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  • 1
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    Expression of SCD and FADS2 Is Lower in the Necrotic Core and Growing Tumor Area than in the Peritumoral Area of Glioblastoma Multiforme
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Biomolecules Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2020-05-07), p. 727-
    Details
    In: Biomolecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2020-05-07), p. 727-
    Abstract: The expression of desaturases is higher in many types of cancer, and despite their recognized role in oncogenesis, there has been no research on the expression of desaturases in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Tumor tissue samples were collected during surgery from 28 patients (16 men and 12 women) diagnosed with GBM. The effect of necrotic conditions and nutritional deficiency (mimicking conditions in the studied tumor zones) was studied in an in vitro culture of human brain (glioblastoma astrocytoma) U-87 MG cells. Analysis of desaturase expression was made by qRT-PCR and the immunohistochemistry method. In the tumor, the expression of stearoyl–coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) and fatty acid desaturases 2 (FADS2) was lower than in the peritumoral area. The expression of other desaturases did not differ in between the distinguished zones. We found no differences in the expression of SCD, fatty acid desaturases 1 (FADS1), or FADS2 between the sexes. Necrotic conditions and nutritional deficiency increased the expression of the studied desaturase in human brain (glioblastoma astrocytoma) U-87 MG cells. The obtained results suggest that (i) biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in a GBM tumor is less intense than in the peritumoral area; (ii) expressions of SCD, SCD5, FADS1, and FADS2 correlate with each other in the necrotic core, growing tumor area, and peritumoral area; (iii) expressions of desaturases in a GBM tumor do not differ between the sexes; and (iv) nutritional deficiency increases the biosynthesis of MUFA and PUFA in GBM cells.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2218-273X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biom10050727
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2701262-1
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  • 2
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    The Influence of Selected Gastrointestinal Parasites on Apoptosis in Intestinal Epithelial Cells
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Biomolecules Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2020-04-27), p. 674-
    Details
    In: Biomolecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2020-04-27), p. 674-
    Abstract: Studies on the parasite–host interaction may provide valuable information concerning the modulation of molecular mechanisms as well as of the host immune system during infection. To date, it has been demonstrated that intestinal parasites may affect, among others, the processes of digestion in the gastrointestinal system of the host, thus limiting the elimination of the parasite, the immune response as well as inflammation. However, the most recent studies suggest that intestinal parasites may also affect modulation of the apoptosis pathway of the host. The present paper presents the latest scientific information on the influence of intestinal parasite species (Blastocystis sp., Giardia sp., Cryptosporidium sp., Trichuris sp., Entamoeba histolytica, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Heligmosomoides polygyrus) on the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. This paper stresses that the interdependency between the intestinal parasite and the host results from the direct effect of the parasite and the host’s defense reactions, which lead to modulation of the apoptosis pathways (intrinsic and extrinsic). Moreover, the present paper presents the role of proteins involved in the mechanisms of apoptosis as well as the physiological role of apoptosis in the host’s intestinal epithelial cells.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2218-273X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biom10050674
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2701262-1
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  • 3
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    The Pathophysiology of Post-Traumatic Glioma
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 19, No. 8 ( 2018-08-19), p. 2445-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 8 ( 2018-08-19), p. 2445-
    Abstract: Malignant glioma is a brain tumor with a very high mortality rate resulting from the specific morphology of its infiltrative growth and poor early detection rates. The causes of one of its very specific types, i.e., post-traumatic glioma, have been discussed for many years, with some studies providing evidence for mechanisms where the reaction to an injury may in some cases lead to the onset of carcinogenesis in the brain. In this review of the available literature, we discuss the consequences of breaking the blood–brain barrier and consequences of the influx of immune-system cells to the site of injury. We also analyze the influence of inflammatory mediators on the expression of genes controlling the process of apoptosis and the effect of chemical mutagenic factors on glial cells in the brain. We present the results of experimental studies indicating a relationship between injury and glioma development. However, epidemiological studies on post-traumatic glioma, of which only a few confirm the conclusions of experimental research, indicate that any potential relationship between injury and glioma, if any, is indirect.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082445
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 4
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    Hypoxia Alters the Expression of CC Chemokines and CC Chemokine Receptors in a Tumor–A Literature Review
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 16 ( 2020-08-06), p. 5647-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 16 ( 2020-08-06), p. 5647-
    Abstract: Hypoxia, i.e., oxygen deficiency condition, is one of the most important factors promoting the growth of tumors. Since its effect on the chemokine system is crucial in understanding the changes in the recruitment of cells to a tumor niche, in this review we have gathered all the available data about the impact of hypoxia on β chemokines. In the introduction, we present the chronic (continuous, non-interrupted) and cycling (intermittent, transient) hypoxia together with the mechanisms of activation of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF-1 and HIF-2) and NF-κB. Then we describe the effect of hypoxia on the expression of chemokines with the CC motif: CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL11, CCL13, CCL15, CCL16, CCL17, CCL18, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, CCL22, CCL24, CCL25, CCL26, CCL27, CCL28 together with CC chemokine receptors: CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCR8, CCR9, and CCR10. To better understand the effect of hypoxia on neoplastic processes and changes in the expression of the described proteins, we summarize the available data in a table which shows the effect of individual chemokines on angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and recruitment of eosinophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), regulatory T cells (Treg), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) to a tumor niche.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165647
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 5
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    Androgen Receptor Expression in the Various Regions of Resected Glioblastoma Multiforme Tumors and in an In Vitro Model
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 21 ( 2022-10-27), p. 13004-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 21 ( 2022-10-27), p. 13004-
    Abstract: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant glioma, difficult to detect and with the lowest survival rates among gliomas. Its greater incidence among men and its higher survival rate among premenopausal women suggest that it may be associated with the levels of androgens. As androgens stimulate the androgen receptor (AR), which acts as a transcription factor, the aim of this study was the investigate the role of AR in the progression of GBM. The study was conducted on tissues collected from three regions of GBM tumors (tumor core, enhancing tumor region, and peritumoral area). In addition, an in vitro experiment was conducted on U-87 cells under various culture conditions (necrotic, hypoxic, and nutrient-deficient), mimicking the conditions in a tumor. In both of the models, androgen receptor expression was determined at the gene and protein levels, and the results were confirmed by confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry. AR mRNA expression was higher under nutrient-deficient conditions and lower under hypoxic conditions in vitro. However, there were no differences in AR protein expression. No differences in AR mRNA expression were observed between the tested tumor structures taken from patients. No differences in AR mRNA expression were observed between the men and women. However, AR protein expression in tumors resected from patients was higher in the enhancing tumor region and in the peritumoral area than in the tumor core. In women, higher AR expression was observed in the peritumoral area than in the tumor core. AR expression in GBM tumors did not differ significantly between men and women, which suggests that the higher incidence of GBM in men is not associated with AR expression. In the group consisting of men and women, AR expression varied between the regions of the tumor: AR expression was higher in the enhancing tumor region and in the peritumoral area than in the tumor core, showing a dependence on tumor conditions (hypoxia and insufficient nutrient supply).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113004
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 6
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    Epidemiology of Anthropometric Factors in Glioblastoma Multiforme—Literature Review
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Brain Sciences Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2021-01-16), p. 116-
    Details
    In: Brain Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2021-01-16), p. 116-
    Abstract: Although glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a widely researched cancer of the central nervous system, we still do not know its full pathophysiological mechanism and we still lack effective treatment methods as the current combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy does not bring about satisfactory results. The median survival time for GBM patients is only about 15 months. In this paper, we present the epidemiology of central nervous system (CNS) tumors and review the epidemiological data on GBM regarding gender, age, weight, height, and tumor location. The data indicate the possible influence of some anthropometric factors on the occurrence of GBM, especially in those who are male, elderly, overweight, and/or are taller. However, this review of single and small-size epidemiological studies should not be treated as definitive due to differences in the survey methods used. Detailed epidemiological registers could help identify the main at-risk groups which could then be used as homogenous study groups in research worldwide. Such research, with less distortion from various factors, could help identify the pathomechanisms that lead to the development of GBM.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3425
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010116
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2651993-8
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  • 7
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    Reduced Expression of Very-Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetases SLC27A4 and SLC27A6 in the Glioblastoma Tumor Compared to the Peritumoral Area
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Brain Sciences Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2023-05-07), p. 771-
    Details
    In: Brain Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2023-05-07), p. 771-
    Abstract: This study aimed to analyze solute carrier family 27 (SLC27) in glioblastoma tumors. The investigation of these proteins will provide insight into how and to what extent fatty acids are taken up from the blood in glioblastoma tumors, as well as the subsequent fate of the up-taken fatty acids. Tumor samples were collected from a total of 28 patients and analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR). The study also sought to explore the relationship between SLC27 expression and patient characteristics (age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and smoking history), as well as the expression levels of enzymes responsible for fatty acid synthesis. The expression of SLC27A4 and SLC27A6 was lower in glioblastoma tumors compared to the peritumoral area. Men had a lower expression of SLC27A5. Notably, a positive correlation was observed between the expression of SLC27A4, SLC27A5, and SLC27A6 and smoking history in women, whereas men exhibited a negative correlation between these SLC27s and BMI. The expression of SLC27A1 and SLC27A3 was positively correlated with the expression of ELOVL6. In comparison to healthy brain tissue, glioblastoma tumors take up fewer fatty acids. The metabolism of fatty acids in glioblastoma is dependent on factors such as obesity and smoking.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3425
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050771
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2651993-8
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  • 8
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    The role of mirror neurons in cognitive and social functioning *
    Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Szczecinie ; 2020
    In:  Pomeranian Journal of Life Sciences Vol. 66, No. 4 ( 2020-12-01), p. 30-40
    Details
    In: Pomeranian Journal of Life Sciences, Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Szczecinie, Vol. 66, No. 4 ( 2020-12-01), p. 30-40
    Abstract: Mirror neurons were accidentally discovered during research on the activity of nerve cells which was conducted by a team of Italian scientists in Parma. They observed that certain brain cells were activated when an animal performed a given activity but also when it observed a similar activity performed by someone else. The following discovery of mirror neurons in the human brain initiated a wave of experimental research which confirmed that mirror nerve cells are responsible for understanding the mental state of other humans. This process is much more complicated and important from an evolutionary point of view than it might initially seem. The activity of mirror neurons is noticeable in everyday life, during all interactions with other living beings. This is exhibited through mirroring – the reflection of emotional and epistemic mental states of others based on their behavior. We present the activities of mirror neurons and the theoretical framework of research. Finally, we discuss the results of neurological studies which have made it possible to locate and define in detail the role of the mirror neuron system in the human brain.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2719-6313
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.21164/pomjlifesci.726
    Language: English
    Publisher: Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Szczecinie
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 9
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    Epidemiology of Glioblastoma Multiforme–Literature Review
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cancers Vol. 14, No. 10 ( 2022-05-13), p. 2412-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 10 ( 2022-05-13), p. 2412-
    Abstract: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive malignancies, with a median overall survival of approximately 15 months. In this review, we analyze the pathogenesis of GBM, as well as epidemiological data, by age, gender, and tumor location. The data indicate that GBM is the higher-grade primary brain tumor and is significantly more common in men. The risk of being diagnosed with glioma increases with age, and median survival remains low, despite medical advances. In addition, it is difficult to determine clearly how GBM is influenced by stimulants, certain medications (e.g., NSAIDs), cell phone use, and exposure to heavy metals.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102412
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 10
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    The Role of CXCL16 in the Pathogenesis of Cancer and Other Diseases
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 22, No. 7 ( 2021-03-28), p. 3490-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 7 ( 2021-03-28), p. 3490-
    Abstract: CXCL16 is a chemotactic cytokine belonging to the α-chemokine subfamily. It plays a significant role in the progression of cancer, as well as the course of atherosclerosis, renal fibrosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Since there has been no review paper discussing the importance of this chemokine in various diseases, we have collected all available knowledge about CXCL16 in this review. In the first part of the paper, we discuss background information about CXCL16 and its receptor, CXCR6. Next, we focus on the importance of CXCL16 in a variety of diseases, with an emphasis on cancer. We discuss the role of CXCL16 in tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Next, we describe the role of CXCL16 in the tumor microenvironment, including involvement in angiogenesis, and its significance in tumor-associated cells (cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF), microglia, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), myeloid suppressor cells (MDSC), and regulatory T cells (Treg)). Finally, we focus on the antitumor properties of CXCL16, which are mainly caused by natural killer T (NKT) cells. At the end of the article, we summarize the importance of CXCL16 in cancer therapy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073490
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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