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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2022
    In:  Open Forum Infectious Diseases Vol. 9, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-09-15), p. S5-S14
    Details
    In: Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 9, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-09-15), p. S5-S14
    Abstract: Pharyngitis, more commonly known as sore throat, is caused by viral and/or bacterial infections. Group A Streptococcus (Strep A) is the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis. Strep A pharyngitis is an acute, self-limiting disease but if undertreated can lead to suppurative complications, nonsuppurative poststreptococcal immune-mediated diseases, and toxigenic presentations. We present a standardized surveillance protocol, including case definitions for pharyngitis and Strep A pharyngitis, as well as case classifications that can be used to differentiate between suspected, probable, and confirmed cases. We discuss the current tests used to detect Strep A among persons with pharyngitis, including throat culture and point-of-care tests. The type of surveillance methodology depends on the resources available and the objectives of surveillance. Active surveillance and laboratory confirmation is the preferred method for case detection. Participant eligibility, the surveillance population and additional considerations for surveillance of pharyngitis are addressed, including baseline sampling, community engagement, frequency of screening and season. Finally, we discuss the core elements of case report forms for pharyngitis and provide guidance for the recording of severity and pain associated with the course of an episode.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2328-8957
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac251
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2757767-3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Group A Streptococcal Impetigo
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2022
    In:  Open Forum Infectious Diseases Vol. 9, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-09-15), p. S15-S24
    Details
    In: Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 9, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-09-15), p. S15-S24
    Abstract: Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the superficial layer of skin. Impetigo is caused by group A Streptococcus (Strep A) and Staphylococcus aureus, alone or in combination, with the former predominating in many tropical climates. Strep A impetigo occurs mainly in early childhood, and the burden varies worldwide. It is an acute, self-limited disease, but many children experience frequent recurrences that make it a chronic illness in some endemic settings. We present a standardized surveillance protocol including case definitions for impetigo including both active (purulent, crusted) and resolving (flat, dry) phases and discuss the current tests used to detect Strep A among persons with impetigo. Case classifications that can be applied are detailed, including differentiating between incident (new) and prevalent (existing) cases of Strep A impetigo. The type of surveillance methodology depends on the burden of impetigo in the community. Active surveillance and laboratory confirmation is the preferred method for case detection, particularly in endemic settings. Participant eligibility, surveillance population and additional considerations for surveillance of impetigo, including examination of lesions, use of photographs to document lesions, and staff training requirements (including cultural awareness), are addressed. Finally, the core elements of case report forms for impetigo are presented and guidance for recording the course and severity of impetigo provided.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2328-8957
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac249
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Group A Streptococcal Cellulitis
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2022
    In:  Open Forum Infectious Diseases Vol. 9, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-09-15), p. S25-S30
    Details
    In: Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 9, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-09-15), p. S25-S30
    Abstract: Cellulitis is an acute bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue usually found complicating a wound, ulcer, or dermatosis. This article provides guidelines for the surveillance of cellulitis. The primary objectives of cellulitis surveillance are to (1) monitor trends in rates of infection, (2) describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with cellulitis, (3) estimate the frequency of complications, and (4) describe the risk factors associated with primary and recurrent cellulitis. This article includes case definitions for clinical cellulitis and group A streptococcal cellulitis, based on clinical and laboratory evidence, and case classifications for an initial and recurrent case. It is expected that surveillance for cellulitis will be for all-cause cellulitis, rather than specifically for Strep A cellulitis. Considerations of the type of surveillance are also presented, including identification of data sources and surveillance type. Minimal surveillance necessary for cellulitis is facility-based, passive surveillance. Prospective, active, facility-based surveillance is recommended for estimates of pathogen-specific cellulitis burden. Participant eligibility, surveillance population, and additional surveillance considerations such as active follow-up of cases, the use of International Classification of Disease diagnosis codes, and microbiological sampling of cases are discussed. Finally, the core data elements to be collected on case report forms are presented.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2328-8957
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac267
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2022
    In:  Open Forum Infectious Diseases Vol. 9, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-09-15), p. S31-S40
    Details
    In: Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 9, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-09-15), p. S31-S40
    Abstract: Invasive group A streptococcal (Strep A) infections occur when Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as beta-hemolytic group A Streptococcus, invades a normally sterile site in the body. This article provides guidelines for establishing surveillance for invasive Strep A infections. The primary objective of invasive Strep A surveillance is to monitor trends in rates of infection and determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with laboratory-confirmed invasive Strep A infection, the age- and sex-specific incidence in the population of a defined geographic area, trends in risk factors, and the mortality rates and rates of nonfatal sequelae caused by invasive Strep A infections. This article includes clinical descriptions followed by case definitions, based on clinical and laboratory evidence, and case classifications (confirmed or probable, if applicable) for invasive Strep A infections and for 3 Strep A syndromes: streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis, and pregnancy-associated Strep A infection. Considerations of the type of surveillance are also presented, noting that most people who have invasive Strep A infections will present to hospital and that invasive Strep A is a notifiable disease in some countries. Minimal surveillance necessary for invasive Strep A infection is facility-based, passive surveillance. A resource-intensive but more informative approach is active case finding of laboratory-confirmed Strep A invasive infections among a large (eg, state-wide) and well defined population. Participant eligibility, surveillance population, and additional surveillance components such as the use of International Classification of Disease diagnosis codes, follow-up, period of surveillance, seasonality, and sample size are discussed. Finally, the core data elements to be collected on case report forms are presented.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2328-8957
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac281
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2757767-3
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Systematic Framework for Prioritizing Burden of Disease Data Required for Vaccine Development and Implementation: The Case for Group A Streptococcal Diseases
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2022
    In:  Clinical Infectious Diseases Vol. 75, No. 7 ( 2022-09-30), p. 1245-1254
    Details
    In: Clinical Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 75, No. 7 ( 2022-09-30), p. 1245-1254
    Abstract: Vaccine development and implementation decisions need to be guided by accurate and robust burden of disease data. We developed an innovative systematic framework outlining the properties of such data that are needed to advance vaccine development and evaluation, and prioritize research and surveillance activities. We focus on 4 objectives—advocacy, regulatory oversight and licensure, policy and post-licensure evaluation, and post-licensure financing—and identify key stakeholders and specific requirements for burden of disease data aligned with each objective. We apply this framework to group A Streptococcus, a pathogen with an underrecognized global burden, and give specific examples pertinent to 8 clinical endpoints. This dynamic framework can be adapted for any disease with a vaccine in development and can be updated as vaccine candidates progress through clinical trials. This framework will also help with research and innovation priority setting of the Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030) and accelerate development of future vaccines.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1058-4838 , 1537-6591
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac291
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2002229-3
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2022
    In:  Open Forum Infectious Diseases Vol. 9, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-09-15), p. S57-S64
    Details
    In: Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 9, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-09-15), p. S57-S64
    Abstract: Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is an immune complex-induced glomerulonephritis that develops as a sequela of streptococcal infections. This article provides guidelines for the surveillance of APSGN due to group A Streptococcus (Strep A). The primary objectives of APSGN surveillance are to monitor trends in age- and sex-specific incidence, describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with APSGN, document accompanying risk factors, then monitor trends in frequency of complications, illness duration, hospitalization rates, and mortality. This document provides surveillance case definitions for APSGN, including clinical and subclinical APSGN based on clinical and laboratory evidence. It also details case classifications that can be used to differentiate between confirmed and probable cases, and it discusses the current investigations used to provide evidence of antecedent Strep A infection. The type of surveillance recommended depends on the burden of APSGN in the community and the objectives of surveillance. Strategies for minimal surveillance and enhanced surveillance of APSGN are provided. Furthermore, a discussion covers the surveillance population and additional APSGN-specific surveillance considerations such as contact testing, active follow up of cases and contacts, frequency of reporting, surveillance visits, period of surveillance, and community engagement. Finally, the document presents core data elements to be collected on case report forms, along with guidance for documenting the course and severity of APSGN.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2328-8957
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac346
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2757767-3
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Rheumatic Heart Disease
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2022
    In:  Open Forum Infectious Diseases Vol. 9, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-09-15), p. S50-S56
    Details
    In: Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 9, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-09-15), p. S50-S56
    Abstract: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a long-term sequela of acute rheumatic fever (ARF), which classically begins after an untreated or undertreated infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A). RHD develops after the heart valves are permanently damaged due to ARF. RHD remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young adults in resource-limited and low- and middle-income countries. This article presents case definitions for latent, suspected, and clinical RHD for persons with and without a history of ARF, and details case classifications, including differentiating between definite or borderline according to the 2012 World Heart Federation echocardiographic diagnostic criteria. This article also covers considerations specific to RHD surveillance methodology, including discussions on echocardiographic screening, where and how to conduct active or passive surveillance (eg, early childhood centers/schools, households, primary healthcare), participant eligibility, and the surveillance population. Additional considerations for RHD surveillance, including implications for secondary prophylaxis and follow-up, RHD registers, community engagement, and the negative impact of surveillance, are addressed. Finally, the core elements of case report forms for RHD, monitoring and audit requirements, quality control and assurance, and the ethics of conducting surveillance are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2328-8957
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac250
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2757767-3
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Acute Rheumatic Fever
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2022
    In:  Open Forum Infectious Diseases Vol. 9, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-09-15), p. S41-S49
    Details
    In: Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 9, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-09-15), p. S41-S49
    Abstract: Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a multiorgan inflammatory disorder that results from the body’s autoimmune response to pharyngitis or a skin infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A). Acute rheumatic fever mainly affects those in low- and middle-income nations, as well as in indigenous populations in wealthy nations, where initial Strep A infections may go undetected. A single episode of ARF puts a person at increased risk of developing long-term cardiac damage known as rheumatic heart disease. We present case definitions for both definite and possible ARF, including initial and recurrent episodes, according to the 2015 Jones Criteria, and we discuss current tests available to aid in the diagnosis. We outline the considerations specific to ARF surveillance methodology, including discussion on where and how to conduct active or passive surveillance (eg, early childhood centers/schools, households, primary healthcare, administrative database review), participant eligibility, and the surveillance population. Additional considerations for ARF surveillance, including implications for secondary prophylaxis and follow-up, ARF registers, community engagement, and the impact of surveillance, are addressed. Finally, the core elements of case report forms for ARF, monitoring and audit requirements, quality control and assurance, and the ethics of conducting surveillance are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2328-8957
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac252
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2757767-3
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