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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Electrophysiological Evidence for the Involvement of the Approximate Number System in Preschoolers' Processing of Spoken Number Words
    MIT Press ; 2014
    In:  Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Vol. 26, No. 9 ( 2014-09-01), p. 1891-1904
    Details
    In: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, MIT Press, Vol. 26, No. 9 ( 2014-09-01), p. 1891-1904
    Abstract: Little is known about the neural underpinnings of number word comprehension in young children. Here we investigated the neural processing of these words during the crucial developmental window in which children learn their meanings and asked whether such processing relies on the Approximate Number System. ERPs were recorded as 3- to 5-year-old children heard the words one, two, three, or six while looking at pictures of 1, 2, 3, or 6 objects. The auditory number word was incongruent with the number of visual objects on half the trials and congruent on the other half. Children's number word comprehension predicted their ERP incongruency effects. Specifically, children with the least number word knowledge did not show any ERP incongruency effects, whereas those with intermediate and high number word knowledge showed an enhanced, negative polarity incongruency response (Ninc) over centroparietal sites from 200 to 500 msec after the number word onset. This negativity was followed by an enhanced, positive polarity incongruency effect (Pinc) that emerged bilaterally over parietal sites at about 700 msec. Moreover, children with the most number word knowledge showed ratio dependence in the Pinc (larger for greater compared with smaller numerical mismatches), a hallmark of the Approximate Number System. Importantly, a similar modulation of the Pinc from 700 to 800 msec was found in children with intermediate number word knowledge. These results provide the first neural correlates of spoken number word comprehension in preschoolers and are consistent with the view that children map number words onto approximate number representations before they fully master the verbal count list.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0898-929X , 1530-8898
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00631
    Language: English
    Publisher: MIT Press
    Publication Date: 2014
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 7,11
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Electrophysiological Measures of Time Processing in Infant and Adult Brains: Weber's Law Holds
    MIT Press ; 2008
    In:  Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Vol. 20, No. 2 ( 2008-02-01), p. 193-203
    Details
    In: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, MIT Press, Vol. 20, No. 2 ( 2008-02-01), p. 193-203
    Abstract: Behavioral studies have demonstrated that time perception in adults, children, and nonhuman animals is subject to Weber's Law. More specifically, as with discriminations of other features, it has been found that it is the ratio between two durations rather than their absolute difference that controls the ability of an animal to discriminate them. Here, we show that scalp-recorded event-related electrical brain potentials (ERPs) in both adults and 10-month-old human infants, in response to changes in interstimulus interval (ISI), appear to obey the scalar property found in time perception in adults, children, and nonhuman animals. Using a timing-interval oddball paradigm, we tested adults and infants in conditions where the ratio between the standard and deviant interval in a train of homogeneous auditory stimuli varied such that there was a 1:4 (only for the infants), 1:3, 1:2, and 2:3 ratio between the standard and deviant intervals. We found that the amplitude of the deviant-triggered mismatch negativity ERP component (deviant-ISI ERP minus standard-ISI ERP) varied as a function of the ratio of the standard to deviant interval. Moreover, when absolute values were varied and ratio was held constant, the mismatch negativity did not vary.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0898-929X , 1530-8898
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20016
    Language: English
    Publisher: MIT Press
    Publication Date: 2008
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 7,11
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Induced Alpha-band Oscillations Reflect Ratio-dependent Number Discrimination in the Infant Brain
    MIT Press ; 2009
    In:  Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Vol. 21, No. 12 ( 2009-12-01), p. 2398-2406
    Details
    In: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, MIT Press, Vol. 21, No. 12 ( 2009-12-01), p. 2398-2406
    Abstract: Behavioral studies show that infants are capable of discriminating the number of objects or events in their environment, while also suggesting that number discrimination in infancy may be ratio-dependent. However, due to limitations of the dependent measures used with infant behavioral studies, the evidence for ratio dependence falls short of the vast psychophysical datasets that have established ratio dependence, and thus, adherence to Weber's Law in adults and nonhuman animals. We addressed this issue in two experiments that presented 7-month-old infants with familiar and novel numerosities while electroencephalogram measures of their brain activity were recorded. These data provide convergent evidence that the brains of 7-month-old infants detected numerical novelty. Alpha-band and theta-band oscillations both differed for novel and familiar numerical values. Most importantly, spectral power in the alpha band over midline and right posterior scalp sites was modulated by the ratio between the familiar and novel numerosities. Our findings provide neural evidence that numerical discrimination in infancy is ratio dependent and follows Weber's Law, thus indicating continuity of these cognitive processes over development. Results are also consistent with the idea that networks in the frontal and parietal cortices support ratio-dependent number discrimination in the first year of human life, consistent with what has been reported in neuroimaging studies in adults and older children.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0898-929X , 1530-8898
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2008.21162
    Language: English
    Publisher: MIT Press
    Publication Date: 2009
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 7,11
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Numerical encoding in early visual cortex
    Elsevier BV ; 2019
    In:  Cortex Vol. 114 ( 2019-05), p. 76-89
    Details
    In: Cortex, Elsevier BV, Vol. 114 ( 2019-05), p. 76-89
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0010-9452
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.03.027
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2080335-7
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 5,21
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Shared and distinct neural circuitry for nonsymbolic and symbolic double‐digit addition
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Human Brain Mapping Vol. 40, No. 4 ( 2019-03), p. 1328-1343
    Details
    In: Human Brain Mapping, Wiley, Vol. 40, No. 4 ( 2019-03), p. 1328-1343
    Abstract: Symbolic arithmetic is a complex, uniquely human ability that is acquired through direct instruction. In contrast, the capacity to mentally add and subtract nonsymbolic quantities such as dot arrays emerges without instruction and can be seen in human infants and nonhuman animals. One possibility is that the mental manipulation of nonsymbolic arrays provides a critical scaffold for developing symbolic arithmetic abilities. To explore this hypothesis, we examined whether there is a shared neural basis for nonsymbolic and symbolic double‐digit addition. In parallel, we asked whether there are brain regions that are associated with nonsymbolic and symbolic addition independently. First, relative to visually matched control tasks, we found that both nonsymbolic and symbolic addition elicited greater neural signal in the bilateral intraparietal sulcus (IPS), bilateral inferior temporal gyrus, and the right superior parietal lobule. Subsequent representational similarity analyses revealed that the neural similarity between nonsymbolic and symbolic addition was stronger relative to the similarity between each addition condition and its visually matched control task, but only in the bilateral IPS. These findings suggest that the IPS is involved in arithmetic calculation independent of stimulus format.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1065-9471 , 1097-0193
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/hbm.v40.4
    DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24452
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1492703-2
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Experience-dependent Hemispheric Specialization of Letters and Numbers Is Revealed in Early Visual Processing
    MIT Press ; 2014
    In:  Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Vol. 26, No. 10 ( 2014-10-01), p. 2239-2249
    Details
    In: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, MIT Press, Vol. 26, No. 10 ( 2014-10-01), p. 2239-2249
    Abstract: Recent fMRI research has demonstrated that letters and numbers are preferentially processed in distinct regions and hemispheres in the visual cortex. In particular, the left visual cortex preferentially processes letters compared with numbers, whereas the right visual cortex preferentially processes numbers compared with letters. Because letters and numbers are cultural inventions and are otherwise physically arbitrary, such a double dissociation is strong evidence for experiential effects on neural architecture. Here, we use the high temporal resolution of ERPs to investigate the temporal dynamics of the neural dissociation between letters and numbers. We show that the divergence between ERP traces to letters and numbers emerges very early in processing. Letters evoked greater N1 waves (latencies 140–170 msec) than did numbers over left occipital channels, whereas numbers evoked greater N1s than letters over the right, suggesting letters and numbers are preferentially processed in opposite hemispheres early in visual encoding. Moreover, strings of letters, but not single letters, elicited greater P2 ERP waves (starting around 250 msec) than numbers did over the left hemisphere, suggesting that the visual cortex is tuned to selectively process combinations of letters, but not numbers, further along in the visual processing stream. Additionally, the processing of both of these culturally defined stimulus types differentiated from similar but unfamiliar visual stimulus forms (false fonts) even earlier in the processing stream (the P1 at 100 msec). These findings imply major cortical specialization processes within the visual system driven by experience with reading and mathematics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0898-929X , 1530-8898
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00621
    Language: English
    Publisher: MIT Press
    Publication Date: 2014
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 7,11
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Context-Dependent Modulation of Early Visual Cortical Responses to Numerical and Nonnumerical Magnitudes
    MIT Press ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Vol. 33, No. 12 ( 2021-11-05), p. 2536-2547
    Details
    In: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, MIT Press, Vol. 33, No. 12 ( 2021-11-05), p. 2536-2547
    Abstract: Whether and how the brain encodes discrete numerical magnitude differently from continuous nonnumerical magnitude is hotly debated. In a previous set of studies, we orthogonally varied numerical (numerosity) and nonnumerical (size and spacing) dimensions of dot arrays and demonstrated a strong modulation of early visual evoked potentials (VEPs) by numerosity and not by nonnumerical dimensions. Although very little is known about the brain's response to systematic changes in continuous dimensions of a dot array, some authors intuit that the visual processing stream must be more sensitive to continuous magnitude information than to numerosity. To address this possibility, we measured VEPs of participants viewing dot arrays that changed exclusively in one nonnumerical magnitude dimension at a time (size or spacing) while holding numerosity constant and compared this to a condition where numerosity was changed while holding size and spacing constant. We found reliable but small neural sensitivity to exclusive changes in size and spacing; however, exclusively changing numerosity elicited a much more robust modulation of the VEPs. Together with previous work, these findings suggest that sensitivity to magnitude dimensions in early visual cortex is context dependent: The brain is moderately sensitive to changes in size and spacing when numerosity is held constant, but sensitivity to these continuous variables diminishes to a negligible level when numerosity is allowed to vary at the same time. Neurophysiological explanations for the encoding and context dependency of numerical and nonnumerical magnitudes are proposed within the framework of neuronal normalization.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0898-929X , 1530-8898
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01774
    Language: English
    Publisher: MIT Press
    Publication Date: 2021
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 7,11
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  • 8
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    Cover Image
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Human Brain Mapping Vol. 40, No. 4 ( 2019-03)
    Details
    In: Human Brain Mapping, Wiley, Vol. 40, No. 4 ( 2019-03)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1065-9471 , 1097-0193
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/hbm.v40.4
    DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24256
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1492703-2
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Neurophysiological signatures of approximate number system acuity in preschoolers
    Elsevier BV ; 2023
    In:  Trends in Neuroscience and Education Vol. 30 ( 2023-03), p. 100197-
    Details
    In: Trends in Neuroscience and Education, Elsevier BV, Vol. 30 ( 2023-03), p. 100197-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2211-9493
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tine.2022.100197
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2694503-4
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  • 10
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    Numerosity processing in early visual cortex
    Elsevier BV ; 2017
    In:  NeuroImage Vol. 157 ( 2017-08), p. 429-438
    Details
    In: NeuroImage, Elsevier BV, Vol. 157 ( 2017-08), p. 429-438
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1053-8119
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.069
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471418-8
    SSG: 5,2
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