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  • MDPI AG  (8)
  • Yang, Wenhao  (8)
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  • MDPI AG  (8)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Intranasal Immunization with a Recombinant Avian Paramyxovirus Serotypes 2 Vector-Based Vaccine Induces Protection against H9N2 Avian Influenza in Chicken
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Viruses Vol. 14, No. 5 ( 2022-04-28), p. 918-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 5 ( 2022-04-28), p. 918-
    Abstract: Commercial inactivated vaccines against H9N2 avian influenza (AI) have been developed in China since 1990s and show excellent immunogenicity with strong HI antibodies. However, currently approved vaccines cannot meet the clinical demand for a live-vectored vaccine. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectored vaccines have shown effective protection in chickens against H9N2 virus. However, preexisting NDV antibodies may affect protective efficacy of the vaccine in the field. Here, we explored avian paramyxovirus serotype 2 (APMV-2) as a vector for developing an H9N2 vaccine via intranasal delivery. APMV-2 belongs to the same genus as NDV, distantly related to NDV in the phylogenetic tree, based on the sequences of Fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene, and has low cross-reactivity with anti-NDV antisera. We incorporated hemagglutinin (HA) of H9N2 into the junction of P and M gene in the APMV-2 genome by being flanked with the gene start, gene end, and UTR of each gene of APMV-2-T4 to generate seven recombinant APMV-2 viruses rAPMV-2/HAs, rAPMV-2-NPUTR-HA, rAPMV-2-PUTR-HA, rAPMV-2-FUTR-HA, rAPMV-2-HNUTR-HA, rAPMV-2-LUTR-HA, and rAPMV-2-MUTR-HA, expressing HA. The rAPMV-2/HAs displayed similar pathogenicity compared with the parental APMV-2-T4 virus and expressed HA protein in infected CEF cells. The NP-UTR facilitated the expression and secretion of HA protein in cells infected with rAPMV-2-NPUTR-HA. Animal studies demonstrated that immunization with rAPMV-2-NPUTR-HA elicited effective H9N2-specific antibody (6.14 ± 1.2 log2) responses and conferred complete immune protection to prevent viral shedding in the oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs from chickens challenged with H9N2 virus. This study suggests that our recombinant APMV-2 virus is safe and immunogenic and can be a useful tool in the combat of H9N2 outbreaks in chicken.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v14050918
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Improved Relative GNSS Tracking Method Utilizing Single Frequency Receivers
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Sensors Vol. 20, No. 15 ( 2020-07-22), p. 4073-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 15 ( 2020-07-22), p. 4073-
    Abstract: The Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) becomes the primary choice for device localization in outdoor situations. At the same time, many applications do not require precise absolute Earth coordinates, but instead, inferring the geometric configuration information of the constituent nodes in the system by relative positioning. The Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) technique shows its efficiency and accuracy in calculating the relative position. However, when the cycle slips occur, the RTK method may take a long time to obtain a fixed ambiguity value, and the positioning result will be a “float” solution with a low meter accuracy. The novel method presented in this paper is based on the Relative GNSS Tracking Algorithm (Regtrack). It calculates the changes in the relative baseline between two receivers without an ambiguity estimation. The dead reckoning method is used to give out the relative baseline solution while a parallel running Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) method reinitiates the relative baseline when too many validation failures happen. We conducted both static and kinematic tests to assess the performance of the new methodology. The experimental results show that the proposed strategy can give accurate millimeter-scale solutions of relative motion vectors in adjacent two epochs. The relative baseline solution can be sub-decimeter level with or without the base station is holding static. In the meantime, when the initial tracking point and base station coordinates are precisely obtained, the tracking result error can be only 40 cm away from the ground truth after a 25 min drive test in an urban environment. The efficiency test shows that the proposed method can be a real-time method, the time that calculates one epoch of measurement data is no more than 80 ms and is less than 10 ms for best results. The novel method can be used as a more robust and accurate ambiguity free tracking approach for outdoor applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s20154073
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Improved Ambiguity-Free Method for Precise GNSS Positioning with Utilizing Single Frequency Receivers
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Sensors Vol. 20, No. 3 ( 2020-02-06), p. 856-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 3 ( 2020-02-06), p. 856-
    Abstract: The solution of carrier phase ambiguity is essential for precise global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning. Methods of searching in the coordinate domain show their advantage over the methods based on ambiguity fixing, for example, immune to cycle slips, far fewer epochs taken for obtaining the precise solution. However, there are still some drawbacks via using the Ambiguity Function Method (AFM), such as low computation efficiency and the existence of a false global optimum. The false global optimum is a situation where the Least Square (LS) criterion achieves minimum in another place than the point of the actual position, which restricts the application of this method to single-frequency receivers. The numerical search approach derived in this paper is based on the Modified Ambiguity Function Approach (MAFA). It focuses on eliminating the false optimum solution and reducing the computation load by utilizing single-frequency receivers without solving the ambiguity fixing problem. An improved segmented simulated annealing method is used to decrease the computation load while the Kernel Density Estimator (KDE) method is used to filter out the false optimum candidates. Static experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of the new approach. It is shown that a precise result can be obtained by handling two epochs of data with z coordinate fixed to the referenced value. Meanwhile, the new approach can achieve a millimeter level of position accuracy after dealing with nineteen epochs of observations data when searching in x , y , z domain. The new approach shows its robustness even if the search region is broad, and the prior position is several meters away from the referenced value.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s20030856
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regulation of Tyrosinase Gene Expression by Retinoic Acid Pathway in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 21 ( 2022-10-25), p. 12840-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 21 ( 2022-10-25), p. 12840-
    Abstract: Retinoic acid (RA) plays important roles in various biological processes in animals. RA signaling is mediated by two types of nuclear receptors, namely retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid x receptor (RXR), which regulate gene expression by binding to retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) in the promoters of target genes. Here, we explored the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the Pacific oyster Crassostera gigas at the transcriptome level. A total of 586 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in C. gigas upon ATRA treatment, with 309 upregulated and 277 downregulated genes. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that ATRA affects the development, metabolism, reproduction, and immunity of C. gigas. Four tyrosinase genes, including Tyr-6 (LOC105331209), Tyr-9 (LOC105346503), Tyr-20 (LOC105330910), and Tyr-12 (LOC105320007), were upregulated by ATRA according to the transcriptome data and these results were verified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. In addition, increased expression of Tyr (a melanin-related TYR gene in C. gigas) and Tyr-2 were detected after ATRA treatment. The yeast one-hybrid assay revealed the DNA-binding activity of the RA receptors CgRAR and CgRXR, and the interaction of CgRAR with RARE present in the Tyr-2 promoter. These results provide evidence for the further studies on the role of ATRA and the mechanism of RA receptors in mollusks.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112840
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Research Progress on Cu–15Ni–8Sn Alloys: The Effect of Microalloying and Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Materials Vol. 16, No. 17 ( 2023-08-29), p. 5913-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 17 ( 2023-08-29), p. 5913-
    Abstract: Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy is the best choice to replace beryllium bronze alloy. This alloy has unparalleled application value in aerospace, ocean engineering, electronic information, equipment manufacturing, and other fields. However, the application of Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy is challenged and limited because of a series of problems in its preparation and processing, such as easy segregation, difficult deformation, and discontinuous precipitation. It is an effective way to improve the comprehensive properties of Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy using alloying design and process optimization to control the as-cast, deformed, and heat-treated microstructures. At present, it is a hot spot for scholars to study. In this paper, the grade generation, system evolution, and preparation technology development of Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy are comprehensively reviewed. The phase transformation sequence of the Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy is discussed. The influence of the type, amount, and existing form of alloying elements on the strength of Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy and its mechanism are systematically summarized. Furthermore, the latest research progress on the effects of solid solution, cold deformation, and aging on the phase structure transformation and mechanical properties of Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy is summarized. Finally, the future development trend of the Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy is projected. The research results of this paper can provide a reference for the control of the microstructure and properties of high-performance Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloys used in key fields, as well as the optimization of the preparation process and alloy composition.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma16175913
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Hierarchical Driving Control Strategy Applied to Parallel SiC MOSFETs
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Electronics Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2023-12-22), p. 70-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2023-12-22), p. 70-
    Abstract: SiC (silicon carbide) MOSFETs have been extensively used in the power electronics industry due to their exceptional characteristics. First, it was found in this study that their driving loss is larger than their conduction loss in high-frequency applications. Based on this finding, this study proposes a hierarchical driving control strategy for improving the parallel-converter efficiency of SiC MOSFETs under light loads. Efficiency under light loads is of great importance for battery-based energy storage systems. To minimize the sum of the conduction loss and driving loss in parallel devices, this study proposes a current-monitoring hierarchical driving strategy based on an active-clamped flyback converter. By monitoring the output current of the converter, the strategy minimizes the sum of the driving and conduction losses by switching the driving state under different loads. The results of simulations indicate the effectiveness of the load-current-monitoring strategy. To verify the effectiveness of this method, a principle prototype of two SiC MOSFETs connected in parallel at 12 V/5 A was fabricated and tested, and the test results showed that there was a maximum improvement of 1.4% in the converter’s efficiency when the load current was in the range of 0.5–1.5 A.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics13010070
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Multiomics Analysis of a DNAH5-Mutated PCD Organoid Model Revealed the Key Role of the TGF-β/BMP and Notch Pathways in Epithelial Differentiation and the Immune Response in DNAH5-Mutated Patients
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cells Vol. 11, No. 24 ( 2022-12-12), p. 4013-
    Details
    In: Cells, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 24 ( 2022-12-12), p. 4013-
    Abstract: Dynein axonemal heavy chain 5 (DNAH5) is the most mutated gene in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), leading to abnormal cilia ultrastructure and function. Few studies have revealed the genetic characteristics and pathogenetic mechanisms of PCD caused by DNAH5 mutation. Here, we established a child PCD airway organoid directly from the bronchoscopic biopsy of a patient with the DNAH5 mutation. The motile cilia in the organoid were observed and could be stably maintained for an extended time. We further found abnormal ciliary function and a decreased immune response caused by the DNAH5 mutation through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) and proteomic analyses. Additionally, the directed induction of the ciliated cells, regulated by TGF-β/BMP and the Notch pathway, also increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the combination of multiomics analysis and organoid modelling could reveal the close connection between the immune response and the DNAH5 gene.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4409
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cells11244013
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661518-6
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Potential Players of Sex Determination and Asymmetrical Development in Chicken Embryo Gonads
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 19 ( 2023-09-27), p. 14597-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 19 ( 2023-09-27), p. 14597-
    Abstract: Despite the notable progress made in recent years, the understanding of the genetic control of gonadal sex differentiation and asymmetrical ovariogenesis in chicken during embryonic development remains incomplete. This study aimed to identify potential key genes and speculate about the mechanisms associated with ovary and testis development via an analysis of the results of PacBio and Illumina transcriptome sequencing of embryonic chicken gonads at the initiation of sexual differentiation (E4.5, E5.5, and E6.5). PacBio sequencing detected 328 and 233 significantly up-regulated transcript isoforms in females and males at E4.5, respectively. Illumina sequencing detected 95, 296 and 445 DEGs at E4.5, E5.5, and E6.5, respectively. Moreover, both sexes showed asymmetrical expression in gonads, and more DEGs were detected on the left side. There were 12 DEGs involved in cell proliferation shared between males and females in the left gonads. GO analysis suggested that coagulation pathways may be involved in the degradation of the right gonad in females and that blood oxygen transport pathways may be involved in preventing the degradation of the right gonad in males. These results provide a comprehensive expression profile of chicken embryo gonads at the initiation of sexual differentiation, which can serve as a theoretical basis for further understanding the mechanism of bird sex determination and its evolutionary process.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914597
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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