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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sampling and Quality Assurance and Quality Control: A Guide for Scientists Investigating the Occurrence of Microplastics Across Matrices
    SAGE Publications ; 2020
    In:  Applied Spectroscopy Vol. 74, No. 9 ( 2020-09), p. 1099-1125
    Details
    In: Applied Spectroscopy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 74, No. 9 ( 2020-09), p. 1099-1125
    Abstract: Plastic pollution is a defining environmental contaminant and is considered to be one of the greatest environmental threats of the Anthropocene, with its presence documented across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The majority of this plastic debris falls into the micro (1 μm–5 mm) or nano (1–1000 nm) size range and comes from primary and secondary sources. Its small size makes it cumbersome to isolate and analyze reproducibly, and its ubiquitous distribution creates numerous challenges when controlling for background contamination across matrices (e.g., sediment, tissue, water, air). Although research on microplastics represents a relatively nascent subfield, burgeoning interest in questions surrounding the fate and effects of these debris items creates a pressing need for harmonized sampling protocols and quality control approaches. For results across laboratories to be reproducible and comparable, it is imperative that guidelines based on vetted protocols be readily available to research groups, many of which are either new to plastics research or, as with any new subfield, have arrived at current approaches through a process of trial-and-error rather than in consultation with the greater scientific community. The goals of this manuscript are to (i) outline the steps necessary to conduct general as well as matrix-specific quality assurance and quality control based on sample type and associated constraints, (ii) briefly review current findings across matrices, and (iii) provide guidance for the design of sampling regimes. Specific attention is paid to the source of microplastic pollution as well as the pathway by which contamination occurs, with details provided regarding each step in the process from generating appropriate questions to sampling design and collection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-7028 , 1943-3530
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0003702820945713
    RVK:
    VA 2367
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1474251-2
    SSG: 11
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Characterizing microplastic hazards: which concentration metrics and particle characteristics are most informative for understanding toxicity in aquatic organisms?
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Microplastics and Nanoplastics Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2022-08-06)
    Details
    In: Microplastics and Nanoplastics, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2022-08-06)
    Abstract: There is definitive evidence that microplastics, defined as plastic particles less than 5 mm in size, are ubiquitous in the environment and can cause harm to aquatic organisms. These findings have prompted legislators and environmental regulators to seek out strategies for managing risk. However, microplastics are also an incredibly diverse contaminant suite, comprising a complex mixture of physical and chemical characteristics (e.g., sizes, morphologies, polymer types, chemical additives, sorbed chemicals, and impurities), making it challenging to identify which particle characteristics might influence the associated hazards to aquatic life. In addition, there is a lack of consensus on how microplastic concentrations should be reported. This not only makes it difficult to compare concentrations across studies, but it also begs the question as to which concentration metric may be most informative for hazard characterization. Thus, an international panel of experts was convened to identify 1) which concentration metrics (e.g., mass or count per unit of volume or mass) are most informative for the development of health-based thresholds and risk assessment and 2) which microplastic characteristics best inform toxicological concerns. Based on existing knowledge, it is recommended that microplastic concentrations in toxicity tests are calculated from both mass and count at minimum, though ideally researchers should report additional metrics, such as volume and surface area, which may be more informative for specific toxicity mechanisms. Regarding particle characteristics, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that particle size is a critical determinant of toxicological outcomes, particularly for the mechanisms of food dilution and tissue translocation .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2662-4966
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s43591-022-00040-4
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3052740-5
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Risk-based management framework for microplastics in aquatic ecosystems
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Microplastics and Nanoplastics Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2022-06-23)
    Details
    In: Microplastics and Nanoplastics, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2022-06-23)
    Abstract: Microplastic particles (MPs) are ubiquitous across a wide range of aquatic habitats but determining an appropriate level of risk management is hindered by a poor understanding of environmental risk. Here, we introduce a risk management framework for aquatic ecosystems that identifies four critical management thresholds, ranging from low regulatory concern to the highest level of concern where pollution control measures could be introduced to mitigate environmental emissions. The four thresholds were derived using a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach and the best available data from the peer-reviewed literature. This included a total of 290 data points extracted from 21 peer-reviewed microplastic toxicity studies meeting a minimal set of pre-defined quality criteria. The meta-analysis resulted in the development of critical thresholds for two effects mechanisms: food dilution with thresholds ranging from ~ 0.5 to 35 particles/L, and tissue translocation with thresholds ranging from ~ 60 to 4100 particles/L. This project was completed within an expert working group, which assigned high confidence to the management framework and associated analytical approach for developing thresholds, and very low to high confidence in the numerical thresholds. Consequently, several research recommendations are presented, which would strengthen confidence in quantifying threshold values for use in risk assessment and management. These recommendations include a need for high quality toxicity tests, and for an improved understanding of the mechanisms of action to better establish links to ecologically relevant adverse effects.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2662-4966
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s43591-022-00033-3
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3052740-5
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Research recommendations to better understand the potential health impacts of microplastics to humans and aquatic ecosystems
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Microplastics and Nanoplastics Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2022-07-02)
    Details
    In: Microplastics and Nanoplastics, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2022-07-02)
    Abstract: To assess the potential risk of microplastic exposure to humans and aquatic ecosystems, reliable toxicity data is needed. This includes a more complete foundational understanding of microplastic toxicity and better characterization of the hazards they may present. To expand this understanding, an international group of experts was convened in 2020–2021 to identify critical thresholds at which microplastics found in drinking and ambient waters present a health risk to humans and aquatic organisms. However, their findings were limited by notable data gaps in the literature. Here, we identify those shortcomings and describe four categories of research recommendations needed to address them: 1) adequate particle characterization and selection for toxicity testing; 2) appropriate experimental study designs that allow for the derivation of dose-response curves; 3) establishment of adverse outcome pathways for microplastics; and 4) a clearer understanding of microplastic exposure, particularly for human health. By addressing these four data gaps, researchers will gain a better understanding of the key drivers of microplastic toxicity and the concentrations at which adverse effects may occur, allowing a better understanding of the potential risk that microplastics exposure might pose to human and aquatic ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2662-4966
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s43591-022-00038-y
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3052740-5
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A living tool for the continued exploration of microplastic toxicity
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Microplastics and Nanoplastics Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2022-05-28)
    Details
    In: Microplastics and Nanoplastics, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2022-05-28)
    Abstract: Throughout the past decade, many studies have reported adverse effects in biota following microplastic exposure. Yet, the field is still emerging as the current understanding of microplastic toxicity is limited. At the same time, recent legislative mandates have required environmental regulators to devise strategies to mitigate microplastic pollution and develop health-based thresholds for the protection of human and ecosystem health. The current publication rate also presents a unique challenge as scientists, environmental managers, and other communities may find it difficult to keep up with microplastic research as it rapidly evolves. At present, there is no tool that compiles and synthesizes the data from these studies to allow for visualization, interpretation, or analysis. Here, we present the Toxicity of Microplastics Explorer (ToMEx), an open access database and open source accompanying R Shiny web application that enables users to upload, search, visualize, and analyze microplastic toxicity data. Though ToMEx was originally created to facilitate the development of health-based thresholds to support California legislations, maintaining the database by the greater scientific community will be invaluable to furthering research and informing policies globally. The database and web applications may be accessed at https://microplastics.sccwrp.org/ . Graphical Abstract
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2662-4966
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s43591-022-00032-4
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3052740-5
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The influence of complex matrices on method performance in extracting and monitoring for microplastics
    Elsevier BV ; 2023
    In:  Chemosphere Vol. 334 ( 2023-09), p. 138875-
    Details
    In: Chemosphere, Elsevier BV, Vol. 334 ( 2023-09), p. 138875-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0045-6535
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138875
    RVK:
    AR 10100
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496851-4
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