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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    COVID-19: An Update on the Latest Therapeutic Agents
    HH Publisher ; 2023
    In:  Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2023-04-17)
    Details
    In: Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology, HH Publisher, Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2023-04-17)
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has plagued the world for over three years since discovering the causative virus, SARS-CoV-2, in China. The rampant spread of the virus led to the loss of livelihoods of millions across the globe. This public health emergency prompted the rapid development of vaccines and treatments to fight against viral infection. Vaccines against the viral infection started rolling out in late 2020, and the distribution of the vaccines worldwide managed to reduce the symptoms of COVID-19 and prevent outbreaks in local communities. However, COVID-19 infections are still prevalent, with patients suffering from severe symptoms which require oxygen support or mechanical ventilation. Thus, therapeutic agents for COVID-19 play a significant role in reducing the risk of disease progression into severe disease and improving hospitalized patients' clinical outcomes. Existing drugs such as remdesivir, molnupiravir, baricitinib, anakinra, and tocilizumab have been repurposed to treat COVID-19 earlier during the pandemic to meet the urgent demand for treatment. There are also novel antiviral and immunomodulating treatments (nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir, ensitrelvir, regdanvimab, sotrovimab, and vilobelimab) that were developed during the pandemic to fight against COVID-19 infections. These therapeutic agents have been reported to be effective and safe for use to treat COVID-19 infections of different severity. Nevertheless, continuous surveillance is imperative in ensuring that these treatment methods maintain efficacy and safety profiles in treating COVID-19 caused by different variants of the virus.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2637-1049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.36877/pmmb.0000329
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: HH Publisher
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3137141-3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Ameliorative Role of Probiotics in 5-fluorouracil Induced Intestinal Mucositis
    HH Publisher ; 2023
    In:  Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2023-07-16)
    Details
    In: Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology, HH Publisher, Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2023-07-16)
    Abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the top cancers in the world. Although early detection improves the survival rate to around 90%, late detection would mean the need to use chemotherapy or radiotherapy, especially if surgery is not feasible. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the common anti-cancer drugs used in treating CRC. It is the drug that has the greatest efficacy on CRC. Although it improves the survival rate, it has many detrimental side effects. One of these side effects is intestinal mucositis. It is described as having reduced villus height, villus atrophy, crypt fissure, abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea, and weight loss. Clinically, there is no conclusive treatment therapy for mucositis. This is possibly due to the complex mechanism of the pathobiology of intestinal mucositis that includes the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased epithelial cell apoptosis. 5-FU itself is known to cause gut dysbiosis. Current studies revealed probiotics play a role in attenuating this inflammatory process of intestinal mucositis by reversing gut dysbiosis, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reducing intestinal damage. This review outlines the latest evidence supporting probiotic use in ameliorating 5-FU induced intestinal mucositis, thereby promoting good health and well-being in colorectal cancer patients receiving 5-FU chemotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2637-1049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.36877/pmmb.a0000339
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: HH Publisher
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3137141-3
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Exploring its Incidence in Malaysia and the Potential of Streptomyces sp. as an Anti-Vibrio Agent
    HH Publisher ; 2023
    In:  Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2023-06-10)
    Details
    In: Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology, HH Publisher, Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2023-06-10)
    Abstract: As the world recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic, concern remains for future potential outbreaks because of the persisting effects of climate change, including the proliferation of infectious diseases. The frequent isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the surrounding environment is of concern as it can cause infections in marine animals and transmitted to humans. V. parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Malaysia is one of the top seafood consumers and this places us at a higher risk of exposure to V. parahaemolyticus infections. Over the years, this foodborne pathogen has been isolated from various sources in Malaysia, mainly from seafood such as shellfish, shrimps, and fish. To make matters worse, there has been an emergence of antibiotic-resistant V. parahaemolyticus worldwide, which is attributed to the uncontrolled use of antibiotics in aquaculture to prevent and treat vibriosis. Therefore, it is vital to utilize alternatives such as probiotics to control V. parahaemolyticus to prevent further propagation of antibiotic-resistant strains of the bacteria. A potential candidate for probiotics is Streptomyces sp., a class of filamentous, Gram-positive bacteria that produce a variety of bioactive compounds during their life cycle, which can be useful in drug discovery. The bioactive compounds produced by Streptomyces sp. have been proven to have microbiota-modulating and stimulatory effects on the host, enhancing immunity and providing protective effects against V. parahaemolyticus infections. With the application of Streptomyces sp. as probiotics in aquaculture, the efficacy of the available antibiotics can be preserved, and the further spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment can be reduced.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2637-1049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.36877/pmmb.a0000334
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: HH Publisher
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3137141-3
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Exploring the Safety and Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients with Autoimmune Disease
    HH Publisher ; 2022
    In:  Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2022-11-16)
    Details
    In: Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology, HH Publisher, Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2022-11-16)
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has quickly become the most significant public health phenomenon, effectively eclipsing the H1N1 and Ebola crises that came before it. It can spread rapidly and has caused the death and disability of many worldwide. Vaccines are our most effective line of defense against the rapidly spreading and mutating virion. Still, there is significant vaccine hesitancy among those with autoimmune conditions who fear the vaccine may cause them more harm than good. This scoping review explores the safety, outcomes, and effects of COVID-19 vaccines in autoimmune patients. Online databases; Pubmed, Ovid Medline, and Scopus were used to search published literature evaluating the effectiveness and side effects of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with autoimmune conditions. The search results were limited to 4 distinct autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, and myasthenia gravis). Thirty-seven studies were retrieved and assessed on the safety, effects, and outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with the chosen autoimmune conditions. Overall, the risk of flares and the development of severe side effects after vaccination was low. Most autoimmune patients showed a good antibody response to vaccination, especially after the second dose. This review provides a favorable impact of vaccination in patients with autoimmune conditions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2637-1049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.36877/pmmb.a0000277
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: HH Publisher
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3137141-3
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Exploring the impact of Helicobacter pylori and potential gut microbiome modulation
    HH Publisher ; 2023
    In:  Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2023-01-04)
    Details
    In: Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology, HH Publisher, Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2023-01-04)
    Abstract: Helicobacter pylori is a highly prevalent bacteria that can harm humans due to its major involvement in developing gastrointestinal diseases, particularly gastric cancer. Therefore, eradicating H. pylori is one of the most important strategies for preventing gastric cancer. Antibiotic treatment has always been the gold standard treatment for H. pylori infection. However, the decreasing efficacy of antibiotic therapy due to the rising antibiotic resistance and high incidence of dysbiosis-related adverse effects resulted in eradication failure. To enhance the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy, strategies that modulate the gut microbiome were proposed to play a positive role. Generally, the integration of probiotics or symbiotic into antibiotic therapy was shown to enhance the eradication rate and reduce the incidence of adverse effects. This review aims to discuss the role and effect of H. pylori in gastric carcinogenesis and gut microbiome modulation in eradicating H. pylori infection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2637-1049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.36877/pmmb.a0000273
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: HH Publisher
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3137141-3
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Streptomyces griseiviridis sp. nov., A Novel “Modern Actinobacteria” isolated from Malaysia Mangrove Soil
    HH Publisher ; 2023
    In:  Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2023-01-11)
    Details
    In: Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology, HH Publisher, Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2023-01-11)
    Abstract: A novel strain, Streptomyces griseiviridis MUM 136JT was recovered from a mangrove forest soil in Malaysia. The Gram-positive bacterium forms strong yellow aerial mycelium and moderate yellow substrate mycelium on ISP 2 agar. A polyphasic approachwas used to determine the taxonomy status of strain MUM 136JT. The strain showed a spectrum of phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic properties consistent with those of the members of the genus Streptomyces. The cell wall peptidoglycan was determined to contain LL-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H6), while the identified polar lipids consisted of lipid, aminolipid, phospholipid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositolmannoside. The cell wall sugars consist of ribose, mannose, and galactose. The predominant cellular fatty acids ( 〉 10.0 %) were identified as iso-C16:0 (31.6 %), anteiso-C15:0 (14.8 %), iso-C15:0 (12.0 %), and anteiso-C17:0 (11.1 %). Phylogenetic analysis identified that closely related strains for MUM 136JT are Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii DSM 42122T (98.9 %), Streptomyces erythrogriseus JCM 9650T (98.4 %), Streptomyces griseoincarnatus JCM 4381T (98.5 %). The DNA-DNA relatedness values between MUM 136 JT and closely related type strains ranged from 13.3 ± 1.5 % to 17.4 ± 2.0 %. The name Streptomyces griseiviridis sp. nov. is proposed, and the type strain is MUM 136JT (= NBRC 114249T = MCCC 1K04199T).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2637-1049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.36877/pmmb.a0000270
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: HH Publisher
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3137141-3
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Exploring the Gut Microbiome in Myasthenia Gravis
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 14, No. 8 ( 2022-04-14), p. 1647-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 8 ( 2022-04-14), p. 1647-
    Abstract: The human gut microbiota is vital for maintaining human health in terms of immune system homeostasis. Perturbations in the composition and function of microbiota have been associated with several autoimmune disorders, including myasthenia gravis (MG), a neuromuscular condition associated with varying weakness and rapid fatigue of the skeletal muscles triggered by the host’s antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) in the postsynaptic muscle membrane at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). It is hypothesized that perturbation of the gut microbiota is associated with the pathogenesis of MG. The gut microbiota community profiles are usually generated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Compared to healthy individuals, MG participants had an altered gut microbiota’s relative abundance of bacterial taxa, particularly with a drop in Clostridium. The microbial diversity related to MG severity and the overall fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were lower in MG subjects. Changes were also found in terms of serum biomarkers and fecal metabolites. A link was found between the bacterial Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU), some metabolite biomarkers, and MG’s clinical symptoms. There were also variations in microbial and metabolic markers, which, in combination, could be used as an MG diagnostic tool, and interventions via fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) could affect MG development. Probiotics may influence MG by restoring the gut microbiome imbalance, aiding the prevention of MG, and lowering the risk of gut inflammation by normalizing serum biomarkers. Hence, this review will discuss how alterations of gut microbiome composition and function relate to MG and the benefits of gut modulation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu14081647
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ketogenic Diet: A Dietary Intervention via Gut Microbiome Modulation for the Treatment of Neurological and Nutritional Disorders (a Narrative Review)
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 14, No. 17 ( 2022-08-30), p. 3566-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 17 ( 2022-08-30), p. 3566-
    Abstract: The ketogenic diet (KD) has been important in treating epilepsy since the 1920s. The benefits of KD further expanded to other neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s diseases, autism spectrum disorder, and nutritional disorder (obesity). Although the therapeutic efficacy of KD has been generally accepted, there is limited knowledge about its underlying mechanism of action, particularly its effect on our gut microbiome. Gut dysbiosis has been proposed to be involved in those diseases, and KD can promote gut microbiota remodeling that may assist in recovery. This review explores the therapeutic applications of KD, the roles of the gut microbiome in neurological diseases and obesity, as well as the effect of KD on the gut microbiome. The present information suggests that KD has significant roles in altering the gut microbiome to improve disease symptoms, mainly by incrementing Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes (B/F) ratio and reducing Proteobacteria in certain cases. However, current gaps call for continued research to understand better the gut microbiota profile altered by KD.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu14173566
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Genomic analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains isolated in Malaysia
    HH Publisher ; 2020
    In:  Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology Vol. 3, No. 1 ( 2020-08-09)
    Details
    In: Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology, HH Publisher, Vol. 3, No. 1 ( 2020-08-09)
    Abstract: Using seven complete genomes of human SARS-CoV-2 (retrieved from GISAID) isolated in Malaysia forphylogenetic tree construction, the current study showed that these strains formed four distinct clades when compared with other representative strains from Asia, Europe and US. In light of that, the genome sequences of these strains isolated in Malaysia suggested that there is currently more than one “type” of strain within the country. Complementing with epidemiological and experimental studies, these findings allow better understanding the prevalence of certain types in Malaysia and permits further in-depth studies on the virulence and pathogenic mechanisms of these strains which is particularly critical to speed up the development of effective treatment regime.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2637-1049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.36877/pmmb.a0000093
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: HH Publisher
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3137141-3
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    PMMB COVID-19 Bulletin: Spain (18th April 2020)
    HH Publisher ; 2020
    In:  Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology Vol. 3, No. 1 ( 2020-04-22)
    Details
    In: Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology, HH Publisher, Vol. 3, No. 1 ( 2020-04-22)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2637-1049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.36877/pmmb.a0000074
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: HH Publisher
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3137141-3
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