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  • Canadian Science Publishing  (12)
  • Rochette, Philippe  (12)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2001
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 81, No. 4 ( 2001-08-01), p. 515-523
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 81, No. 4 ( 2001-08-01), p. 515-523
    Abstract: Land application of liquid manures is a major source of atmospheric ammonia. The presence of crop residues on the soil surface usually increases emissions by retarding slurry infiltration, whereas incorporation of slurry into soil reduces emissions. Our objective was to quantify the relative reduction in NH 3 volatilization resulting from the soil incorporation of pig slurry (PS) applied on canola (Brassica napus) residues under fall conditions in Quebec, Canada. Pig slurry was applied at 7.4 L m –2 on six plots covered by canola crop residues. Slurry and residues were incorporated in the top 5 cm of soil (INCORP) in half of the plots, while the other half were left untouched (SURF). Ammonia volatilization was measured following application for 10 d using wind tunnels. Soil NH 4 + and NO 3 − contents, pH, moisture and temperature were also monitored to explain variations in NH 3 fluxes. Soil NH 4 + -N in the surface soil was lower than expected shortly after slurry application, maybe as a result of fixation by clays or interception by crop residues. The volatilization of NH 3 was higher (P 〈 0.05) on SURF plots than on INCORP plots in 20 of the 26 measuring periods, with total NH 3 losses being five times greater in the former. Cumulated emissions during the first 11 h accounted for the 60 and 53% of total NH 3 emissions for the SURF and INCORP plots, respectively. Our results confirm that a large fraction of the NH 3 volatilization from slurry application on canola residues can be greatly reduced if the slurry and crop residues are incorporated into the soil immediately after slurry application. Despite significant reduction (80%) of NH 3 volatilization in INCORP compared with SURF plots, no difference was found in soil mineral N between treatments, suggesting that other processes such as N mineralization or denitrification were more active in INCORP plots. Key Words: Ammonium, nitrate, nitrogen cycle, organic amendments
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 417254-1
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  • 2
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 93, No. 2 ( 2013-05), p. 261-268
    Abstract: Rochette, P., Angers, D. A., Chantigny, M. H., Gasser, M.-O., MacDonald, J. D., Pelster, D. E. and Bertrand, N. 2013. NH 3 volatilization, soil [Formula: see text] concentration and soil pH following subsurface banding of urea at increasing rates. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 261–268. Subsurface banding of urea can result in large ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions following a local increase in soil ammonium ([Formula: see text] ) concentration and pH. We conducted a field experiment to determine how application rates of subsurface banded urea impact NH 3 volatilization. Urea was banded at a 5 cm depth to a silty loam soil (pH=5.5) at rates of 0, 6.1, 9.2, 13.3 and 15.3 g N m −1 . Ammonia volatilization (wind tunnels), and soil [Formula: see text] concentration and pH (0–10 cm) were monitored for 25 d following urea application. Volatilization losses increased exponentially with urea application rate to 11.6% of applied N for the highest urea rate, indicating that as more urea N was added to the soil a larger fraction was lost as NH 3 . Cumulative NH 3 -N emissions were closely related (R 2 ≥0.85) to maximum increases in soil [Formula: see text] concentration and pH, and their combined influence likely contributed to the nonlinearity of the volatilization response to urea application rate. However, the rapid increase in NH 3 losses when soil pH rose above 7 suggests that soil pH was the main factor explaining the nonlinear response of NH 3 volatilization. When compared with previous studies, our results suggest that the response of NH 3 volatilization losses to urea application rate in acidic soils are controlled by similar factors whether urea is broadcasted at the soil surface or subsurface banded.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 417254-1
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  • 3
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 94, No. 3 ( 2014-08), p. 365-376
    Abstract: Ziadi, N., Angers, D. A., Gagnon, B., Lalande, R., Morel, C., Rochette, P. and Chantigny, M. H. 2014. Long-term tillage and synthetic fertilization affect soil functioning and crop yields in a corn–soybean rotation in eastern Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 365–376. Adoption of conservation practices can induce beneficial changes to soil properties and related crop yields in which magnitude varies according to soil and climatic conditions but usually increases with time. A long-term field experiment was initiated in 1992 at L'Acadie in southern Quebec on a clay loam soil to evaluate the effect of tillage [mouldboard plow (MP) vs. conservation (CT)], synthetic N fertilization (0, 80, and 160 kg N ha −1 ) and synthetic P fertilization (0, 17.5, and 35 kg P ha −1 ) on soil functioning and grain yields of a corn–soybean rotation. Soil tillage was performed every year while synthetic fertilizers were applied only to the corn. Results obtained 12 to 20 yr after initiation of the study indicated that CT enhanced organic C accumulation, NO 3 -N, P and K availability, microbial biomass and activity, and microbial community structure in the upper soil layer, likely due to leaving crop residues at the soil surface. The MP practice resulted in greater organic C content deeper, near the bottom of the plow layer, which promoted soil microbial activity at that depth. However, soil N 2 O emissions were not affected by tillage. The N and P fertilization increased the availability of these nutrients, but had no significant effect on the soil microbial biomass, activity, and structure. Linear relationships were established between soil available P and cumulative P budgets obtained under MP or 0 kg P ha −1 under CT. Crop yields varied by year in this study but on average, MP yielded 10% more corn and 13% more soybeans than CT. Corn yield increased linearly with added synthetic N each year, whereas soybean yield was little affected by residual N, and both crops did not respond to fertilizer P. Response to N fertilization did not differ due to tillage or P. Despite higher costs associated with plowing, the profitability of MP was greater than CT on this clay loam soil due to greater yields. Specialized management practices (e.g., delayed planting, better herbicide selection, fall cover crop, in-row tillage) might help to improve CT performance on these cool, humid fine-textured soils.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 417254-1
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  • 4
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 99, No. 4 ( 2019-12-01), p. 472-484
    Abstract: In cool temperate regions, large emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), an important greenhouse and ozone-depleting gas, have been observed during freeze–thaw (FT) cycles. However, it is unclear how freezing and thawing rates, freezing intensity, and freezing duration influence N 2 O emissions. We used a laboratory incubation to measure N 2 O emissions from two soils (sandy loam, silty clay) undergoing a single FT cycle of various freezing and thawing rates [rapid (0.5 °C h −1 ) vs. slow (0.017 °C h −1 )], freezing intensity (−1 vs. −3 °C), and freezing duration (24 vs. 48 freezing degree-days). In general, soil carbon dioxide fluxes during freezing were highest when soils were frozen slowly at −1 °C, whereas fluxes after thawing were highest from the soils frozen and thawed rapidly at −3 °C. Soil N 2 O emissions during both the freezing and thawing periods were greatest in the soils exposed to rapid freezing to −3 °C, intermediate under rapid freezing to −1 °C and slow freezing to −3 °C, and smallest under slow freezing to −1 °C and the control treatment (constant +1 °C). The similar N 2 O emissions between the unfrozen control and the slowly frozen −1 °C treatment was unexpected as previous field studies with similar freezing rates and temperatures still experienced high N 2 O emissions during thaw. This suggests that the physical disruptions caused by freezing and thawing of the surface soil are not the primary driver of FT-induced N 2 O emissions under field conditions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 417254-1
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  • 5
    In: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 94, No. 6 ( 2014-08), p. 1065-1073
    Abstract: Whalen, J. K., Gul, S., Poirier, V., Yanni, S. F., Simpson, M. J., Clemente, J. S., Feng, X., Grayston, S. J., Barker, J., Gregorich, E. G., Angers, D. A., Rochette, P. and Janzen, H. H. 2014. Transforming plant carbon into soil carbon: Process-level controls on carbon sequestration. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1065–1073. Plants figure prominently in efforts to promote C sequestration in agricultural soils, and to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objective of the project was to measure the transformations of plant carbon in soil through controlled laboratory experiments, to further understand (1) root-associated CO 2 and N 2 O production during a plant's life cycle, (2) decomposition of plant residues leading to CO 2 production, and (3) stabilization and retention of undecomposed plant residues and microbial by-products in the resistant soil C fraction. Experimental plant materials included transgenic near isolines of Zea mays L. and cell wall mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, selected for their diverse residue chemistry. Phenology, morphology and above-ground biomass affected soil respiration and N 2 O production in root-associated soils. Mineralization of C and N from incubated plant–soil mixtures was complemented with stable isotope tracing ( 13 C, 15 N) and 13 C-phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Advanced chemical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and physical separation (particle size and density separation) were used to track the transformations of plant C into stable soil C compounds. Conceptual models were proposed to explain how the plant residue chemistry×soil physico-chemical interaction affects C sequestration. Incorporating single gene mutations affecting lignin biosynthesis into agricultural and bioenergy crops has the potential to alter short- and long-term C cycling in agroecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4220 , 1918-1833
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016989-9
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2016
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 96, No. 2 ( 2016-06-01), p. 219-232
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 96, No. 2 ( 2016-06-01), p. 219-232
    Abstract: Improvement in use efficiency of N fertilizers can potentially better sustain agriculture by reducing N 2 O emissions from soils, but little is known about its impact on soil CO 2 emissions. A study, involving both a field experiment and a laboratory incubation, was conducted in eastern Canada to determine the N fertilization effect on soil CO 2 emissions. In laboratory, we incubated nine different types of soil with and without 150 kg N ha −1 as KNO 3 or (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . The N-fertilized soils had lower CO 2 emissions compared with the no-N control soils for six of them. Among fertilizer sources, emissions of CO 2 were on average 22% lower with KNO 3 than with (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . The field experiment conducted on a clay soil included three sources of N (urea-NH 4 NO 3 , CaNH 4 NO 3 , and aqua NH 3 ) at 0–200 kg N ha −1 band-incorporated at the six-leaf corn stage. Under field conditions, most CO 2 was emitted between N application and grain maturity with cumulative seasonal soil emissions greater in the control (4.9 Mg C ha −1 ) than in the N treatments (average of 4.0 ± 0.3 Mg C ha −1 ). Evidence suggested that both heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration seemed affected, whereas the NO 3 -based source had a more depressing effect on CO 2 emissions than did the NH 4 source.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 417254-1
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2008
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 88, No. 2 ( 2008-05-01), p. 175-187
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 88, No. 2 ( 2008-05-01), p. 175-187
    Abstract: Manure is known to increase soil N 2 O emissions by stimulating nitrification and denitrification processes. Our objective was to compare soil-surface N 2 O emissions following the application of liquid and solid dairy cattle manures to a loamy and a clay soil cropped to silage maize. Manures were applied in 2 consecutive years at rates equivalent to 150 kg total N ha -1 and compared with a control treatment receiving an equivalent rate of synthetic N. Soil-surface N 2 O fluxes, soil temperature, and soil water, nitrate and ammonium contents were monitored weekly in manured and control plots. From 60 to 90% of seasonal N 2 O emissions occurred during the first 40 d following manure and synthetic fertilizer applications, indicating that outside that period one or several factors limited N 2 O emissions. The period of higher emissions following manure and fertilizer application corresponded with the period when soil mineral N contents were highest (up to 17 g NO 3 − -N m -2 ) and water-filled pore space (WFPS) was greater than 0.5 m 3 m -3 . The absence of significant N 2 O fluxes later in the growing season despite high WFPS levels indicated that the stimulating effect of organic and synthetic N additions on soil N 2 O production was relatively short-lived. Fertilization of silage maize with dairy cattle manure resulted in greater or equal N 2 O emissions than with synthetic N. This was observed despite lower overall soil mineral N contents in the manured plots, indicating that other factors affected by manure, possibly additional C substrates and enhanced soil respiration, resulted in greater denitrification and N 2 O production. Silage maize yields in the manured soils were lower than those receiving synthetic N, indicating that the N 2 O emissions per kilogram of harvested biomass were greater for manures than for synthetic N. Our results also suggest that the main source of N 2 O was nitrification in the loam and denitrification in the clay soil. There was no clear difference in N 2 O emissions between liquid and solid manures. The variable effects of liquid and solid manure addition reported in the literature on soil N 2 O emissions likely result from the variable composition of the manures themselves as well as from interactions with other factors such as soil environment and farming practices. A better characterization of the availability of manure C and N is required to assess the impact of manure application on soil N 2 O emissions under field conditions. Key words: Greenhouse gases, N 2 O, maize, manure
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 417254-1
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2006
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 86, No. 5 ( 2006-11-01), p. 851-858
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 86, No. 5 ( 2006-11-01), p. 851-858
    Abstract: Water-extractable organic C (WEOC) is a determinant driver of several soil and environmental processes, and can be influenced by management practices such as organic amendment. Our objective was to study the dynamics of soil WEOC following application of liquid and solid dairy cattle manures to a loamy and a clay soil under field conditions. Manures were applied in 2 consecutive years to silage corn fields at rates equivalent to 150 kg total N ha -1 . Soil WEOC was monitored the day after application and weekly or biweekly thereafter in manured and control (mineral fertilizers) plots. Liquid and solid manure S brought on average 39 and 13 g WEOC m -2 , respectively. These amounts are much larger than the increases measured in soil WEOC during the hours and days following manure application (0 to 30 mg kg -1 , equivalent to 0 to 3 g m -2 ). Moreover, manure addition had little effects in the 10- to 30-cm soil layer. The rapid and extensive adsorption of manure WEOC onto mineral surfaces likely explains the limited effects of manure on soil WEOC. This adsorption process was presumably exacerbated by the mixing of manure and soil resulting from the tillage operation. Soil temperature and respiration appeared to have determinant influence on the level of soil WEOC content in the post-harvest period. Overall, temporal variations in soil WEOC contents were large and generally greater than the fluctuations directly attributable to manure addition. Key words: Soil organic C, extractable C, dairy manure, silage corn
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 417254-1
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2001
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 81, No. 2 ( 2001-05-01), p. 131-137
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 81, No. 2 ( 2001-05-01), p. 131-137
    Abstract: Interactions between animal slurries and crop residues can impact on soil N availability during decomposition. Our objective was to study the short-term decomposition of pig slurry and barley straw incorporated alone or in combination. A field experiment was conducted on a sandy loam unamended (control) or amended with 60 m 3 ha –1 pig slurry (PS) or 4 Mg ha –1 barley straw (BS), or both (PSBS). Surface CO 2 and N 2 O fluxes, soil water content and temperature, microbial biomass C, and NO 3 − and NH 4 + contents were monitored during 28 d in the 0- to 20-cm soil layer. Large CO 2 fluxes occurred during the first 4 h of the experiment in slurry-amended plots that were attributed to carbonate dissociation when slurry was mixed to the soil. Specific respiration activity (ratio of CO 2 -C fluxes-to-microbial biomass C) was increased in slurry-amended soils for the first 7 d, likely due to the rapid oxidation of volatile fatty acids present in slurry. After 28 d, 26% more C had been evolved in PSBS than the sum of C released from PS and BS, indicating a synergistic interaction during decomposition of combined amendments. Adding straw caused a net but transient immobilisation of soil N, especially in PSBS plots where 36% of slurry-added NH 4 + was immobilised after 3 d. Slurry-NH 4 + was rapidly nitrified (within 10 d), but N 2 O production was not a significant source of N loss during this study, representing less than 0.3% of slurry-added NH 4 + . Nevertheless, about twice the amount of N 2 O was produced in PS than in PSBS after 28 d, reflecting lower soil N availability in the presence of straw. Our study clearly illustrates the strong interaction existing between soil C and N cycles under field conditions as slurry mineral N appeared to stimulate straw-C mineralisation, whereas straw addition caused a net immobilisation of slurry N. Key words: Animal slurry, crop residues, C-N relationships, organic amendments
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 417254-1
    SSG: 13
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2013
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 93, No. 2 ( 2013-05), p. 229-237
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 93, No. 2 ( 2013-05), p. 229-237
    Abstract: Chantigny, M. H., MacDonald, J. D., Angers, D. A., Rochette, P., Royer, I. and Gasser, M.-O. 2013. Soil nitrogen dynamics following herbicide kill and tillage of manured and unmanured grasslands. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 229–237. Grassland soils accumulate N, which could be lost following land-use change. Adjacent grassland sites, with and without liquid swine manure applied annually for 28 yr, were subdivided and left undisturbed (Control), or killed by herbicides with and without full inversion tillage (FIT) in the autumn or spring. We monitored hot-water extractable organic N (HWEON), and mineral N forms in KCl extractions and soil solutions (tension lysimeters) for 1 yr. Mean soil mineral N increased by 1 to 2.8 g m −2 in the weeks following herbicide kill and FIT of the unmanured soils, and by 2.6 to 3.0 g m −2 in the manured soil. These increases corresponded to declines in soil HWEON (−0.4 to −1.9 g m −2 unmanured site; −2.4 to −4.9 g m −2 manured site), suggesting that HWEON comprised N that is rapidly mineralized following grassland termination. More than 80% of N mineralized in the weeks following termination accumulated as NH 4 in the unmanured soils, compared with 〉 70% as NO 3 in the manured soils. As a result, more mineral N (mainly NO 3 ) was found in the soil solution of manured soils. Manured grassland soils may represent a high risk of N loss following termination with herbicide in combination with FIT in the autumn, because of the rapid nitrification of mineralized N. For spring FIT, however, the rapid mineralization of soil N may represent a substantial nutrient source to the following crop.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 417254-1
    SSG: 13
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