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  • MDPI AG  (137)
  • Li, Zhen  (137)
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  • MDPI AG  (137)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    LG5, a Novel Allele of EUI1, Regulates Grain Size and Flag Leaf Angle in Rice
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Plants Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2023-02-03), p. 675-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2023-02-03), p. 675-
    Abstract: Grain size and flag leaf angle are two important traits that determining grain yield in rice. However, the mechanisms regulating these two traits remain largely unknown. In this study, a rice long grain 5 (lg5) mutant with a large flag leaf angle was identified, and map-based cloning revealed that a single base substitution followed by a 2 bp insertion in the LOC_Os05g40384 gene resulted in larger grains, a larger flag leaf angle, and higher plant height than the wild type. Sequence analysis revealed that lg5 is a novel allele of elongated uppermost internode-1 (EUI1), which encodes a cytochrome P450 protein. Functional complementation and overexpression tests showed that LG5 can rescue the bigger grain size and larger flag leaf angle in the Xiushui11 (XS) background. Knockdown of the LG5 transcription level by RNA interference resulted in elevated grain size and flag leaf angle in the Nipponbare (NIP) background. Morphological and cellular analyses suggested that LG5 regulated grain size and flag leaf angle by promoting cell expansion and cell proliferation. Our results provided new insight into the functions of EUI1 in rice, especially in regulating grain size and flag leaf angle, indicating a potential target for the improvement of rice breeding.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants12030675
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704341-1
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Improved Deadbeat Current Controller of PMSM Based on Bilinear Discretization
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Machines Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2022-01-23), p. 79-
    Details
    In: Machines, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2022-01-23), p. 79-
    Abstract: Based on the bilinear discretization mathematical model of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), an improved incremental deadbeat current prediction control algorithm is proposed. Aiming at the system instability caused by the forward Euler discretization method, this paper combines the deadbeat current prediction control and the improved bilinear discretization method to improve the system stability. Further, the proposed controller considers the two-beat delay of a digital system to make the mathematical model more accurate. Moreover, the proposed bilinear discretization predictive current controller is not affected by the permanent magnet flux of the motor. Then, the system stability conditions of the proposed controller are analyzed. The simulation and experimental results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-1702
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/machines10020079
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704328-9
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Comparison of RNA Interference via Injection and Feeding in Honey Bees
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Insects Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2022-10-13), p. 928-
    Details
    In: Insects, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2022-10-13), p. 928-
    Abstract: RNA interference (RNAi) has been used successfully to reduce target gene expression and induce specific phenotypes in several species. It has proved useful as a tool to investigate gene function and has the potential to manage pest populations and reduce disease pathogens. However, it is not known whether different administration methods are equally effective at interfering with genes in bees. Therefore, we compared the effects of feeding and injection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) on the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH7A1), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Both feeding and injection of siRNA successfully knocked down the gene but feeding required more siRNA than the injection. Our results suggest that both feeding and injection of siRNA effectively interfere with brain genes in bees. The appropriateness of each method would depend on the situation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4450
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/insects13100928
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662247-6
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vitamin E Can Ameliorate Oxidative Damage of Ovine Hepatocytes In Vitro by Regulating Genes Expression Associated with Apoptosis and Pyroptosis, but Not Ferroptosis
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Molecules Vol. 26, No. 15 ( 2021-07-27), p. 4520-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 26, No. 15 ( 2021-07-27), p. 4520-
    Abstract: (1) Background: the current research was conducted to investigate the potential non-antioxidant roles of vitamin E in the protection of hepatocysts from oxidative damage. (2) Methods: primary sheep hepatocytes were cultured and exposed to 200, 400, 600, or 800 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide, while their viability was assessed using a CCK-8 kit. Then, cells were treated with 400 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide following a pretreatment with 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μmol/L vitamin E and their intracellular ROS levels were determined by means of the DCF-DA assay. RNA-seq, verified by qRT-PCR, was conducted thereafter: non-treated control (C1); cells treated with 400 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide (C2); and C2 plus a pretreatment with 100 μmol/L vitamin E (T1). (3) Results: the 200–800 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide caused significant cell death, while 50, 100, and 200 μmol/L vitamin E pretreatment significantly improved the survival rate of hepatocytes. ROS content in the cells pretreated with vitamin E was significantly lower than that in the control group and hydrogen-peroxide-treated group, especially in those pretreated with 100 μmol/L vitamin E. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) concerning cell death involved in apoptosis (RIPK1, TLR7, CASP8, and CASP8AP2), pyroptosis (NLRP3, IL-1β, and IRAK2), and ferroptosis (TFRC and PTGS2). The abundances of IL-1β, IRAK2, NLRP3, CASP8, CASP8AP2, RIPK1, and TLR7 were significantly increased in the C1 group and decreased in T1 group, while TFRC and PTGS2 were increased in T1 group. (4) Conclusions: oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide caused cellular damage and death in sheep hepatocytes. Pretreatment with vitamin E effectively reduced intracellular ROS levels and protected the hepatocytes from cell death by regulating gene expression associated with apoptosis (RIPK1, TLR7, CASP8, and CASP8AP2) and pyroptosis (NLRP3, IL-1β, and IRAK2), but not ferroptosis (TFRC and PTGS2).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154520
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Maternal Folic Acid Supplementation Differently Affects the Small Intestinal Phenotype and Gene Expression of Newborn Lambs from Differing Litter Sizes
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Animals Vol. 10, No. 11 ( 2020-11-22), p. 2183-
    Details
    In: Animals, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 11 ( 2020-11-22), p. 2183-
    Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal dietary folic acid (FA) supplementation during gestation on small intestinal development of newborn lambs of different litter sizes, focusing on the intestinal morphology and development-, apoptosis- and digestion-related genes expression. One hundred and twenty Hu ewes (Ovis aries) were inseminated and randomly allotted to three groups. One group received a control diet [without FA supplementation, control (CON)] and the other two groups received control diets supplemented with different amount of FA [16 or 32 mg FA per kg dry matter (DM), i.e., F16 and F32] during pregnancy. After lambing, according to the dietary FA levels and litter size (twins, TW; triplets, TR), the neonatal lambs were divided into 6 (TW-CON, TW-F16, TW-F32, TR-CON, TR-F16, TR-F32) treatment groups. The results showed that the ratio of small intestinal weight to live body weight and the thickness of the intestinal muscle layer in the offspring was enhanced significantly with increasing maternal FA supplementation (p 〈 0.05). Meanwhile, the expression levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) and sodium/glucose co-transporter-1 (SGLT1) in the small intestines of the newborn lambs were increased, while the opposite was true for Bcl2-associated × (BAX) in response to FA supplementation (p 〈 0.05). Moreover, the small intestinal weights of twins were significantly higher than those of triplets (p 〈 0.01), and the expression levels of IGF-I (p 〈 0.05), sucrase-isomaltase (SI) (p 〈 0.05) and solute carrier family 2 member 5 (SLC2A5) (p 〈 0.01) were significantly lower than those in triplets. These findings suggest that maternal FA supplementation could improve the offspring’s small intestinal phenotype and the expression of development-, apoptosis- and digestion-related genes, so it could promote the small intestinal development of newborn lambs. Furthermore, the small intestine phenotypic development of twins was generally better than that of triplets, while the expression levels of the above genes of twins were lower than those of triplets.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2615
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ani10112183
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606558-7
    SSG: 23
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Electrochemical Enzyme Biosensor for Ammonium Detection in Aquaculture Using Screen-Printed Electrode Modified by Gold Nanoparticle/Polymethylene Blue
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Biosensors Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2021-09-13), p. 335-
    Details
    In: Biosensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2021-09-13), p. 335-
    Abstract: A SPEC/AuNPs/PMB modified electrode was prepared by electrodeposition and electro-polymerization. The electrochemical behavior of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) on the surface of the modified electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry. A certain amount of substrate and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) were coated on the modified electrode to form a functional enzyme membrane. The ammonia nitrogen in the water sample could be calculated indirectly by measuring the consumption of NADH in the reaction. The results showed that the strength of electro-catalytic current signal was increased by two times; the catalytic oxidation potential was shifted to the left by 0.5 V, and the anti-interference ability of the sensor was enhanced. The optimum substrate concentration and enzyme loading were determined as 1.3 mM NADH, 28 mM α-Ketoglutarate and 2.0 U GLDH, respectively. The homemade ceramic heating plate controlled the working electrode to work at 37 °C. A pH compensation algorithm based on piecewise linear interpolation could reduce the measurement error to less than 3.29 μM. The biosensor exhibited good linearity in the range of 0~300 μM with a detection limit of 0.65 μM NH4+. Compared with standard Nessler’s method, the recoveries were 93.71~105.92%. The biosensor was found to be stable for at least 14 days when refrigerated and sealed at 4 °C.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6374
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/bios11090335
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662125-3
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of Tea Polyphenol Palmitate Existing in the Oil Phase on the Stability of Myofibrillar Protein O/W Emulsion
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Foods Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2022-05-02), p. 1326-
    Details
    In: Foods, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2022-05-02), p. 1326-
    Abstract: This study aimed to explore the effect of adding different concentrations (0, 0.01%, 0.03%, and 0.05% (w/w)) of tea polyphenol palmitate (TPP) in the oil phase on the emulsifying properties of 5 and 10 mg/mL myofibrillar protein (MP). Particle size results revealed that the flocculation of droplets increased as TPP concentration increased and that droplets in 5 mg/mL MP emulsions (25–34 μm) were larger than in 10 mg/mL MP emulsions (14–22 μm). The emulsifying activity index of 5 mg/mL MP emulsions decreased with increasing TPP concentration. The micrographs showed that the droplets of MP emulsions exhibited extensive flocculation at TPP concentrations 〉 0.03%. Compared with 5 mg/mL MP emulsions, 10 mg/mL MP emulsions showed better physical stability and reduced flocculation degree, which coincided with lower delta backscattering intensity (ΔBS) and Turbiscan stability index values. The flow properties of emulsions can be successfully depicted by Ostwald–de Waele models (R2 〉 0.99). The concentrations of TPP and protein affect the K values of emulsions (p 〈 0.05). Altogether, increased protein concentration in the continuous phase could improve emulsion stability by increasing viscosity, offsetting the adverse effects of TPP to a certain extent. This study is expected to promote the rational application of TPP in protein emulsion products of high quality and acceptability.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-8158
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/foods11091326
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704223-6
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Multi-Dimensional Covert Transaction Recognition Scheme for Blockchain
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Mathematics Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2023-02-16), p. 1015-
    Details
    In: Mathematics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2023-02-16), p. 1015-
    Abstract: Covert communication was widely studied in recent years in terms of keeping the communication of entities on the Internet secret from the point of view of information security. Due to the anonymity of accounts and the publicness of the ledger, blockchain is a natural and ideal channel for helping users establish covert communication channels. Senders can embed secret messages into certain fields in transactions, and receivers can extract those messages from the transactions without attracting the attention of other users. However, to the best of our knowledge, most existing works have aimed at designing blockchain-based covert communication schemes. Few studies concentrated on the recognition of transactions used for covert communication. In this paper, we first analyze convolutional neural network (CNN)-based and attention-based covert transaction recognition schemes, and we explore the deep relationship between the appropriate extraction of features and the embedded fields of covert transactions. We further propose a multi-dimensional covert transaction recognition (M-CTR) scheme. It can simultaneously support both one-dimensional and two-dimensional feature extraction to recognize covert transactions. The experimental results show that the precision and recall of the M-CTR in recognizing covert transactions outperformed those of existing covert communication schemes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-7390
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/math11041015
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704244-3
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Establishment of Personalized Finite Element Model of Crystalline Lens Based on Sweep-Source Optical Coherence Tomography
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Photonics Vol. 9, No. 11 ( 2022-10-26), p. 803-
    Details
    In: Photonics, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 11 ( 2022-10-26), p. 803-
    Abstract: The virtual lens model has important value in ophthalmic research, clinical diagnosis, and treatment. However, the establishment of personalized lens models and the verification of accommodation accuracy have not been paid much attention. We proposed a personalized lens model establishment and the accommodation accuracy evaluation method based on sweep-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Firstly, SS-OCT is used to obtain a single lens image in the maximum accommodation state. After refraction correction, boundary detection, and curve fitting, the central curvature radius, thickness, and lens nucleus contour of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens were obtained. Secondly, a personalized finite element model improved from Burd’s model was established using these individual parameters, and the adaptation process of the lens model was simulated by pulling the suspensory ligament. Finally, the shape and refractive power changes of the real human lens under different accommodation stimuli were collected and compared with the accommodation process of the finite element model. The results show that the accommodation process of the finite element model is highly consistent with that of the real lens. From the un-accommodation state to the maximum-accommodation state, the difference rate of all geometric and refractive parameters between the two is less than 5%. Thus, the personalized lens finite element model obtained by the calibration and correction of the existing model can accurately simulate the regulation process of a specific human lens. This work helps to provide a valuable theoretical basis and research ideas for the study of clinical diagnosis and treatment of related diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-6732
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/photonics9110803
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2770002-1
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Pharmacodynamic Interactions between Puerarin and Metformin in Type-2 Diabetic Rats
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Molecules Vol. 27, No. 21 ( 2022-10-24), p. 7197-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 27, No. 21 ( 2022-10-24), p. 7197-
    Abstract: Herb–drug interactions are vital in effectively managing type-2-diabetes complications. Puerarin is a natural isoflavonoid in the Pueraria genus, and its pharmacological activities, including antidiabetic activity, are well established. The similar modes of action of puerarin and metformin in diabetic models suggest their positive pharmacodynamic interactions. This study investigated this in streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced type-2 diabetic rats. Puerarin at doses of 80 mg/kg, 120 mg/kg and 160 mg/kg improved the activity of metformin in reversing hyperglycaemia, dysregulated lipid profiles, dysfunction of the liver, kidney, and pancreas, and inflammation. The treatment with either puerarin (high dose, 160 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or metformin (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally) did not bring the dysregulated biomarkers to normal levels in 4 weeks. By contrast, the combination of puerarin (160 mg/kg) and metformin (100 mg/kg) did. This study is the first to report scientific evidence for the positive pharmacodynamic interactions between puerarin and metformin.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217197
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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