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  • MDPI AG  (21)
  • Li, Feng  (21)
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  • MDPI AG  (21)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Application of HPLC Fingerprint Combined with Chemical Pattern Recognition and Multi-Component Determination in Quality Evaluation of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Molecules Vol. 27, No. 19 ( 2022-09-30), p. 6463-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 27, No. 19 ( 2022-09-30), p. 6463-
    Abstract: Echinacea purpurea (EP) is a common medicinal material for extracting anti-RSV components. However, up to now, there has been no effective and simple method to comprehensively reflect the quality of EP. In our current study, the quality of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench samples from six different cultivation locations in China was evaluated by establishing a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint, combining chemical pattern recognition and multi-component determination. In this study, the chemical fingerprints of 15 common peaks were obtained using the similarity evaluation system of the chromatographic fingerprints of traditional Chinese medicine (2012A Edition). Among the 15 components, three phenolic acids (caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid and cichoric acid) were identified and determined. The similarity of fingerprints of 16 batches of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench samples ranged from 0.905 to 0.998. The similarity between fingerprints of five batches of commercially available Echinacea pupurea (L.) Moench and the standard fingerprint ”R” ranged from 0.980 to 0.997, which proved the successful establishment of the fingerprint. PCA and HCA were performed with the relative peak areas of 15 common peaks (peak 3 as the reference peak) as variables. Anhui and Shaanxi can be successfully distinguished from the other four cultivation areas. In addition, the index components of caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid and cichoric acid were in the range of 1.77–8.60 mg/g, 0.02–0.20 mg/g and 2.27–15.87 mg/g. The results of multi-component index content determination show that the contents of the Shandong cultivation area were higher, followed by Gansu, Henan and Hebei, and the lowest were Anhui and Shaanxi. The results are consistent with PCA and HCA, which proved that the quality of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench from different origins was different. HPLC fingerprint combined with chemical pattern recognition and multi-component content determination was a reliable, comprehensive and prospective method for evaluating the quality of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. This method provides a scientific basis for the quality control and evaluation of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196463
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Improved Mapping with Super-Resolved Multispectral Images for Geostationary Satellites
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2020-02-02), p. 466-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2020-02-02), p. 466-
    Abstract: Super-resolution (SR) technology has shown great potential for improving the performance of the mapping and classification of multispectral satellite images. However, it is very challenging to solve ill-conditioned problems such as mapping for remote sensing images due to the presence of complicated ground features. In this paper, we address this problem by proposing a super-resolution reconstruction (SRR) mapping method called the mixed sparse representation non-convex high-order total variation (MSR-NCHOTV) method in order to accurately classify multispectral images and refine object classes. Firstly, MSR-NCHOTV is employed to reconstruct high-resolution images from low-resolution time-series images obtained from the Gaofen-4 (GF-4) geostationary orbit satellite. Secondly, a support vector machine (SVM) method was used to classify the results of SRR using the GF-4 geostationary orbit satellite images. Two sets of GF-4 satellite image data were used for experiments, and the MSR-NCHOTV SRR result obtained using these data was compared with the SRR results obtained using the bilinear interpolation (BI), projection onto convex sets (POCS), and iterative back projection (IBP) methods. The sharpness of the SRR results was evaluated using the gray-level variation between adjacent pixels, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the SRR results was evaluated by using the measurement of high spatial resolution remote sensing images. For example, compared with the values obtained using the BI method, the average sharpness and SNR of the five bands obtained using the MSR-NCHOTV method were higher by 39.54% and 51.52%, respectively, and the overall accuracy (OA) and Kappa coefficient of the classification results obtained using the MSR-NCHOTV method were higher by 32.20% and 46.14%, respectively. These results showed that the MSR-NCHOTV method can effectively improve image clarity, enrich image texture details, enhance image quality, and improve image classification accuracy. Thus, the effectiveness and feasibility of using the proposed SRR method to improve the classification accuracy of remote sensing images was verified.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs12030466
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Improved Cloud Detection Method for GF-4 Imagery
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2020-05-11), p. 1525-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2020-05-11), p. 1525-
    Abstract: Clouds are significant barriers to the application of optical remote sensing images. Accurate cloud detection can help to remove contaminated pixels and improve image quality. Many cloud detection methods have been developed. However, traditional methods either rely heavily on thermal infrared bands or clear-sky images. When traditional cloud detection methods are used with Gaofen 4 (GF-4) imagery, it is very difficult to separate objects with similar spectra, such as ice, snow, and bright sand, from clouds. In this paper, we propose a new method, named Real-Time-Difference (RTD), to detect clouds using a pair of images obtained by the GF-4 satellite. The RTD method has four main steps: (1) data preprocessing, including transforming digital value (DN) to Top of Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance, and orthographic and geometric correction; (2) the computation of a series of cloud indexes for a single image to highlight clouds; (3) the calculation of the difference between a pair of real-time images in order to obtain moved clouds; and (4) confirming the clouds and background by analyzing their physical and dynamic features. The RTD method was validated in three sites located in the Hainan, Liaoning, and Xinjiang areas of China. The results were compared with those of a popular classifier, Support Vector Machine (SVM). The results showed that RTD outperformed SVM; for the Hainan, Liaoning, and Xinjiang areas, respectively, the overall accuracy of RTD reached 95.9%, 94.1%, and 93.9%, and its Kappa coefficient reached 0.92, 0.88, and 0.88. In the future, we expect RTD to be developed into an important means for the rapid detection of clouds that can be used on images from geostationary orbit satellites.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs12091525
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Operation Optimization of Regional Integrated Energy System Considering the Responsibility of Renewable Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission Trading
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Electronics Vol. 10, No. 21 ( 2021-11-01), p. 2677-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 21 ( 2021-11-01), p. 2677-
    Abstract: To “bring carbon emissions to a peak by 2030 and to be carbon-neutral by 2060”, the role of renewable energy consumption and carbon emission trading are promoted. As an important energy consumer of regional energy system, it is necessary for integrated energy system to ensure the low-carbon economic operation of the system. Combined with the responsibility of renewable energy consumption, green certificate trading mechanism, carbon emission rights trading, and China Certified Emission Reduction (CCER), a regional integrated energy system operation optimization model was proposed. The model aims to minimize the total cost of the system, which included with electric bus, thermal bus, and cold bus. Setting different scenarios for the given example, the results show that the optimized model could effectively reduce the operating costs of the system. Moreover, the results also provide an effective reference for the system’s economic and low-carbon operation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics10212677
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sulfadiazine Elimination from Wastewater Effluents under Ozone-Based Catalysis Processes
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Catalysts Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2023-07-06), p. 1076-
    Details
    In: Catalysts, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2023-07-06), p. 1076-
    Abstract: The presence of antibiotic sulfadiazine (SFD) poses threats to the ecosystem and human health, and traditional wastewater treatment processes are not ideal for sulfadiazine removal. Therefore, it is urgent to develop treatment processes with high efficiency targeting sulfadiazine. This study investigated the degradation and mineralization mechanisms of SFD by ozone-based catalysis processes including ozone/persulfate (PS) and ozone/peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The degradation, mineralization and byproducts of SFD were monitored by HPLC, TOC and LC/MS, respectively. SFD was efficiently removed by two ozone-based catalysis processes. Ozone/PMS showed high efficiency for SFD removal of 97.5% after treatment for 1 min and TOC reduction of 29.4% after treatment for 20 min from wastewater effluents. SFD degradation was affected by pH, oxidant dosage, SFD concentration and anions. In the two ozone-based catalysis processes, hydroxyl radicals (OH•) and sulfate radicals (SO4•−) contributed to the degradation of SFD. The degradation pathways of SFD under the two processes included hydroxylation, the opening of the pyrimidine ring and SO2 extrusion. The results of this study demonstrate that the two ozone-based catalysis processes have good potential for the elimination of antibiotics from water/wastewater effluents.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4344
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/catal13071076
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662126-5
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Intelligent Optimization of the Film-to-Fiber Ratio of a Degradable Braided Bicomponent Ureteral Stent
    MDPI AG ; 2015
    In:  Materials Vol. 8, No. 11 ( 2015-11-11), p. 7563-7577
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 11 ( 2015-11-11), p. 7563-7577
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma8115397
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Joint Resource Allocation of Spectrum Sensing and Energy Harvesting in an Energy-Harvesting-Based Cognitive Sensor Network
    MDPI AG ; 2017
    In:  Sensors Vol. 17, No. 3 ( 2017-03-16), p. 600-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 17, No. 3 ( 2017-03-16), p. 600-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s17030600
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 8
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    Crack Localization in Operating Rotors Based on Multivariate Higher Order Dynamic Mode Decomposition
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sensors Vol. 22, No. 16 ( 2022-08-16), p. 6131-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 16 ( 2022-08-16), p. 6131-
    Abstract: A novel output-only crack localization method is proposed for operating rotors based on an enhanced higher-order dynamic mode decomposition (HODMD), in which the nonlinear breathing crack-induced super-harmonic characteristic components from multiple vibration measurement points are simultaneously extracted to compose the corresponding super-harmonic transmissibility damage indexes. Firstly, the theoretical background of the HODMD is briefly reviewed. Secondly, the proposed crack localization method is dedicated which improving the HODMD for multivariate signals by casting the total least square method into standard HODMD and adaptively selecting the order parameter of Koopman approximation by optimizing the super-harmonic frequency vector. In addition, the super-harmonic characteristic components are evaluated and harnessed to derive the damage index based on super-harmonic transmissibility and fractal dimension. Finally, the proposed method is investigated and demonstrated by numerical simulations and experiments. Both numerical and experimental results show that the proposed method is powerful in realizing multi-crack localization for running rotors accurately and robustly in the case of no baseline information on intact rotors. Moreover, the interferences from commonly existing steps and misalignment can also be eliminated.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s22166131
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Enhanced Energy Storage Performance in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-Based Relaxor Ferroelectric Ceramics via Compositional Tailoring
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Materials Vol. 15, No. 17 ( 2022-08-25), p. 5881-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 17 ( 2022-08-25), p. 5881-
    Abstract: Owing to the high power density, excellent operational stability and fast charge/discharge rate, and environmental friendliness, the lead-free Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT)-based relaxor ferroelectrics exhibit great potential in pulsed power capacitors. Herein, novel lead-free (1−x)(0.7Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-0.3Sr0.7Bi0.2TiO3)-xBi(Mg0.5Zr0.5)O3 (NBT-SBT-xBMZ) relaxor ferroelectric ceramics were successfully fabricated using a solid-state reaction method and designed via compositional tailoring. The microstructure, dielectric properties, ferroelectric properties, and energy storage performance were investigated. The results indicate that appropriate Bi(Mg0.5Zr0.5)O3 content can effectively enhance the relaxor ferroelectric characteristics and improve the dielectric breakdown strength by forming fine grain sizes and diminishing oxygen vacancy concentrations. Therefore, the optimal Wrec of 6.75 J/cm3 and a η of 79.44% were simultaneously obtained in NBT-SBT-0.15BMZ at 20 °C and 385 kV/cm. Meanwhile, thermal stability (20–180 °C) and frequency stability (1–200 Hz) associated with the ultrafast discharge time of ~49.1 ns were also procured in the same composition, providing a promising material system for applications in power pulse devices.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma15175881
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 10
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    Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal the Differences in the Molecular Mechanisms of Oat Leaves Responding to Salt and Alkali Stress Conditions
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-05-23), p. 1441-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-05-23), p. 1441-
    Abstract: Plant growth and production are more severely inhibited by alkalinity than by salinity. However, the metabolites responsible for the reduced growth caused by alkalinity are largely unknown. Here, the Illumina RNA-Seq analysis and targeted metabolome were used to identify the differentially expressed genes and metabolites responding to salt and alkali stresses. The expression levels of eight genes related to photosynthesis and some genes related to chlorophyll synthesis decreased under alkali stress, whereas no changes were detected under salt stress, which may explain the observed lower level of photosynthetic rate in alkalinity than in salinity. Under alkali stress, significant decreases in the relative abundances of cis-cinnamic acid and scopoline were observed, which correlated with the high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The levels of protocatechuic acids decreased, correlating with the observed decrease in the chlorophyll content. Alkalinity markedly increased the production of o-coumaric acid, which contributes to growth inhibition. No significant changes in cis-cinnamic acid, scopoline, and o-coumaric acid were detected in salinity, which may be the reason for the stronger growth inhibition due to alkali stress than salt stress. The accumulation of citric acid, serotonin, pyroglutamic acid, L-citrulline, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid was detected under salt and alkali stress conditions, indicating high free radical scavenging capacity. The enhancement of mevalonic acid and salicylic acid levels was detected under alkali stress, which could have facilitated chlorophyll accumulation. Salt and alkali stress conditions also led to the accumulation of cyclic AMP related to inorganic ion regulation and betaine-related osmoregulation. Benzamide, phenethylamine, N-feruloyltyramine, chrysoeriol 6-C-hexoside, 1,3-o-di-p-coumaroyl glycerol, cordycepin, and 1-o-p-cumaroylglycerol were identified to be accumulated in response to alkali stress.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13061441
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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