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  • 1
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    Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about influenza illness and vaccination: a cross‐sectional survey in two South African communities
    Wiley ; 2016
    In:  Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2016-09), p. 421-428
    Details
    In: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Wiley, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2016-09), p. 421-428
    Abstract: Understanding knowledge and sentiment toward influenza and vaccination is important for effective health messages and prevention strategies. We aimed to characterize knowledge, attitudes, and practices surrounding influenza illness and vaccination in two South African communities and explore reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Methods Household primary caregivers in Soweto and Klerksdorp townships were interviewed about knowledge of influenza and intention to receive an influenza vaccine using a structured questionnaire. Factors associated with unwillingness to receive vaccine were explored using multivariable regression. Results We interviewed representatives of 973 households in Soweto and 1,442 in Klerksdorp. Most respondents in Soweto (692, 71%) and Klerksdorp (1247, 87%) thought weather or cold caused influenza. While most would get a free influenza vaccine, those unwilling to receive vaccine had concerns about efficacy (Soweto: 19%; Klerksdorp: 19%) and safety (Soweto: 17%; Klerksdorp: 10%). In Soweto, females ( aRR 2·0, 95% CI 1·3–3·2) and those with higher household income ( aRR 1·8, 95% CI 1·2–2·7) were less willing to receive vaccine. In Klerksdorp, more educated respondents ( aRR 1·6, 95% CI 1·1–2·4) were less willing to receive vaccine; households reporting an HIV ‐positive member were more willing to receive vaccine ( aRR 0·3, 95% CI 0·1–0·8). Conclusions Although findings suggest most community participants were amenable to influenza vaccination, knowledge gaps were present. Emphasizing the importance of influenza as a health problem and addressing vaccine safety and efficacy concerns may improve uptake. Populations less amenable to vaccination, including those with higher education and income, may benefit from targeted messaging efforts.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1750-2640 , 1750-2659
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/irv.2016.10.issue-5
    DOI: 10.1111/irv.12388
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2272349-3
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  • 2
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    Genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of human rhinoviruses in South Africa
    Wiley ; 2014
    In:  Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Vol. 8, No. 5 ( 2014-09), p. 567-573
    Details
    In: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Wiley, Vol. 8, No. 5 ( 2014-09), p. 567-573
    Abstract: Rhinoviruses ( RV ) are a well‐established cause of respiratory illness. RV ‐C has been associated with more severe illness. We aimed to characterize and compare the clinical presentations and disease severity of different RV type circulating in South Africa. Method We performed two analyses of RV ‐positive specimens identified through surveillance in South Africa across all age groups. First, RV ‐positive specimens identified through severe acute respiratory illness ( SARI ) surveillance in four provinces was randomly selected from 2009 to 2010 for molecular characterization. Second, RV ‐positive specimens identified through SARI , influenza‐like illness ( ILI ) and control surveillance at hospitals and outpatient clinics in during 2012–2013 were used to determine the association of RV type with severe disease. Selected specimens were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Results Among the 599 sequenced specimens from 2009 to 2010 and 2012 to 2013, RV‐A (285, 48%) and RV‐C (247, 41%) were more commonly identified than RV‐B (67, 11%), with no seasonality and a high genetic diversity. A higher prevalence of RV infection was identified in cases with SARI [515/962 (26%); aRRR  = 1·6; 95% CI 1·21; 2·2] and ILI [356/962 (28%); aRRR  = 1·9; 95% CI 1·37; 2·6] compared with asymptomatic controls (91/962, 22%). There was no difference in disease severity between the different type when comparing SARI, ILI and controls. Conclusion All three type of RV were identified in South Africa, although RV ‐A and RV ‐C were more common than RV ‐B. RV was associated with symptomatic respiratory illness; however, there was no association between RV type and disease severity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1750-2640 , 1750-2659
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/irv.2014.8.issue-5
    DOI: 10.1111/irv.12264
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 3
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    Influenza and tuberculosis co‐infection: A systematic review
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2020-01), p. 77-91
    Details
    In: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Wiley, Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2020-01), p. 77-91
    Abstract: There are limited data on risk of severe disease or outcomes in patients with influenza and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) co‐infection compared to those with single infection. Methods We conducted a systematic review of published literature on the interaction of influenza viruses and PTB. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they presented data on prevalence, disease association, presentation or severity of laboratory‐confirmed influenza among clinically diagnosed or laboratory‐confirmed PTB cases. We searched eight databases from inception until December 2018. Summary characteristics of each study were extracted, and a narrative summary was presented. Cohort or case‐control studies were assessed for potential bias using the Newcastle‐Ottawa scale. Results We assessed 5154 abstracts, reviewed 146 manuscripts and included 19 studies fulfilling selection criteria (13 human and six animal). Of seven studies reporting on the possible effect of the underlying PTB disease in patients with influenza, three of four analytical studies reported no association with disease severity of influenza infection in those with PTB, whilst one study reported PTB as a risk factor for influenza‐associated hospitalization. An association between influenza infection and PTB disease was found in three of five analytical studies; whereas the two other studies reported a high frequency of PTB disease progression and complications among patients with seasonal influenza co‐infection. Conclusion Human analytical studies of an association between co‐infection and severe influenza‐ or PTB‐associated disease or increased prevalence of influenza co‐infection in individuals' hospitalized for PTB were not conclusive. Data are limited from large, high‐quality, analytical epidemiological studies with laboratory‐confirmed endpoints.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1750-2640 , 1750-2659
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/irv.v14.1
    DOI: 10.1111/irv.12670
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2272349-3
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  • 4
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    Estimating vaccine effectiveness in preventing laboratory‐confirmed influenza in outpatient settings in South Africa, 2015
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2017-03), p. 177-181
    Details
    In: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Wiley, Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2017-03), p. 177-181
    Abstract: Trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness during the 2015 season in South Africa was assessed using a test‐negative case control study design. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was the dominant circulating strain. Overall influenza vaccine coverage was 3.2% (29/899). The vaccine effectiveness estimate, against any influenza virus infection, adjusted for age, underlying conditions and timing within season was 46.2% (95% CI: −23.5 to 76.5), and 53.6% (95% CI: −62.6 to 80.3) against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1750-2640 , 1750-2659
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/irv.2017.11.issue-2
    DOI: 10.1111/irv.12436
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2272349-3
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  • 5
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    The effects of the attributable fraction and the duration of symptoms on burden estimates of influenza‐associated respiratory illnesses in a high HIV prevalence setting, South Africa, 2013‐2015
    Wiley ; 2018
    In:  Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2018-05), p. 360-373
    Details
    In: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Wiley, Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2018-05), p. 360-373
    Abstract: The attributable fraction of influenza virus detection to illness ( INF ‐ AF ) and the duration of symptoms as a surveillance inclusion criterion could potentially have substantial effects on influenza disease burden estimates. Methods We estimated rates of influenza‐associated influenza‐like illness ( ILI ) and severe acute ( SARI ‐10) or chronic ( SCRI ‐10) respiratory illness (using a symptom duration cutoff of ≤10 days) among HIV ‐infected and HIV ‐uninfected patients attending 3 hospitals and 2 affiliated clinics in South Africa during 2013‐2015. We calculated the unadjusted and INF ‐ AF ‐adjusted rates and relative risk ( RR ) due to HIV infection. Rates were expressed per 100 000 population. Results The estimated mean annual unadjusted rates of influenza‐associated illness were 1467.7, 50.3, and 27.4 among patients with ILI , SARI ‐10, and SCRI ‐10, respectively. After adjusting for the INF ‐ AF , the percent reduction in the estimated rates was 8.9% (rate: 1336.9), 11.0% (rate: 44.8), and 16.3% (rate: 22.9) among patients with ILI , SARI ‐10, and SCRI ‐10, respectively. HIV ‐infected compared to HIV ‐uninfected individuals experienced a 2.3 (95% CI : 2.2‐2.4)‐, 9.7 (95% CI : 8.0‐11.8)‐, and 10.0 (95% CI : 7.9‐12.7)‐fold increased risk of influenza‐associated illness among patients with ILI , SARI ‐10, and SCRI ‐10, respectively. Overall 34% of the estimated influenza‐associated hospitalizations had symptom duration of 〉 10 days; 8% and 44% among individuals aged 〈 5 and ≥5 years, respectively. Conclusion The marginal differences between unadjusted and INF ‐ AF ‐adjusted rates are unlikely to affect policies on prioritization of interventions. HIV ‐infected individuals experienced an increased risk of influenza‐associated illness and may benefit more from annual influenza immunization. The use of a symptom duration cutoff of ≤10 days may underestimate influenza‐associated disease burden, especially in older individuals.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1750-2640 , 1750-2659
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/irv.2018.12.issue-3
    DOI: 10.1111/irv.12529
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2272349-3
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  • 6
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    Enterovirus genotypes among patients with severe acute respiratory illness, influenza‐like illness, and asymptomatic individuals in South Africa, 2012‐2014
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Journal of Medical Virology Vol. 89, No. 10 ( 2017-10), p. 1759-1767
    Details
    In: Journal of Medical Virology, Wiley, Vol. 89, No. 10 ( 2017-10), p. 1759-1767
    Abstract: Enteroviruses can cause outbreaks of severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) and EV‐A, ‐B, ‐C, and ‐D species have different pathogenic profiles and circulation patterns. We aimed to characterize and determine the prevalence of enterovirus genotypes among South African patients with respiratory illness and controls during June 2012 to July 2014. Syndromic SARI and influenza‐like illness (ILI) surveillance was performed at two sentinel sites. At each site nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal specimens were collected from SARI and ILI patients as well as controls. Specimens were tested for enterovirus by real‐time PCR. Positive specimens were further genotyped by sequencing a region of the VP1 gene. The prevalence of enterovirus was 5.8% (87/1494), 3.4% (103/3079), and 3.4% (46/1367) among SARI, ILI, and controls, respectively (SARI/controls, P  = 0.002 and ILI/control, P  = 0.973). Among the 101/236 (42.8%) enterovirus‐positive specimens that could be genotyped, we observed a high diversity of circulating enterovirus genotypes (a total of 33 genotypes) from all four human enterovirus species with high prevalence of Enterovirus‐B (60.4%; 61/101) and Enterovirus‐A (21.8%; 22/101) compared to Enterovirus‐C (10.9%; 11/101) and Enterovirus‐D (6.9%; 7/101) ( P  = 0.477). Of the enterovirus genotypes identified, Echovirus 30 (9.9%, 10/101), Coxsackie virus B5 (7.9%, 8/101) and Enterovirus‐D68 (6.9%, 7/101) were most prevalent. There was no difference in disease severity (SARI or ILI compared to controls) between the different enterovirus species ( P  = 0.167). We observed a high number of enterovirus genotypes in patients with respiratory illness and in controls from South Africa with no disease association of EV species with disease severity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0146-6615 , 1096-9071
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/jmv.v89.10
    DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24869
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 752392-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1475090-9
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  • 7
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    Epidemiology of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and SARS‐CoV‐2 positive hospital admissions among children in South Africa
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Vol. 16, No. 1 ( 2022-01), p. 34-47
    Details
    In: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Wiley, Vol. 16, No. 1 ( 2022-01), p. 34-47
    Abstract: We describe epidemiology and outcomes of confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and positive admissions among children 〈 18 years in South Africa, an upper‐middle income setting with high inequality. Methods Laboratory and hospital COVID‐19 surveillance data, 28 January ‐ 19 September 2020 was used. Testing rates were calculated as number of tested for SARS‐CoV‐2 divided by population at risk; test positivity rates were calculated as positive tests divided by total number of tests. In‐hospital case fatality ratio (CFR) was calculated based on hospitalized positive admissions with outcome data who died in‐hospital and whose death was judged SARS‐CoV‐2 related by attending physician. Findings 315 570 children aged 〈 18 years were tested for SARS‐CoV‐2; representing 8.9% of all 3 548 738 tests and 1.6% of all children in the country. Of children tested, 46 137 (14.6%) were positive. Children made up 2.9% (n = 2007) of all SARS‐CoV‐2 positive admissions to sentinel hospitals. Among children, 47 died (2.6% case‐fatality). In‐hospital deaths were associated with male sex [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.18 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.08–4.40)] vs female; age 〈 1 year [aOR 4.11 (95% CI 1.08–15.54)], age 10–14 years [aOR 4.20 (95% CI1.07–16.44)] , age 15–17 years [aOR 4.86 (95% 1.28–18.51)] vs age 1–4 years; admission to a public hospital [aOR 5.07(95% 2.01–12.76)] vs private hospital and ≥1 underlying conditions [aOR 12.09 (95% CI 4.19–34.89)] vs none. Conclusions Children with underlying conditions were at greater risk of severe SARS‐CoV‐2 outcomes. Children 〉 10 years, those in certain provinces and those with underlying conditions should be considered for increased testing and vaccination.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1750-2640 , 1750-2659
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/irv.v16.1
    DOI: 10.1111/irv.12916
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 8
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    Human bocavirus, coronavirus, and polyomavirus detected among patients hospitalised with severe acute respiratory illness in South Africa, 2012 to 2013
    Wiley ; 2018
    In:  Health Science Reports Vol. 1, No. 8 ( 2018-08)
    Details
    In: Health Science Reports, Wiley, Vol. 1, No. 8 ( 2018-08)
    Abstract: Aim To investigate the prevalence of human bocavirus (hBoV), human coronaviruses (hCoV), and human polyomaviruses (hPyV) among patients with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI), in South Africa. Methods The study included 680 South African patients randomly selected in age‐defined categories from hospitalised patients enrolled through SARI surveillance during 2012 to 2013. A multiplex reverse transcription real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect hBoV; hCoV‐OC43, hCoV‐229E, hCoV‐NL63, and hCoV‐HKU1; and Washington University hPyV (hPyV‐WU) and Karolinska Insitute hPyV (hPyV‐KI), in respiratory tract specimens collected from patients with SARI. All respiratory specimens from patients enrolled through SARI surveillance were also routinely tested by multiplex reverse transcription real‐time polymerase chain reaction for adenovirus; enterovirus; human metapneumovirus; parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3; respiratory syncytial virus; rhinovirus; influenza A, and influenza B. Results Human bocavirus, hCoV‐229E, and hPyV‐WU were detected in 3.7% (25/680), 4.1% (28/680), and 4.1% (28/680) of respiratory specimens, respectively. All other viruses were detected in 〈 2% of specimens. Rhinovirus was the most common coinfecting virus (21.4%‐60.7%), followed by adenovirus (21.4%‐39.3%), and respiratory syncytial virus (10.7%‐24.0%). Testing for the additional viruses (hBoV, hCoV, and hPyV) decreased the number of specimens that initially tested negative by 2.9% (20/680). Conclusion Inclusion of laboratory tests for hBoV, hCoV‐229E, and hPyV‐WU in differential testing algorithms for surveillance and diagnostics for suspected cases of respiratory illness of unknown cause may improve our understanding of the etiology of SARI, especially in a country like South Africa with a high number of immune compromised persons.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2398-8835 , 2398-8835
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.v1.8
    DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.59
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2927182-4
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