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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development of a Hydrodynamic-Based Flood-Risk Management Tool for Assessing Redistribution of Expected Annual Damages in a Floodplain
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Water Vol. 13, No. 24 ( 2021-12-13), p. 3562-
    Details
    In: Water, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 24 ( 2021-12-13), p. 3562-
    Abstract: Despite spending ample resources and procedural development in flood management, flood losses are still increasing worldwide. The losses caused by floods and costs incurred on management are two components of expected annual damages (EAD) due to floods. This study introduces a generalized approach for risk-based design where a range of probable floods are considered before and after a flood mitigation measure is implemented. The proposed approach is customized from the ISO Guide 31000 along with additional advantages of flood risk visualization. A Geographic Information System (GIS)-based design of a flood-protection dike is performed to exhibit the risk redistribution. The Chenab River is selected for the existing dike system. Detailed hazard behaviour and societal vulnerability are modelled and visualized for a range of all probable floods before and after the implementation of flood-protection dikes. EAD maps demonstrate the redistribution of induced and residual risks. It can be concluded that GIS-based EAD maps not only facilitate cost-effective solutions but also provide an accurate estimate of residual risks after the mitigation measures are applied. EAD maps also indicate the high-risk areas to facilitate designing secondary measures.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4441
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/w13243562
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2521238-2
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Prediction of the Amount of Sediment Deposition in Tarbela Reservoir Using Machine Learning Approaches
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Water Vol. 14, No. 19 ( 2022-10-01), p. 3098-
    Details
    In: Water, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 19 ( 2022-10-01), p. 3098-
    Abstract: Tarbela is the largest earth-filled dam in Pakistan, used for both irrigation and power production. Tarbela has already lost around 41.2% of its water storage capacity through 2019, and WAPDA predicts that it will continue to lose storage capacity. If this issue is ignored for an extended period of time, which is not far away, a huge disaster will occur. Sedimentation is one of the significant elements that impact the Tarbela reservoir’s storage capacity. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately predict the sedimentation inside the Tarbela reservoir. In this paper, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) architecture and multivariate regression technique are proposed to validate and predict the amount of sediment deposition inside the Tarbela reservoir. Four input parameters on yearly basis including rainfall (Ra), water inflow (Iw), minimum water reservoir level (Lr), and storage capacity of the reservoir (Cr) are used to evaluate the proposed machine learning models. Multivariate regression analysis is performed to undertake a parametric study for various combinations of influencing parameters. It was concluded that the proposed neural network model estimated the amount of sediment deposited inside the Tarbela reservoir more accurately as compared to the multivariate regression model because the maximum error in the case of the proposed neural network model was observed to be 4.01% whereas in the case of the multivariate regression model was observed to be 60.7%. Then, the validated neural network model was used for the prediction of the amount of sediment deposition inside the Tarbela reservoir for the next 20 years based on the time series univariate forecasting model ETS forecasted values of Ra, Iw, Lr, and Cr. It was also observed that the storage capacity of the Tarbela reservoir is the most influencing parameter in predicting the amount of sediment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4441
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/w14193098
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2521238-2
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identification of Major Inefficient Water Consumption Areas Considering Water Consumption, Efficiencies, and Footprints in Australia
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 10, No. 18 ( 2020-09-04), p. 6156-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 18 ( 2020-09-04), p. 6156-
    Abstract: Due to population growth, climatic change, and growing water usage, water scarcity is expected to be a more prevalent issue at the global level. The situation in Australia is even more serious because it is the driest continent and is characterized by larger water footprints in the domestic, agriculture and industrial sectors. Because the largest consumption of freshwater resources is in the agricultural sector (59%), this research undertakes a detailed investigation of the water footprints of agricultural practices in Australia. The analysis of the four highest water footprint crops in Australia revealed that the suitability of various crops is connected to the region and the irrigation efficiencies. A desirable crop in one region may be unsuitable in another. The investigation is further extended to analyze the overall virtual water trade of Australia. Australia’s annual virtual water trade balance is adversely biased towards exporting a substantial quantity of water, amounting to 35 km3, per trade data of 2014. It is evident that there is significant potential to reduce water consumption and footprints, and increase the water usage efficiencies, in all sectors. Based on the investigations conducted, it is recommended that the water footprints at each state level be considered at the strategic level. Further detailed analyses are required to reduce the export of a substantial quantity of virtual water considering local demands, export requirements, and production capabilities of regions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app10186156
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Evaluation of Risk-Based Agricultural Land-Use Adjustments under a Flood Management Strategy in a Floodplain
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Hydrology Vol. 8, No. 1 ( 2021-03-21), p. 53-
    Details
    In: Hydrology, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 1 ( 2021-03-21), p. 53-
    Abstract: Agricultural damage due to floods in the Indus basin’s fertile land has been the most damaging natural disaster in Pakistan so far. Earthen dikes are protecting the vast areas of the floodplain from regular flooding. However, the floodplain is attractive to farmers due to its fertility and experiences regular crop production within and out of the dike area. This paper evaluates the flood risk in a floodplain of the Chenab river in Pakistan and recommends land-use changes to reduce the flood risk for crops and associated settlements within the study area. The objective of the land-use change is not just to reduce flood losses but also to increase the overall benefits of the floodplain in terms of its Economic Rent (ER). This preliminary study analyses the economic impacts of the risk-based land-use improvements on existing floodplain land uses. Expected Annual Damage (EAD) maps were developed using hydrodynamic models and GIS data. The developed model identified the areas where maize can be economically more productive compared to rice under flood conditions. Promising results were obtained for the settlement relocations. It was also observed that the infra-structure, running parallel to the river, plays a significant role in curtailing the extent of floods. The results show that a combination of structural and non-structural measures proves more effective. The study also recommends the inclusion of social and environmental damages as well as other types of non-structural measures to develop the most effective flood management strategy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2306-5338
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/hydrology8010053
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2777964-6
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Energy Performance Evaluation of Commercially Available Window Glazing in Darwin’s Tropical Climate
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2022-02-19), p. 2394-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2022-02-19), p. 2394-
    Abstract: A total of 40% of the world’s energy produced is utilized to maintain thermal comfort for the occupants of the building. Governments are taking measures collectively to regulate energy efficient buildings to reduce carbon emissions globally. Windows account for more than half of total energy losses in the buildings. The employment of energy efficient glazing in the construction industry is not common in Australia. This paper investigates several types of commercially available windows and their effectiveness in the hot and humid climate of Darwin. Although extensive literature is available for cold regions, these windows have not been studied in hot and humid climates such as the climate in Darwin. Building cooling loads of an academic building were calculated using Autodesk Revit Architecture and Carrier HAP. Double glazed variants offered approximately a 5% reduction in cooling loads and had a payback period of nearly 7 to 9 years, depending on the type of gas used to fill the pane cavity. The results indicate that triple glazed, or aerogel-based windows will provide about 11–12 % of energy saving in cooling loads. These can be a viable alternative and have a payback period of 11 years, while their average service life expectancy is 30 years. It was found that the feasibility of efficient glazing depends on market price, building usage, and energy efficiency of an overall building envelope.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su14042394
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A detailed perspective of water resource management in a dry and water scarce country: The case in Kuwait
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2022
    In:  Frontiers in Environmental Science Vol. 10 ( 2022-12-1)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Environmental Science, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 10 ( 2022-12-1)
    Abstract: Kuwait is an arid country with one of the world’s highest consumption rates per capita. It suffers from severe water scarcity. Annual national expenditure on direct water supply and distribution in Kuwait is substantial, which is a burden on the country’s economy. The nation’s dependency on imported food due to water scarcity is also considered a primary political and security concern. These conditions call for much more efficient use and management of water in Kuwait. This study aims to undertake an extensive analysis of the country’s water resources and review current management strategies for better planning and management. The main sources of freshwater in Kuwait are seawater desalination, brackish groundwater, and recycling wastewater. Seawater desalination is the primary source that produces 61% of freshwater for drinking, agriculture, and other water-dependent industries. Other water management measures related to rainfall drainage systems and water supply networks are also employed to better utilize scarce water. Multiple government organizations that enforce several legal frameworks oversee long-term and acute water-related issues. Regional neighbors also face similar climatic conditions to Kuwait and suffer from water scarcity and associated food shortages. Water conservation and cultivating water-efficient crops have been identified as effective measures to overcome this issue. However, due to the small size and dry arid climate in Kuwait, its future is challenging. It must invest in modern, innovative, and effective solutions to preserve the sustainability of its freshwater resources.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-665X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.1073834
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2741535-1
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identification of Embodied Environmental Attributes of Construction in Metropolitan and Growth Region of Melbourne, Australia to Support Urban Planning
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 14, No. 14 ( 2022-07-08), p. 8401-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 14 ( 2022-07-08), p. 8401-
    Abstract: As growth regions evolve to accommodate the increasing population, they need to develop a wider variety of residential properties to accommodate the varying needs of the residents. As a result, the new accommodation is denser which involves higher embodied water carbon and energy. This research compares the construction differences in metropolitan and growth regions of Melbourne to identify embodied carbon, water, and energy. Representative areas of 25 km2 are selected from both regions. The growth region has 80% of the built area comprised of 2nd generation low-rise residential buildings whereas the prolific construction type in the Metropolitan region is mixed purpose industrial with 30% of the built area comprising of this type. The methodology implies open-source satellite imagery to build a spatial dataset in QGIS. The visual identification of the constructions in the study areas enables to identity the materials used in their construction. The total embodied carbon, water, and energy for the Metropolitan region are 32,895 tonnes, 4192 mL, and 3,694,412 GJ, respectively, whereas in the growth region, the totals are 179,376 tonnes carbon, 2533 mL water, and 2,243,571 GJ. Whilst Metropolitan has a significantly higher overall footprint when this is compared to the population of each region, it is shown that the growth region with its current construction type has a higher embodied carbon, water, and energy per head. The total per head for Metropolitan is 226.7 GJ energy, 257 kL water, and 20 tonnes carbon, whereas in the growth region, the embodied energy, water, and carbon, respectively, per head is 287.4 GJ, 324.6 kL, and 22 tonnes. The current performance per head of the growth region is considerably lower than that of Metropolitan. Using diverse residential construction types and efficient materials can serve the demanding needs of denser populated areas.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su14148401
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Micro-Siting of Wind Turbines in an Optimal Wind Farm Area Using Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization Technique
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 14, No. 14 ( 2022-07-19), p. 8846-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 14 ( 2022-07-19), p. 8846-
    Abstract: Nowadays, wind energy is receiving considerable attention due to its availability, low cost, and environment-friendly operation. Wind turbines are rarely placed individually but rather in the form of a wind farm with a group of several wind turbines. The purpose of this research is to perform studies on wind turbine farms in order to find the best distribution for wind turbines that maximizes the produced power, hence minimizing the wind farm area. Wind Farm Area Optimization (WFAO) is performed for optimal placement of wind turbines using elitist teaching–learning-based optimization (ETLBO) techniques. Three different scenarios of wind (first is fixed wind direction and constant speed, second is variable wind direction and constant speed, and third is variable wind direction and variable speed) are considered to find the optimal number of turbines and turbine positioning in a minimized squared land area that maximizes the power production while minimizing the total cost. Other research carried out in the past was to find the optimal placement of the wind turbines in a fixed squared land area of 2 km×2 km. In the present study, WFAO–ETLBO algorithm has been implemented to get the optimal land area for the placement of the same number of turbines used in the past research. For Case 1, there is a significant reduction in land area by approximately 30.75%, 45.25%, and 51.75% for each wind scenario, respectively. For Case 2, the reductions in land area for three different wind scenarios are respectively 30.75%, 7.2%, and 7.2%. For Case 3, there is a reduction of 7.2% in land area for each wind scenario. It has been observed that the results obtained by the WFAO–ETLBO algorithm with a significant reduction in the land area along with optimal placement of wind turbines are better than the results obtained from the wind turbines placement in the fixed land area of 2 km×2 km.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su14148846
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Comprehensive Review on the Development and Evolution of Urban Growth Models
    Elsevier BV ; 2022
    In:  SSRN Electronic Journal
    Details
    In: SSRN Electronic Journal, Elsevier BV
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1556-5068
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4268755
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Estimation of Virtual Trades of Embedded Water and Land through Sri Lankan Seasonal Crops’ Trades to Improve the Cropping Preferences
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Water Vol. 14, No. 24 ( 2022-12-15), p. 4101-
    Details
    In: Water, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 24 ( 2022-12-15), p. 4101-
    Abstract: Due to the increase in population, growing urbanization, and higher demands for processed and unprocessed foods, resources related to food production have become scarce. Water and land can be considered as the primary resources to determine the crop production potential of a country. Ideally, countries that lack water and land resources can import these in virtual form. Sri Lanka is a country rich in water resources that faced bankruptcy recently. This study analyzes and explores the potential for use of land–water resources in Sri Lanka. A comprehensive framework is generated to identify the virtual land–water trade by considering ten major imports and nine major export crops in Sri Lanka. Consequently, the top ten imports/exports and top ten import/export trade partners are identified. The analysis reveals that Sri Lanka is a heavily import-dominant country, having seven times higher imports compared to exports. The country imports wheat, which is 82% of its import crops, and the same crop is the largest export (85% of crop export). Compared to its trade partners, Sri Lanka has sufficient water resources, but availability of arable land is limited. Banana is the largest export of the country, which involves higher embedded water and less land, matching the resource availability to Sri Lanka, whereas the trade partners are expected to continue importing the crop due to their water and land stress conditions. Finalization of the long-awaited agriculture policy of the country is strongly recommended.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4441
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/w14244101
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2521238-2
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