Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to exert a significant impact on global mortality rates, encompassing conditions like pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), atherosclerosis (AS), and myocardial infarction (MI). Oxidative stress (OS) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and advancement of CVDs, highlighting its significance as a contributing factor. Maintaining an equilibrium between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant systems not only aids in mitigating oxidative stress but also confers protective benefits on cardiac health. Herbal monomers can inhibit OS in CVDs by activating multiple signaling pathways, such as increasing the activity of endogenous antioxidant systems and decreasing the level of ROS expression. Given the actions of herbal monomers to significantly protect the normal function of the heart and reduce the damage caused by OS to the organism. Hence, it is imperative to recognize the significance of herbal monomers as prospective therapeutic interventions for mitigating oxidative damage in CVDs. This paper aims to comprehensively review the origins and mechanisms underlying OS, elucidate the intricate association between CVDs and OS, and explore the therapeutic potential of antioxidant treatment utilizing herbal monomers. Furthermore, particular emphasis will be placed on examining the cardioprotective effects of herbal monomers by evaluating their impact on cardiac signaling pathways subsequent to treatment. Graphical Abstract

Abstract: Stroke has caused tremendous social stress worldwide, yet despite decades of research and development of new stroke drugs, most have failed and rt-PA (Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) is still the accepted treatment for ischemic stroke. the complexity of the stroke mechanism has led to unsatisfactory efficacy of most drugs in clinical trials, indicating that there are still many gaps in our understanding of stroke. Pyroptosis is a programmed cell death (PCD) with inflammatory properties and are thought to be closely associated with stroke. Pyroptosis is regulated by the GSDMD of the gasdermin family, which when cleaved by Caspase-1/Caspase-11 into N-GSDMD with pore-forming activity can bind to the plasma membrane to form small 10–20 nm pores, which would allow the release of inflammatory factors IL-18 and IL-1β before cell rupture, greatly exacerbating the inflammatory response. The pyroptosis occurs mainly in the border zone of cerebral infarction, and glial cells, neuronal cells and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) all undergo pyroptosis after stroke, which largely exacerbates the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and thus aggravates brain injury. Therefore, pyroptosis may be a good direction for the treatment of stroke. In this review, we focus on the latest mechanisms of action of pyroptosis and the process by which pyroptosis regulates stroke development. We also suggest potential therapeutic stroke drugs that target the pyroptosis pathway, providing additional therapeutic strategies for the clinical management of stroke.

Abstract: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) was a cardiovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality. PH was a chronic disease with complicated pathogenesis and uncontrollable factors. PH was divided into five groups according to its pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. Although the treatment and diagnosis of PH has made great progress in the past ten years. However, the diagnosis and prognosis of the PAH had a great contrast, which was not conducive to the diagnosis and treatment of PH. If not treated properly, it will lead to right ventricular failure or even death. Therefore, it was necessary to explore the pathogenesis of PH. The problem we urgently need to solve was to find and develop drugs for the treatment of PH. We reviewed the PH articles in the past 10 years or so as well as systematically summarized the recent advance. We summarized the latest research on the key regulatory factors (pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress) involved in PH. To provide theoretical basis and basis for finding new therapeutic targets and research directions of PH.

Abstract: Pneumonia is a common disease worldwide in preschool children. Despite its large population size, China has had no comprehensive study of the national prevalence, risk factors, and management of pneumonia among preschool children. We therefore investigated the prevalence of pneumonia among preschool children in Chinese seven representative cities, and explore the possible risk factors of pneumonia on children, with a view to calling the world's attention to childhood pneumonia to reduce the prevalence of childhood pneumonia. Methods Two group samples of 63,663 and 52,812 preschool children were recruited from 2011 and 2019 surveys, respectively. Which were derived from the cross-sectional China, Children, Homes, Health (CCHH) study using a multi-stage stratified sampling method. This survey was conducted in kindergartens in seven representative cities. Exclusion criteria were younger than 2 years old or older than 8 years old, non-permanent population, basic information such as gender, date of birth and breast feeding is incomplete. Pneumonia was determined on the basis of parents reported history of clearly diagnosed by the physician. All participants were assessed with a standard questionnaire. Risk factors for pneumonia, and association between pneumonia and other respiratory diseases were examined by multivariable-adjusted analyses done in all participants for whom data on the variables of interest were available. Disease management was evaluated by the parents’ reported history of physician diagnosis, longitudinal comparison of risk factors in 2011 and 2019. Results In 2011 and 2019, 31,277 (16,152 boys and 15,125 girls) and 32,016 (16,621 boys and 15,395 girls) preschool children aged at 2–8 of permanent population completed the questionnaire, respectively, and were thus included in the final analysis. The findings showed that the age-adjusted prevalence of pneumonia in children was 32.7% in 2011 and 26.4% in 2019. In 2011, girls (odds ratio [OR] 0.91, 95%CI [confidence interval] 0.87–0.96; p  = 0.0002), rural (0.85, 0.73–0.99; p  = 0.0387), duration of breastfeeding ≥ 6 months(0.83, 0.79–0.88; p  〈  0.0001), birth weight (g) ≥ 4000 (0.88, 0.80–0.97; p  = 0.0125), frequency of putting bedding to sunshine (Often) (0.82, 0.71–0.94; p  = 0.0049), cooking fuel type (electricity) (0.87, 0.80–0.94; p  = 0.0005), indoor use air-conditioning (0.85, 0.80–0.90; p   〈  0.0001) were associated with a reduced risk of childhood pneumonia. Age (4–6) (1.11, 1.03–1.20; p  = 0.0052), parental smoking (one) (1.12, 1.07–1.18; p   〈  0.0001), used antibiotics (2.71, 2.52–2.90; p   〈  0.0001), history of parental allergy (one and two) (1.21, 1.12–1.32; p   〈  0.0001 and 1.33, 1.04–1.69; p  = 0.0203), indoor dampness (1.24, 1.15–1.33; p   〈  0.0001), home interior decoration (1.11, 1.04–1.19; p  = 0.0013), Wall painting materials (Paint) (1.16, 1.04–1.29; p  = 0.0084), flooring materials (Laminate / Composite wood) (1.08, 1.02–1.16; p  = 0.0126), indoor heating mode(Central heating)(1.18, 1.07–1.30, p  = 0.0090), asthma (2.38, 2.17–2.61; p   〈  0.0001), allergic rhinitis (1.36, 1.25–1.47; p   〈  0.0001), wheezing (1.64, 1.55–1.74; p   〈  0.0001) were associated with an elevated risk of childhood pneumonia; pneumonia was associated with an elevated risk of childhood asthma (2.53, 2.31–2.78; p   〈  0.0001), allergic rhinitis (1.41, 1.29–1.53; p   〈  0.0001) and wheezing (1.64, 1.55–1.74; p   〈  0.0001). In 2019, girls (0.92, 0.87–0.97; p  = 0.0019), duration of breastfeeding ≥ 6 months (0.92, 0.87–0.97; p  = 0.0031), used antibiotics (0.22, 0.21–0.24; p   〈  0.0001), cooking fuel type (Other) (0.40, 0.23–0.63; p = 0.0003), indoor use air-conditioning (0.89, 0.83–0.95; p  = 0.0009) were associated with a reduced risk of childhood pneumonia. Urbanisation (Suburb) (1.10, 1.02–1.18; p  = 0.0093), premature birth (1.29, 1.08–1.55; p  = 0.0051), birth weight (g)  〈  2500 (1.17, 1.02–1.35; p  = 0.0284), parental smoking (1.30, 1.23–1.38; p   〈  0.0001), history of parental asthma (One) (1.23, 1.03–1.46; p  = 0.0202), history of parental allergy (one and two) (1.20, 1.13–1.27; p   〈  0.0001 and 1.22, 1.08–1.37; p  = 0.0014), cooking fuel type (Coal) (1.58, 1.02–2.52; p  = 0.0356), indoor dampness (1.16, 1.08–1.24; p   〈  0.0001), asthma (1.88, 1.64–2.15; p   〈  0.0001), allergic rhinitis (1.57, 1.45–1.69; p   〈  0.0001), wheezing (2.43, 2.20–2.68; p   〈  0.0001) were associated with an elevated risk of childhood pneumonia; pneumonia was associated with an elevated risk of childhood asthma (1.96, 1.72–2.25; p   〈  0.0001), allergic rhinitis (1.60, 1.48–1.73; p   〈  0.0001) and wheezing (2.49, 2.25–2.75; p   〈  0.0001). Conclusions Pneumonia is prevalent among preschool children in China, and it affects other childhood respiratory diseases. Although the prevalence of pneumonia in Chinese children shows a decreasing trend in 2019 compared to 2011, a well-established management system is still needed to further reduce the prevalence of pneumonia and reduce the burden of disease in children.