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  • MDPI AG  (12)
  • Song, Zhen  (12)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evaluation of Five Satellite Top-of-Atmosphere Albedo Products over Land
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 11, No. 24 ( 2019-12-06), p. 2919-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 24 ( 2019-12-06), p. 2919-
    Abstract: Five satellite top-of-atmosphere (TOA) albedo products over land were evaluated in this study including global products from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) (TAL-AVHRR), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (TAL-MODIS), and Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES); one regional product from the Climate Monitoring Satellite Application Facility (CM SAF); and one harmonized product termed Diagnosing Earth’s Energy Pathways in the Climate system (DEEP-C). Results showed that overall, there is good consistency among these five products, particularly after the year 2000. The differences among these products in the high-latitude regions were relatively larger. The percentage differences among TAL-AVHRR, TAL-MODIS, and CERES were generally less than 20%, while the differences between TAL-AVHRR and DEEP-C before 2000 were much larger. Except for the obvious decrease in the differences after 2000, the differences did not show significant changes over time, but varied among different regions. The differences between TAL-AVHRR and the other products were relatively large in the high-latitude regions of North America, Asia, and the Maritime Continent, while the differences between DEEP-C and CM SAF in Europe and Africa were smaller. Interannual variability was consistent between products after 2000, before which the differences among the three products were much larger.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs11242919
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 2
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    Sandbur Drought Tolerance Reflects Phenotypic Plasticity Based on the Accumulation of Sugars, Lipids, and Flavonoid Intermediates and the Scavenging of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Root
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 22, No. 23 ( 2021-11-23), p. 12615-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 23 ( 2021-11-23), p. 12615-
    Abstract: The perennial grass Cenchrus spinifex (common sandbur) is an invasive species that grows in arid and semi-arid regions due to its remarkable phenotypic plasticity, which confers the ability to withstand drought and other forms of abiotic stress. Exploring the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in common sandbur could lead to the development of new strategies for the protection of natural and agricultural environments from this weed. To determine the molecular basis of drought tolerance in C. spinifex, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) to identify proteins differing in abundance between roots growing in normal soil and roots subjected to moderate or severe drought stress. The analysis of these proteins revealed that drought tolerance in C. spinifex primarily reflects the modulation of core physiological activities such as protein synthesis, transport and energy utilization as well as the accumulation of flavonoid intermediates and the scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Accordingly, plants subjected to drought stress accumulated sucrose, fatty acids, and ascorbate, shifted their redox potential (as determined by the NADH/NAD ratio), accumulated flavonoid intermediates at the expense of anthocyanins and lignin, and produced less actin, indicating fundamental reorganization of the cytoskeleton. Our results show that C. spinifex responds to drought stress by coordinating multiple metabolic pathways along with other adaptations. It is likely that the underlying metabolic plasticity of this species plays a key role in its invasive success, particularly in semi-arid and arid environments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312615
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
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    A Model-Based Approach for Bridging Virtual and Physical Sensor Nodes in a Hybrid Simulation Framework
    MDPI AG ; 2014
    In:  Sensors Vol. 14, No. 6 ( 2014-06-23), p. 11070-11096
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 6 ( 2014-06-23), p. 11070-11096
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s140611070
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 4
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    SFE-CO2 Extract from Typhonium giganteum Engl. Tubers, Induces Apoptosis in Human Hepatoma SMMC-7721 Cells Involvement of a ROS-Mediated Mitochondrial Pathway
    MDPI AG ; 2011
    In:  Molecules Vol. 16, No. 10 ( 2011-09-28), p. 8228-8243
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 10 ( 2011-09-28), p. 8228-8243
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules16108228
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 5
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    High-Throughput Computational Screening of Ionic Liquids for Butadiene and Butene Separation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Processes Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2022-01-15), p. 165-
    Details
    In: Processes, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2022-01-15), p. 165-
    Abstract: The separation of 1,3-butadiene (1,3-C4H6) and 1-butene (n-C4H8) is quite challenging due to their close boiling points and similar molecular structures. Extractive distillation (ED) is widely regarded as a promising approach for such a separation task. For ED processes, the selection of suitable entrainer is of central importance. Traditional ED processes using organic solvents suffer from high energy consumption. To tackle this issue, the utilization of ionic liquids (ILs) can serve as a potential alternative. In this work, a high-throughput computational screening of ILs is performed to find proper entrainers, where 36,260 IL candidates comprising of 370 cations and 98 anions are involved. COSMO-RS is employed to calculate the infinite dilution extractive capacity and selectivity of the 36,260 ILs. In doing so, the ILs that satisfy the prespecified thermodynamic criteria and physical property constraints are identified. After the screening, the resulting IL candidates are sent for rigorous process simulation and design. 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylimidazolium methylcarbonate is found to be the optimal IL solvent. Compared with the benchmark ED process where the organic solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is adopted, the energy consumption is reduced by 26%. As a result, this work offers a new IL-based ED process for efficient 1,3-C4H6 production.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9717
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pr10010165
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720994-5
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  • 6
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    Machine Learning for Ionic Liquid Toxicity Prediction
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Processes Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2020-12-30), p. 65-
    Details
    In: Processes, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2020-12-30), p. 65-
    Abstract: In addition to proper physicochemical properties, low toxicity is also desirable when seeking suitable ionic liquids (ILs) for specific applications. In this context, machine learning (ML) models were developed to predict the IL toxicity in leukemia rat cell line (IPC-81) based on an extended experimental dataset. Following a systematic procedure including framework construction, hyper-parameter optimization, model training, and evaluation, the feedforward neural network (FNN) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were adopted to predict the toxicity of ILs directly from their molecular structures. Based on the ML structures optimized by the five-fold cross validation, two ML models were established and evaluated using IL structural descriptors as inputs. It was observed that both models exhibited high predictive accuracy, with the SVM model observed to be slightly better than the FNN model. For the SVM model, the determination coefficients were 0.9289 and 0.9202 for the training and test sets, respectively. The satisfactory predictive performance and generalization ability make our models useful for the computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) of environmentally friendly ILs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9717
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pr9010065
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720994-5
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  • 7
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    USP15 Represses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression by Regulation of Pathways of Cell Proliferation and Cell Migration: A System Biology Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Cancers Vol. 15, No. 5 ( 2023-02-21), p. 1371-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 5 ( 2023-02-21), p. 1371-
    Abstract: Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) leads to 600,000 people’s deaths every year. The protein ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 15 (USP15) is a ubiquitin-specific protease. The role of USP15 in HCC is still unclear. Method: We studied the function of USP15 in HCC from the viewpoint of systems biology and investigated possible implications using experimental methods, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Western blotting, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and next-generation sequencing (NGS). We investigated tissues samples of 102 patients who underwent liver resection between January 2006 and December 2010 at the Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (SRRSH). Tissue samples were immunochemically stained; a trained pathologist then scored the tissue by visual inspection, and we compared the survival data of two groups of patients by means of Kaplan–Meier curves. We applied assays for cell migration, cell growth, and wound healing. We studied tumor formation in a mouse model. Results: HCC patients (n = 26) with high expression of USP15 had a higher survival rate than patients (n = 76) with low expression. We confirmed a suppressive role of USP15 in HCC using in vitro and in vivo tests. Based on publicly available data, we constructed a PPI network in which 143 genes were related to USP15 (HCC genes). We combined the 143 HCC genes with results of an experimental investigation to identify 225 pathways that may be related simultaneously to USP15 and HCC (tumor pathways). We found the 225 pathways enriched in the functional groups of cell proliferation and cell migration. The 225 pathways determined six clusters of pathways in which terms such as signal transduction, cell cycle, gene expression, and DNA repair related the expression of USP15 to tumorigenesis. Conclusion: USP15 may suppress tumorigenesis of HCC by regulating pathway clusters of signal transduction for gene expression, cell cycle, and DNA repair. For the first time, the tumorigenesis of HCC is studied from the viewpoint of the pathway cluster.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051371
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 8
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    Counting Dense Leaves under Natural Environments via an Improved Deep-Learning-Based Object Detection Algorithm
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Agriculture Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2021-10-14), p. 1003-
    Details
    In: Agriculture, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2021-10-14), p. 1003-
    Abstract: The leaf is the organ that is crucial for photosynthesis and the production of nutrients in plants; as such, the number of leaves is one of the key indicators with which to describe the development and growth of a canopy. The irregular shape and distribution of the blades, as well as the effect of natural light, make the segmentation and detection process of the blades difficult. The inaccurate acquisition of plant phenotypic parameters may affect the subsequent judgment of crop growth status and crop yield. To address the challenge in counting dense and overlapped plant leaves under natural environments, we proposed an improved deep-learning-based object detection algorithm by merging a space-to-depth module, a Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) and Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) into the network, and applying the smoothL1 function to improve the loss function of object prediction. We evaluated our method on images of five different plant species collected under indoor and outdoor environments. The experimental results demonstrated that our algorithm which counts dense leaves improved average detection accuracy of 85% to 96%. Our algorithm also showed better performance in both detection accuracy and time consumption compared to other state-of-the-art object detection algorithms.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0472
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agriculture11101003
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2651678-0
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  • 9
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    Modeling Calcium Cycling in the Heart: Progress, Pitfalls, and Challenges
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Biomolecules Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2022-11-14), p. 1686-
    Details
    In: Biomolecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2022-11-14), p. 1686-
    Abstract: Intracellular calcium (Ca) cycling in the heart plays key roles in excitation–contraction coupling and arrhythmogenesis. In cardiac myocytes, the Ca release channels, i.e., the ryanodine receptors (RyRs), are clustered in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, forming Ca release units (CRUs). The RyRs in a CRU act collectively to give rise to discrete Ca release events, called Ca sparks. A cell contains hundreds to thousands of CRUs, diffusively coupled via Ca to form a CRU network. A rich spectrum of spatiotemporal Ca dynamics is observed in cardiac myocytes, including Ca sparks, spark clusters, mini-waves, persistent whole-cell waves, and oscillations. Models of different temporal and spatial scales have been developed to investigate these dynamics. Due to the complexities of the CRU network and the spatiotemporal Ca dynamics, it is challenging to model the Ca cycling dynamics in the cardiac system, particularly at the tissue sales. In this article, we review the progress of modeling of Ca cycling in cardiac systems from single RyRs to the tissue scale, the pros and cons of the current models and different modeling approaches, and the challenges to be tackled in the future.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2218-273X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biom12111686
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2701262-1
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  • 10
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    Effect of Reduction Atmosphere on Structure and Catalytic Performance of PtIn/Mg(Al)O/ZnO for Propane Dehydrogenation
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Catalysts Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2020-04-29), p. 485-
    Details
    In: Catalysts, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2020-04-29), p. 485-
    Abstract: The effect of reduction atmospheres, H2/N2, C3H8/H2/N2, C3H8 and CO, on the structure and propane direct dehydrogenation performance of PtIn/Mg(Al)O/ZnO catalyst derived from ZnO-supported PtIn-hydrotalcite was studied. The physicochemical properties of the as-prepared and used catalytic system were characterized by various characterization methods. The results show that the dehydrogenation performance, especially the stability of the PtIn/Mg(Al)O/ZnO catalyst, was significantly improved along with the change in reduction atmosphere. The highest catalytic activity (51% of propane conversion and 97% propylene selectivity), resistance toward coke deposition, and stability for more than 30 h were achieved with the H2/N2-reduced catalyst. The optimal dehydrogenation performance and coke resistance are mainly related to the high Pt dispersion and In0/In3+ molar ratio, strong Pt–In interaction and small metal particle size, depending on the nature of the reduction atmospheres. The reconstruction of meixnerite favors the stability and coke resistance to some extent.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4344
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/catal10050485
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662126-5
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