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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Methods for measuring changes in atmospheric O 2 concentration and their application in southern hemisphere air
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1998
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 103, No. D3 ( 1998-02-20), p. 3381-3397
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 103, No. D3 ( 1998-02-20), p. 3381-3397
    Abstract: Methods are described for measuring changes in atmospheric O 2 concentration with emphasis on gas handling procedures. Cryogenically dried air samples are collected in 5 L glass flasks at ambient pressure and analyzed against reference gases derived from high‐pressure aluminum tanks. Fractionation effects are minimized by avoiding pressure and flow variations throughout the gas‐handling system. The overall external reproducibility is approximately ±3.3 per meg, with systematic errors associated with collecting samples and with storing them for 1 year reduced to the level of 3 per meg or smaller, The demonstrated short‐term reproducibly of air delivered from high‐presure tanks is ±1.5 per meg, with the composition changing by at most 5 per meg by surface desorption reactions as the tank is depleted to below 3500 kPa. A 9‐year survey of a suite of six reference gases showed no systematic long‐term trends in relative O 2 concentrations to the level of 5 per meg. Results are presented from samples collected at Cape Grim (41°S), Macquarie Island (54°S) and the South Pole Station (90°S). From measurements spanning 1991–1995 it is found that the O 2 concentrations at the South Pole are on average 3.6±1.2 per meg higher than at Cape Grim. This result runs contrary to the expectation that the air at high southern latitudes should be depleted in O 2 as a result of O 2 uptake from the Southern Ocean and may require the existence of unknown O 2 sources near Antarctica or unexpected atmospheric transport patterns.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/97JD02537
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1998
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global Carbon Budget 2016
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2016
    In:  Earth System Science Data Vol. 8, No. 2 ( 2016-11-14), p. 605-649
    Details
    In: Earth System Science Data, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 8, No. 2 ( 2016-11-14), p. 605-649
    Abstract: Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the “global carbon budget” – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates and consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models. We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2006–2015), EFF was 9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.5 ± 0.1 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.1 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1. For year 2015 alone, the growth in EFF was approximately zero and emissions remained at 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, showing a slowdown in growth of these emissions compared to the average growth of 1.8 % yr−1 that took place during 2006–2015. Also, for 2015, ELUC was 1.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, GATM was 6.3 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 1.9 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1. GATM was higher in 2015 compared to the past decade (2006–2015), reflecting a smaller SLAND for that year. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 399.4 ± 0.1 ppm averaged over 2015. For 2016, preliminary data indicate the continuation of low growth in EFF with +0.2 % (range of −1.0 to +1.8 %) based on national emissions projections for China and USA, and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. In spite of the low growth of EFF in 2016, the growth rate in atmospheric CO2 concentration is expected to be relatively high because of the persistence of the smaller residual terrestrial sink (SLAND) in response to El Niño conditions of 2015–2016. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2016, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach 565 ± 55 GtC (2075 ± 205 GtCO2) for 1870–2016, about 75 % from EFF and 25 % from ELUC. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2016).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-8-605-2016
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Atmospheric potential oxygen: New observations and their implications for some atmospheric and oceanic models : APO MEASUREMENTS AND MODELS
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2006
    In:  Global Biogeochemical Cycles Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 2006-03), p. n/a-n/a
    Details
    In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 2006-03), p. n/a-n/a
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0886-6236
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2005GB002534
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    On the long-term stability of reference gases for atmospheric O 2 /N 2 and CO 2 measurements
    Stockholm University Press ; 2007
    In:  Tellus B Vol. 59, No. 1 ( 2007-2-1)
    Details
    In: Tellus B, Stockholm University Press, Vol. 59, No. 1 ( 2007-2-1)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1600-0889 , 0280-6509
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v59i1.16964
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 8382.2
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Stockholm University Press
    Publication Date: 2007
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Greenhouse gases in the Earth system: setting the agenda to 2030
    The Royal Society ; 2011
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Vol. 369, No. 1943 ( 2011-05-28), p. 1885-1890
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 369, No. 1943 ( 2011-05-28), p. 1885-1890
    Abstract: What do we need to know about greenhouse gases? Over the next 20 years, how should scientists study the role of greenhouse gases in the Earth system and the changes that are taking place? These questions were addressed at a Royal Society scientific Discussion Meeting in London on 22–23 February 2010, with over 300 participants.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1364-503X , 1471-2962
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0076
    RVK:
    AX 30011
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2011
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Precise atmospheric oxygen measurements with a paramagnetic oxygen analyzer
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1999
    In:  Global Biogeochemical Cycles Vol. 13, No. 4 ( 1999-12), p. 1107-1115
    Details
    In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 13, No. 4 ( 1999-12), p. 1107-1115
    Abstract: A methodology has been developed for making continuous, high‐precision measurements of atmospheric oxygen concentrations by modifying a commercially available paramagnetic oxygen analyzer. Incorporating several design improvements, an effective precision of 0.2 ppm O 2 from repeated measurements over a 1‐hour interval was achieved. This is sufficient to detect background changes in atmospheric O 2 to a level that constrains various aspects of the global carbon cycle. The analyzer was used to measure atmospheric O 2 in a semicontinuous fashion from air sampled from the end of Scripps Pier, La Jolla, California, and data from a 1‐week period in August 1996 are shown. The data exhibit strongly anticorrelated changes in O 2 and CO 2 caused by local or regional combustion of fossil fuels. During periods of steady background CO 2 concentrations, however, we see additional variability in O 2 concentrations, clearly not due to local combustion and presumably due to oceanic sources or sinks of O 2 . This variability suggests that in contrast to CO 2 , higher O 2 sampling rates, such as those provided by continuous measurement programs, may be necessary to define an atmospheric O 2 background and thus aid in validating and interpreting other O 2 data from flask sampling programs. Our results have also demonstrated that this paramagnetic analyzer and gas handling design is well suited for making continuous measurements of atmospheric O 2 and is suitable for placement at remote background air monitoring sites.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0886-6236 , 1944-9224
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1999GB900054
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1999
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global oceanic and land biotic carbon sinks from the Scripps atmospheric oxygen flask sampling network
    Stockholm University Press ; 2006
    In:  Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology Vol. 58, No. 2 ( 2006-01-01), p. 95-
    Details
    In: Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, Stockholm University Press, Vol. 58, No. 2 ( 2006-01-01), p. 95-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1600-0889 , 0280-6509
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00175.x
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 8382.2
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Stockholm University Press
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Interpreting the seasonal cycles of atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations at American Samoa Observatory : ATMOSPHERIC O 2 AND CO 2 AT AMERICAN SAMOA
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2003
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 30, No. 6 ( 2003-03)
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 30, No. 6 ( 2003-03)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2001GL014312
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2003
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7403-2
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The atmospheric signature of carbon capture and storage
    The Royal Society ; 2011
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Vol. 369, No. 1943 ( 2011-05-28), p. 2113-2132
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 369, No. 1943 ( 2011-05-28), p. 2113-2132
    Abstract: Compared with other industrial processes, carbon capture and storage (CCS) will have an unusual impact on atmospheric composition by reducing the CO 2 released from fossil-fuel combustion plants, but not reducing the associated O 2 loss. CO 2 that leaks into the air from below-ground CCS sites will also be unusual in lacking the O 2 deficit normally associated with typical land CO 2 sources, such as from combustion or ecosystem exchanges. CCS may also produce distinct isotopic changes in atmospheric CO 2 . Using simple models and calculations, we estimate the impact of CCS or leakage on regional atmospheric composition. We also estimate the possible impact on global atmospheric composition, assuming that the technology is widely adopted. Because of its unique signature, CCS may be especially amenable to monitoring, both regionally and globally, using atmospheric observing systems. Measurements of the O 2 /N 2 ratio and the CO 2 concentration in the proximity of a CCS site may allow detection of point leaks of the order of 1000 ton CO 2 yr −1 from a CCS reservoir up to 1 km from the source. Measurements of O 2 /N 2 and CO 2 in background air from a global network may allow quantification of global and hemispheric capture rates from CCS to the order of ±0.4 Pg C yr −1 .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1364-503X , 1471-2962
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0016
    RVK:
    AX 30011
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2011
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    On the long-term stability of reference gases for atmospheric O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 measurements
    Stockholm University Press ; 2007
    In:  Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology Vol. 59, No. 1 ( 2007-01-01), p. 3-
    Details
    In: Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, Stockholm University Press, Vol. 59, No. 1 ( 2007-01-01), p. 3-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1600-0889 , 0280-6509
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00196.x
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 8382.2
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Stockholm University Press
    Publication Date: 2007
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