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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Toxic effects of UV filters from sunscreens on coral reefs revisited: regulatory aspects for “reef safe” products
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2021
    In:  Environmental Sciences Europe Vol. 33, No. 1 ( 2021-12)
    Details
    In: Environmental Sciences Europe, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 33, No. 1 ( 2021-12)
    Abstract: Tropical coral reefs have been recognized for their significant ecological and economical value. However, increasing anthropogenic disturbances have led to progressively declining coral reef ecosystems on a global scale. More recently, several studies implicated UV filters used in sunscreen products to negatively affect corals and possibly contribute to regional trends in coral decline. Following a public debate, bans were implemented on several organic UV filters and sunscreen products in different locations including Hawaii, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Palau. This included banning the widely used oxybenzone and octinoxate, while promoting the use of inorganic filters such as zinc oxide even although their toxicity towards aquatic organisms had been documented previously. The bans of organic UV filters were based on preliminary scientific studies that showed several weaknesses as there is to this point no standardized testing scheme for scleractinian corals. Despite the lack of sound scientific proof, the latter controversial bans have already resulted in the emergence of a new sunscreen market for products claimed to be ‘reef safe’ (or similar). Thus, a market analysis of ‘reef safe’ sunscreen products was conducted to assess relevant environmental safety aspects of approved UV filters, especially for coral reefs. Further, a scientifically sound decision-making process in a regulatory context is proposed. Results Our market analysis revealed that about 80% of surveyed sunscreens contained inorganic UV filters and that there is a variety of unregulated claims being used in the marketing of ‘reef safe’ products with ‘reef friendly’ being the most frequently used term. Predominantly, four organic UV filters are used in ‘reef safe’ sunscreens in the absence of the banned filters oxybenzone and octinoxate. Analysis of safe threshold concentrations for marine water retrieved from existing REACH registration dossiers could currently also safeguard corals. Conclusion There is a substantial discrepancy of treatments of organic versus inorganic UV filters in politics as well as in the ‘reef safe’ sunscreen market, which to this point is not scientifically justified. Thus, a risk-based approach with equal consideration of organic and inorganic UV filters is recommended for future regulatory measures as well as a clear definition and regulation of the ‘reef safe’ terminology.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2190-4707 , 2190-4715
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s12302-021-00515-w
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2593962-2
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Table_1.XLSX
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2021
    In:  Frontiers in Marine Science Vol. 8 ( 2021-4-14)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 8 ( 2021-4-14)
    Abstract: Coral reefs are highly endangered ecosystems. The identification and quantification of potential stress factors are essential to protect them. UV filters from sunscreens that are introduced to coral reef areas are considered as one of these stressors and their impact on corals needs to be further investigated. Even though UV filters are functionally similar, their structural features are very diverse. Their impact on limnic organisms have also been shown to be highly variable ranging from no or low to high toxicity. It is therefore to be expected that their effect on corals also differs significantly and that each compound has to be evaluated individually. The demand for conclusive benchmarks and guidelines from policy makers and the public over the past years shows the necessity for an objective literature review on the effects of various UV filters on scleractinian corals. Here, we review the present literature, summarize the data on the different UV filters and discuss the different approaches, advantages and limitations of the studies. However, the methods used in the latter studies vary greatly. They differ in many aspects such as species and life stage used, field and laboratory approaches, with exposure times ranging from hours to weeks. Some studies include analytics and measure the actual test concentration, others only provide nominal concentrations. The lack of standardized methods renders comparisons between studies futile. Additionally, most UV filters have only been investigated in a single or a few studies of different quality. Reliable thresholds are therefore impossible to draw on the basis of currently available studies. Nevertheless, certain UV filters repeatedly showed comparable toxicity in both freshwater and marine species tested. Yet, existing differences in results from coral tests emphasize the need for a standardized testing method comparable to those established for other aquatic organisms in order to allow for a more conclusive assessment. In this review, we describe what a scientifically sound testing proposal should include in order to obtain reliable and reproducible data, which ultimately should result in an internationally organized standardized ring test trial. Such standardized toxicity tests would enable validation of coral toxicity data related to UV filters, but also testing of other types of compounds that are known to be introduced and effect coral reefs, thus helping to identify significant stressors and enabling objective policy decisions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-7745
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.665548
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.665548.s001
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2757748-X
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Towards the Development of Standardized Bioassays for Corals: Acute Toxicity of the UV Filter Benzophenone-3 to Scleractinian Coral Larvae
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Toxics Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2022-05-10), p. 244-
    Details
    In: Toxics, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2022-05-10), p. 244-
    Abstract: Coral reefs have been declining globally at a historically unprecedented rate. Ultraviolet (UV) filters used in sunscreens may contribute to this decline at local scales, which has already led to bans on various organic UV filters in some regions. However, the underlying studies for these bans demonstrated significant flaws in the experimental design due to a lack of validated and standardized testing methods for corals. This study aimed to investigate options for the development of a standard acute toxicity test for the larval stage of scleractinian corals. Planula larvae of two brooding (Leptastrea purpurea and Tubastraea faulkneri) and two spawning (Acropora digitifera and A. millepora) species were exposed to the organic UV filter benzophenone-3 (BP3) for 48 h under static conditions. We observed interspecific variations in toxicity, with A. digitifera being the most sensitive (LC50 = 0.75 µg L−1) and T. faulkneri the least sensitive (LC50 = 2951.24 µg L−1) species. Inhibition of settlement was found to be a useful endpoint leading to an EC50 of 1.84 µg L−1 in L. purpurea larvae. Although the analytical challenges of measuring lipophilic substances in small volume test setups remain, the here applied test design and selected endpoints are suitable for further validation and subsequent standardization.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2305-6304
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050244
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2733883-6
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    UV filters used in sunscreens—A lack in current coral protection?
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management Vol. 17, No. 5 ( 2021-09), p. 926-939
    Details
    In: Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, Wiley, Vol. 17, No. 5 ( 2021-09), p. 926-939
    Abstract: UV filters are key ingredients in sunscreens, with a similar function but decidedly different in their physicochemical properties and environmental hazard profiles. Environmental risk assessments of UV filters are currently based on toxicity data from standard test organisms (i.e., algae, Daphnia , fish) and tonnage‐based exposure scenarios, making it difficult to assess their impacts on corals. Results indicate that this approach could also safeguard corals, although uncertainty exists linked to data quality and scenarios used. Standardized coral toxicity tests and application‐based exposure scenarios would certainly help to clarify existing uncertainties.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1551-3777 , 1551-3793
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ieam.v17.5
    DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4454
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2231760-0
    SSG: 21
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Low sediment loads affect survival of coral recruits: the first weeks are crucial
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2017
    In:  Coral Reefs Vol. 36, No. 1 ( 2017-3), p. 39-49
    Details
    In: Coral Reefs, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 36, No. 1 ( 2017-3), p. 39-49
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0722-4028 , 1432-0975
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s00338-016-1513-1
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 9047-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1472576-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Coral Larvae Every Day: Leptastrea purpurea, a Brooding Species That Could Accelerate Coral Research
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2018
    In:  Frontiers in Marine Science Vol. 5 ( 2018-12-6)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 5 ( 2018-12-6)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-7745
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00466
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2757748-X
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    High taxonomic resolution surveys and trait-based analyses reveal multiple benthic regimes in North Sulawesi (Indonesia)
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2021
    In:  Scientific Reports Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2021-08-16)
    Details
    In: Scientific Reports, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2021-08-16)
    Abstract: As coral reef communities change and reorganise in response to increasing disturbances, there is a growing need for understanding species regimes and their contribution to ecosystem processes. Using a case study on coral reefs at the epicentre of tropical marine biodiversity (North Sulawesi, Indonesia), we explored how application of different biodiversity approaches (i.e., use of major taxonomic categories, high taxonomic resolution categories and trait-based approaches) affects the detection of distinct fish and benthic communities. Our results show that using major categories fails to identify distinct coral reef regimes. We also show that monitoring of only scleractinian coral communities is insufficient to detect different benthic regimes, especially communities dominated by non-coral organisms, and that all types of benthic organisms need to be considered. We have implemented the use of a trait-based approach to study the functional diversity of whole coral reef benthic assemblages, which allowed us to detect five different community regimes, only one of which was dominated by scleractinian corals. Furthermore, by the parallel study of benthic and fish communities we provide new insights into key processes and functions that might dominate or be compromised in the different community regimes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-2322
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95905-8
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2615211-3
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Neuroactive compounds induce larval settlement in the scleractinian coral Leptastrea purpurea
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2019
    In:  Scientific Reports Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2019-02-19)
    Details
    In: Scientific Reports, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2019-02-19)
    Abstract: Settlement of pelagic coral larvae is commonly induced by chemical cues that originate from biofilms and coralline algae. These natural settlement cues initiate signal pathways leading to attachment and metamorphosis of the coral larva. In order to investigate the settlement process and its natural inducers, it is necessary to gain a better understanding of these signal pathways. At present, the pathways and neurotransmitters involved in this signal transduction are still widely unknown. In this study, we exposed larvae of the brooding coral Leptastrea purpurea to five neuroactive compounds known to be present in cnidarians, and K + Ions. All compounds were applied at different dilutions and settlement behavior of the larvae was documented over 48 h. Dopamine, glutamic acid and epinephrine significantly induced settlement in the coral larvae. The highest observed metamorphosis response was 54% in 10 −5 M dopamine. Serotonin, L-DOPA and K + ions did not have an influence on settlement behavior in our experiments. Exposing larvae to settlement-inducing neurotransmitters and thus bypassing the initial induction could be utilized in coral aquaculture. The active neurotransmitters should be used to further study the settlement process in L. purpurea in greater detail. Their role and relevance should also be assessed for other coral species as they may represent or reveal a universal inducer for coral settlement.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-2322
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38794-2
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2615211-3
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ecotoxicological Effects of Four Commonly Used Organic Solvents on the Scleractinian Coral Montipora digitata
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Toxics Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2023-04-12), p. 367-
    Details
    In: Toxics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2023-04-12), p. 367-
    Abstract: Organic solvents are often used in aquatic toxicity tests to facilitate the testing of hydrophobic or poorly water-soluble substances such as ultraviolet (UV) filters, pesticides, or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Knowledge of intrinsic effects (i.e., measured as standardized and non-standardized endpoints) of such carrier solvents in non-standardized organisms (i.e., corals), is critical to regulatory processes. Therefore, we exposed the reef-building coral Montipora digitata to the most commonly used carrier solvents ethanol, methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and dimethylformamide in the range of 10–100 µL L−1 for 16 days. The effects on mortality, photobiological, morphological, and oxidative stress markers were evaluated. In our study, all solvents resulted in significant morphological and/or oxidative stress responses, but not in mortality. Moreover, ethanol led to a rapid increase in turbidity, thus questioning its suitability as a carrier solvent in aquatic studies in general. Based on our observations, we could rank the solvent effects as follows: dimethylformamide 〈 dimethyl sulfoxide ≈ methanol ≤ ethanol, with dimethylformamide showing the least and ethanol the most pronounced effects. We conclude that the use of solvents in toxicity studies with corals, particularly by examining non-standardized (e.g., morphological, physiological) endpoints, should be taken with caution and requires further elaboration.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2305-6304
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040367
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2733883-6
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mono- and multispecies biofilms from a crustose coralline alga induce settlement in the scleractinian coral Leptastrea purpurea
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2021
    In:  Coral Reefs Vol. 40, No. 2 ( 2021-04), p. 381-394
    Details
    In: Coral Reefs, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 40, No. 2 ( 2021-04), p. 381-394
    Abstract: Microorganisms have been reported to induce settlement in various marine invertebrate larvae but their specificity of inductive capacities for the settlement of coral larvae remains poorly understood. In this study, we isolated 56 microbial strains from the crustose coralline alga (CCA) Hydrolithon reinboldii using five different media either with or without additional antibiotics and/or spiked CCA extract. We tested the isolates for their potential to induce settlement behavior in larvae of the brooding scleractinian coral Leptastrea purpurea . From these 56 CCA-associated microbial strains, we identified six bacterial classes and 18 families. The culturable bacterial community associated with H. reinboldii was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria while the Illumina MiSeq analysis showed that the culture-independent bacterial community was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Flavobacteria. Furthermore, we found no correlation between inductive settlement capacities and phylogenetic relationships. Instead, settlement behavior of L. purpurea larvae was induced by specific isolated species. Strains #1792 ( Pseudovibrio denitrificans ), #1678 ( Acinetobacter pittii ), #1633 ( Pseudoalteromonas phenolica ), #1772 (Marine bacterium LMG1), #1721 ( Microbulbifer variabilis ), and #1783 ( Pseudoalteromonas rubra ) induced settlement behavior in coral larvae at mostly high and significant levels (≥ 40%) but the remaining isolates strongly varied in their activity. Multispecies biofilms consisting of four strains (#1792, #1678, #1633, and #1721) were observed to synergistically increase settlement behavior levels ( 〉  90%); however, the addition of #1772 to the multispecies biofilms negatively affected coral larvae and resulted in a total loss of inducing activity. The findings provide new insights into the role of bacteria in the settlement process of scleractinian corals and may help to identify the true nature of bacteria-derived morphogenic cues.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0722-4028 , 1432-0975
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s00338-021-02062-5
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 9047-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1472576-9
    SSG: 12
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