constructed by using natural images with simulated speckle noise, time-series real-world SAR images or generative adversarial network, limiting the practicability of these methods in real-world SAR images. Therefore, in this paper, a novel self-supervised despeckling algorithm with an enhanced U-Net is proposed for real-world SAR images. Firstly, unlike previous self-supervised despeckling works, the noisy-noisy image pairs are generated from real-word SAR images through a novel generation training pairs module, which makes it possible to train deep convolutional neural networks using real-world SAR images. Secondly, an enhanced U-Net is designed to improve the feature extraction and fusion capabilities of the network. Thirdly, a self-supervised training loss function with a regularization loss is proposed to address the difference of target pixel values between neighbors on the original SAR images. Finally, visual and quantitative experiments on simulated and real-world SAR images show that the proposed algorithm notably removes speckle noise with better preserving features, which exceed several state-of-the-art despeckling methods.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs13214383
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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