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  • MDPI AG  (6)
  • Soe, Ralf-Martin  (6)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Systematic Mapping of Long-Term Urban Challenges
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 14, No. 2 ( 2022-01-12), p. 817-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 2 ( 2022-01-12), p. 817-
    Abstract: This paper investigates on long-term challenges faced by local governments. Using empirical evidence from Estonia, this paper aims to help fill a research gap in that there is a lack of a systematic approach on how to analyze common urban challenges via direct involvement of local governments. In terms of conceptual framework, a unique combination of public value theory and mission-oriented innovation is proposed. The data is collected via questionnaire, interviews and workshops involving up to 35 local governments. It is important that instead of current problems relating only to one city, this study focuses on finding shared, long-term challenges and, from them, generates a list of top 10 challenges. This provides valuable input to initiating new research and innovation projects in the key, smart city domains (e.g., energy, mobility, built environment, governance and data).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su14020817
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transition towards Smart City: The Case of Tallinn
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2021-04-08), p. 4143-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2021-04-08), p. 4143-
    Abstract: The main interest of this paper is to analyze the gap between an existing city and its future vision set in the strategy, with a focus on the transition path towards becoming a Smart City. For the analyses, we used the example of Tallinn, a middle-sized European capital city acknowledged in innovation reports as a good example of a Smart City development. This is a qualitative case study with data based on the Tallinn 2035 strategy document and on the interviews conducted with city officials. We mapped the current situation in regard to the four Smart City strategies dichotomies framework in order to understand if and how the future vision of Tallinn differs from the present. The results indicate that the current direction deviates in several ways from the future vision set in the strategy, and that to be able to move towards the vision, strategic changes are needed. With this paper we hope to add some insights to the literature about the knowledge gap between Smart City theory and implementation from the perspective of a present situation versus long-term strategy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su13084143
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Urban Open Platform for Borderless Smart Cities
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2022-01-11), p. 700-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2022-01-11), p. 700-
    Abstract: As a network of connected sensors to transform data into knowledge, Urban Platforms have been rooted in several smart city projects. However, this has often resulted in them being no more than IoT dashboards. More recently, there has been an increased interest in supporting the data governance and distributed architecture of Urban Platforms in order to adjust these with the administrative structure in a specific city. In addition, Urban Platforms also deal with data roaming between different stakeholders including other cities, different government levels, companies and citizens. Nevertheless, the first deployments have led to an inflexible “smart cities in a box” approach that does not help with building digital skills and causes vendor lock-in to products that do not scale. There is a need to start with simple and widespread urban services through a collaborative joint cross-border, hands-on effort. In order to meet the level of interoperability, international standards should be adopted. The aim of an Urban Open Platform (UOP), introduced in this paper, is to support not only data acquisition but also various types of data processing: data is aggregated, processed, manipulated and extended within the city context. Conceptually, special attention has been put on scalability, roaming and reliability in urban environments. This article introduces the UOP uniquely in the cross-border data exchange context of two European capital cities, Helsinki and Tallinn, and validates it with 10 real-life urban use cases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app12020700
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    State of the Art of Automated Buses
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2018-08-31), p. 3118-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2018-08-31), p. 3118-
    Abstract: Urban transportation in the next few decades will shift worldwide toward electrification and automation, with the final aim of increasing energy efficiency and safety for passengers. Such a big change requires strong collaboration and efforts among public administration, research and stakeholders in developing, testing and promoting these technologies in public transportation. Working in this direction, this work provides a review of the impact of the introduction of driverless electric minibuses, for the first and last mile transportation, in public service. More specifically, this paper covers the state of the art in terms of technological background for automation, energy efficiency via electrification and the current state of the legal framework in Europe with a focus on the Baltic Sea Region.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su10093118
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mobility Acceptance Factors of an Automated Shuttle Bus Last-Mile Service
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 12, No. 13 ( 2020-07-07), p. 5469-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 13 ( 2020-07-07), p. 5469-
    Abstract: The main interest of this paper is to analyze the mobility acceptance factors of an automated shuttle bus last-mile service. There is limited research on the passengers’ perception of security and safety of automated mobility, whereas prior research is mostly based on surveys interested in attitudes towards self-driving vehicles, without being linked to the experience. We, on the other hand, are interested in passengers’ feeling of security and safety, after taking a ride with an automated shuttle in an open urban environment. For studying this, we conducted an automated shuttle bus last-mile pilot during a four-month period in the city of Tallinn in late 2019. The method is a case study focusing on one city with several tools for data collection applied (surveys, interviews, document analysis). The pilot, open and free for everybody, attracted approximately 4000 passengers, out of which 4% responded to the online feedback survey. For studying the operational capacity, we had a panel interview with operators of the shuttle service, in addition to analyzing daily operational log files. The results indicate that passengers’ perceived feeling of security and safety onboard was remarkably high, after taking a ride (and lower without a ride, in a different control group). The bus was operated only if operational capacity was secured, thus having significant downtime in service due to environment, technology and traffic-related factors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su12135469
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Language of Driving for Autonomous Vehicles
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2022-05-26), p. 5406-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2022-05-26), p. 5406-
    Abstract: Environmental awareness and technological advancements for self-driving cars are close to making autonomous vehicles (AV) a reality in everyday scenarios and a part of smart cities’ transportation systems. The perception of safety and trust towards AVs of passengers and other agents in the urban scenario, being pedestrians, cyclists, scooter drivers or car drivers, is of primary importance and the theme of investigation of many research groups. Driver-to-driver communication channels as much as car-to-driver human–machine interfaces (HMI) are well established and part of normal training and experience. The situation is different when users must cope with driverless and autonomous vehicles, both as passengers and as agents sharing the same urban domain. This research focuses on the new challenges of connected driverless vehicles, investigating an emerging topic, namely the language of driving (LoD) between these machines and humans participating in traffic scenarios. This work presents the results of a field study conducted at Tallinn University Technology campus with the ISEAUTO autonomous driving shuttle, including interviews with 176 subjects communicating using LoD. Furthermore, this study combines expert focus group interviews to build a joint base of needs and requirements for AVs in public spaces. Based on previous studies and questionnaire results, we established the hypotheses that we can enhance physical survey results using experimental scenarios with VR/AR tools to allow the fast prototyping of different external and internal HMIs, facilitating the assessment of communication efficacy, evaluation of usability, and impact on the users. The aim is to point out how we can enhance AV design and LoD communications using XR tools. The scenarios were chosen to be inclusive and support the needs of different demographics while at the same time determining the limitations of surveys and real-world experimental scenarios in LoD testing and design for future pilots.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app12115406
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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