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  • Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)  (32)
  • Lee, Kwang Ho  (32)
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  • Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)  (32)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Abstract WP280: Caveolin-1, Ring Finger Protein 213, and Endothelial Function in Moyamoya Disease
    Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) ; 2016
    In:  Stroke Vol. 47, No. suppl_1 ( 2016-02)
    Details
    In: Stroke, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 47, No. suppl_1 ( 2016-02)
    Abstract: Background: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a unique cerebrovascular occlusive disease of unknown etiology. Ring finger protein 213 (RNF213) was identified as a susceptibility gene for MMD in East Asian. However, the pathogenesis of MMD is still unclear. Methods: We prospectively analyzed clinical data for 139 patients with MMD (108 definite MMD, 31 probable MMD) and 61 patients with intracranial atherosclerotic stroke (ICAS), and 68 healthy subjects. We compared the genetic (RNF213 variant) and protein biomarkers for caveolae (caveolin-1), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] and receptor [VEGFR2] , and antagonizing cytokine [endostatin]) and endothelial dysfunction (asymmetric dimethylarginine [ADMA] , nitric oxide and its metabolites [nitrite and nitrate]), between patients with MMD and ICAS. We then performed the path analysis to evaluate whether a certain protein biomarker mediates the association the genetic and MMD. Results: Caveolin-1 level was decreased in patients with MMD and this level was markedly decreased in RNF213 variant carriers. Circulating factor such as VEGF and receptor were not different among the groups. Markers for endothelial dysfunction were significantly higher in patients with ICAS, but normal in MMD. The path analysis showed that the presence of the RNF213 variant was associated with caveolin-1 level that led to MMD. The level of combined marker of MMD (caveolin-1) and ICAS (ADMA, marker for endothelial dysfunction) predicted MMD with a good sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions: Our results indicate that MMD is primarily caveolae disorder, dysregulation of endothelial vesicular trafficking and signal transduction, but not related to endothelial dysfunction or dysregulation of circulating cytokines.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0039-2499 , 1524-4628
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1161/str.47.suppl_1.wp280
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 80381-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1467823-8
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Abstract 110: Caveolin-1 and Arterial Remodeling in Adult Moyamoya Disease
    Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) ; 2017
    In:  Stroke Vol. 48, No. suppl_1 ( 2017-02)
    Details
    In: Stroke, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 48, No. suppl_1 ( 2017-02)
    Abstract: Background and purpose: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a unique cerebrovascular occlusive disease that is characterized by progressive stenosis and negative remodeling of the distal internal carotid artery (ICA). We hypothesized that caveolin-1, a protein that controls the regulation of endothelial vesicular trafficking and signal transduction, is associated with negative remodeling in MMD. Methods: We prospectively recruited 77 consecutive patients with MMD (49 bilateral and 28 unilateral MMD) diagnosed by conventional angiography. Seventeen patients with intracranial atherosclerotic stroke and no RNF213 mutation served as controls. Distal ICA outer diameters were examined with high-resolution MRI. We evaluated whether the degree of negative remodeling in MMD patients was associated with RNF213 polymorphism, caveolin-1 levels, or various clinical and vascular risk factors. Results: The RNF213 variant was observed in 49 (63.6%) patients with MMD. The serum caveolin-1 (ng/mL) level was lower in MMD patients than in controls (0.47±0.29 vs. 0.86±0.68, P =0.034). The mean ICA diameter was 2.48±0.98 mm (range 0.00-4.76) for the 126 affected distal ICAs in MMD patients and 3.84±0.42 mm for asymptomatic ICAs in controls. After adjusting for possible confounders, male sex (coefficient, 0.396; P =0.029), clinical presentation with ischemic stroke (coefficient, -0.733; P 〈 0.001), and caveolin-1 level (coefficient, 1.018; P 〈 0.001) were independently associated with distal ICA diameter in MMD patients. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that caveolin-1 may play a major role in arterial negative remodeling in MMD patients. Future studies exploring caveolin-1 as a therapeutic target in MMD are warranted.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0039-2499 , 1524-4628
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1161/str.48.suppl_1.110
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 80381-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1467823-8
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ischemic Stroke in Cancer Patients With and Without Conventional Mechanisms : A Multicenter Study in Korea
    Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) ; 2010
    In:  Stroke Vol. 41, No. 4 ( 2010-04), p. 798-801
    Details
    In: Stroke, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 41, No. 4 ( 2010-04), p. 798-801
    Abstract: Background and Methods— To assess the precise mechanisms of stroke in cancer patients, we analyzed the data for cancer patients with acute ischemic stroke registered from 6 centers in South Korea. Clinical features, risk factors, diffusion-weighted imaging lesion patterns, and laboratory findings including d -dimer levels were compared between patients with conventional stroke mechanisms (CSMs) and cryptogenic group. Results— A total of 161 patients were included in this study: 97 (60.2%) patients in the CSM group and 64 (39.8%) in the cryptogenic group. Patients in the CSM group were older and vascular risk factors were more prevalent than in the cryptogenic group. Diffusion-weighted imaging patterns of multiple lesions involving multiple arterial territories were observed more frequently in the cryptogenic group than in the CSM group. In addition, levels of the d -dimer were higher in the cryptogenic group than in the CSM group (11.5±14.6 versus 3.6±10.3 μg/dL). In multivariate analysis, the diffusion-weighted imaging lesion pattern of multiple vascular territories (odds ratio, 11.2; 95% CI, 3.74 to 33.3), and d -dimer levels of 〉 1.11 μg/dL (odds ratio, 10.6; 95% CI, 3.29 to 33.8) were associated independently with the cryptogenic group. Conclusions— Stroke outside of CSM occurred in a large number in cancer patients. In stroke patients with cancer, d -dimer levels and diffusion-weighted imaging lesion patterns may be helpful in early identification of non-CSMs (especially coagulopathy associated with cancer) and possibly in guiding preventive strategies for stroke.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0039-2499 , 1524-4628
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.571356
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 80381-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1467823-8
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Abstract TP118: New Markers for Basilar Artery Atherosclerotic Plaque on Conventional T2-weighted MR Imaging
    Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) ; 2016
    In:  Stroke Vol. 47, No. suppl_1 ( 2016-02)
    Details
    In: Stroke, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 47, No. suppl_1 ( 2016-02)
    Abstract: Backgrounds and purpose: In vivo visualization of intracranial atherosclerotic plaque has been studied with high-resolution wall MRI (HRMRI). However, HRMRI is not widely available in routine clinical practice. We hypothesized that increased outer wall and partial loss of flow-void of basilar artery (BA) in conventional T2 axial imaging might be suggestive of positive remodeling and atherosclerotic plaque. Methods: Using a consecutive stroke registry, patients with basilar artery atherosclerotic steno-occlusion were identified. Subjects with same range of age who were negative for abnormal wall thickening of the BA in HRMRI served as controls. Using conventional T2 axial images, maximal diameter and T2 plaque sign (an eccentric or complete obscuration of normal flow-related T2 signal void) within the BA were measured. We tested the diagnostic value of T2 plaque sign and maximal diameter to distinguish patients from controls. Results: Seventy-five patients (age range, 51-81) and 36 controls (50-81) were identified. Maximal diameter was significantly larger in patients than controls (3.87 ± 0.868 mm vs 2.68 ± 0.447 mm, p 〈 0.001). Positivity of T2 plaque sign were 61.3% in patients with BA atherosclerosis, 71.2% in patients with 〉 30% BA stenosis, 77.5% in 〉 50% BA stenosis, and 96.3% in patients with 〉 70% BA stenosis. Receiver operating characteristic curve showed high predictive power (the area under the curve 0.921, 95% CI 0.872 - 0.970, p 〈 0.001) of maximal BA diameter to distinguish patients and controls with an optimal cutoff of 3.185 mm, (sensitivity, 78.7%; specificity, 94.4%). Sensitivity and specificity of T2 plaque sign were 61.3% and 100.0% for BA atherosclerosis of any degree. Increasing sensitivity and decreasing specificity were noted for the diagnosis of higher degree stenosis. Conclusion: Our data suggest that increased BA diameter and plaque sign on conventional T2 imaging are markers of basilar artery atherosclerosis. This would be helpful for earlier identification of causative stroke mechanism. Further study is needed for validation of these findings among different stroke etiologies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0039-2499 , 1524-4628
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1161/str.47.suppl_1.tp118
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 80381-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1467823-8
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  • 5
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    Abstract TP123: RNF213 Polymorphisms as a Susceptible Gene for Intracranial Atherosclerosis: A High-Resolution MRI and Conventional Angiography Study
    Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) ; 2016
    In:  Stroke Vol. 47, No. suppl_1 ( 2016-02)
    Details
    In: Stroke, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 47, No. suppl_1 ( 2016-02)
    Abstract: Background: Both intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) and moyamoya disease (MMD) are prevalent in Asians. We hypothesized that Ring Finger 213 (RNF213 p.Arg4810Lys) polymorphism, a susceptibility locus for MMD in East Asian, is a susceptible gene for ICAS confirmed by conventional angiography (absence of basal collaterals) and high-resolution MRI (HR-MRI, presence of plaque). Method: We analyzed 532 consecutive patients with ischemic events within the MCA distribution and relevant stenotic lesion on distal ICA or proximal MCA, but no demonstrable carotid or cardiac embolism sources. Additional angiography was performed in 370 (69.5%) patients, and HR-MRI in 283 (53.2%). Results: Based on angiographic and HR-MRI findings, 234 patients were diagnosed as ICAS, and 288 as MMD. The RNF213 variant was observed in 50 (21.4%) ICAS patients as well as 119 (69.1%) MMD patients. The RNF213 variant was observed in 25.2% (33 of 131) of patients with HR-MRI confirmed ICAS. Similarly, 15.8% (6 of 38) of ICAS patients in whom MMD was excluded by angiography had this variant. Among ICAS patients, RNF213 variant carriers were younger and more likely to have family history of MMD than non-carrier. Multivariate testing showed that age of ICAS onset was independent associated with RNF213 variant (odds ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.944-0.99). Other clinical characteristics including vascular risk factors and HR-MRI findings were not different between them. Conclusions: RNF213 is susceptible gene not only for MMD but also for ICAS in East Asians. Further studies are needed on non-p.Arg4810Lys RNF213 variants in ICAS patients outside East Asian populations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0039-2499 , 1524-4628
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1161/str.47.suppl_1.tp123
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 80381-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1467823-8
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    An Approach to Working Up Cases of Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source
    Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) ; 2016
    In:  Journal of the American Heart Association Vol. 5, No. 3 ( 2016-03-09)
    Details
    In: Journal of the American Heart Association, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 5, No. 3 ( 2016-03-09)
    Abstract: From a therapeutic viewpoint, it is important to differentiate the underlying causes of embolism in patients with cryptogenic stroke, such as aortic arch atheroma, patent foramen ovale, and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. We investigated the clinical and radiological characteristics of these 3 common causes of cryptogenic embolism to develop models for decision making in etiologic workups. Methods and Results A total of 321 consecutive patients with acute infarcts from cryptogenic embolism were included. Patients were divided into 3 groups—aortic arch atheroma (n=40), patent foramen ovale (n=153), and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (n=128)—based on extensive cardiologic workups. We used a multinomial logistic regression analysis to detect the clinical and diffusion‐weighted imaging factors associated with the probability of aortic arch atheroma, patent foramen ovale, and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Clinical and radiological features differed among the groups. The patent foramen ovale group had a healthy vascular risk factor profile and showed posterior circulation involvement compared with other groups ( P 〈 0.01). In contrast, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation–related strokes had higher initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores and larger lesions than the other groups ( P 〈 0.001). The aortic arch atheroma group had clinical features similar to those of the paroxysmal atrial fibrillation group but showed small lesions scattered in multiple vascular territories ( P 〈 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that age, initial NIHSS score, lesion size (≥20 mm), multiple (≥3) lesions, and involvement of posterior circulation or multiple vascular territories differentiated the 3 groups (pseudo, R 2 =0.656). The prediction ability of this model was validated in the external validation cohort (n=117, area under the curve 0.78). Conclusions Our data indicate that patients with cryptogenic embolic stroke show distinct clinical and radiological features depending on the underlying causes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2047-9980
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002975
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2653953-6
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Burden of Intracranial Atherosclerosis Is Associated With Long-Term Vascular Outcome in Patients With Ischemic Stroke
    Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) ; 2017
    In:  Stroke Vol. 48, No. 10 ( 2017-10), p. 2819-2826
    Details
    In: Stroke, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 48, No. 10 ( 2017-10), p. 2819-2826
    Abstract: Ischemic stroke patients often have intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS), despite heterogeneity in the cause of stroke. We tested the hypothesis that ICAS burden can independently reflect the risk of long-term vascular outcome. Methods— This was a retrospective cohort study analyzing data from a prospective stroke registry enrolling consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. A total of 1081 patients were categorized into no ICAS, single ICAS, and advanced ICAS (ICAS ≥2 different intracranial arteries) groups. Primary and secondary end points were time to occurrence of recurrent ischemic stroke and composite vascular outcome, respectively. Study end points by ICAS burden were compared using Cox proportional hazards models in overall and propensity-matched patients. Results— ICAS was present in 405 patients (37.3%). During a median 5-year follow-up, recurrent stroke and composite vascular outcome occurred in 6.8% and 16.8% of patients, respectively. As the number of ICAS increased, the risk for study end points increased after adjustment of potential covariates (hazard ratio per 1 increase in ICAS, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.42 for recurrent ischemic stroke and hazard ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–1.33 for composite vascular outcome). The hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for recurrent stroke and composite vascular outcome in patients with advanced ICAS compared with those without ICAS were 1.56 (0.88–2.74) and 1.72 (1.17–2.53), respectively, in the overall patients. The corresponding values in the propensity-matched patients were 1.28 (0.71–2.30) and 1.95 (1.27–2.99), respectively. Conclusions— ICAS burden was independently associated with the risk of subsequent composite vascular outcome in patients with ischemic stroke. These findings suggest that ICAS burden can reflect the risk of long-term vascular outcome.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0039-2499 , 1524-4628
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.017806
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 80381-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1467823-8
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  • 8
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    Abstract 212: Factors Associated with Symptom Development in Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis: Multimodal Carotid and Perfusion Imaging Study
    Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) ; 2015
    In:  Stroke Vol. 46, No. suppl_1 ( 2015-02)
    Details
    In: Stroke, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 46, No. suppl_1 ( 2015-02)
    Abstract: Background: The predictors of symptom development in asymptomatic carotid stenosis are still unclear. We sought to identify factors associated with symptom development in asymptomatic carotid stenosis using multimodal imaging technique. Methods: We retrospectively collected patients who had carotid artery revascularization procedures (carotid endarterectomy [CEA] or carotid artery stenting [CAS] ) from April 2007 to May 2013. Patients who had event of cerebral ischemic stroke during 6 months before CEA or CAS were categorized as a symptomatic carotid stenosis. Results from carotid Duplex sonography, CT angiography, brain MRI and MRA, perfusion-weighted MRI (PWI), and demographic profiles were compared. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with symptom carotid stenosis. Results: A total of 684 patients (asymptomatic 58%, symptomatic 42%) with carotid stenosis more than 50% were included. The presence of ischemic heart diseases, peripheral artery occlusive disease and use of statin were higher in the asymptomatic carotid stenosis. On Duplex scan, ulceration, echolucent plaque, and heterogeneous components of plaque were more frequent in symptomatic carotid stenosis. Angiographic data showed the length of plaque was longer in symptomatic carotid stenosis. Presence of deep white matter hyperintensity, FLAIR vessel sign and GRE vessel sign were more frequently observed in symptomatic carotid stenosis. Patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis had increased cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume (CBV), and delayed time to peak when compared to the asymptomatic stenosis. Multivariate analysis revealed length of plaque ( 〉 20mm), deep white matter hyperintensity and increased CBV were associated with symptomatic carotid stenosis (Odd ratio [OR]=2.339, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.312-4.169, P=0.004; OR=2.315, 95% CI 1.160-4.619, P=0.017; OR=2.242, 95% CI 1.127-4.463, P=0.021, respectively). Conclusion: Plaque burden, deep white matter hyperintensity, and increased CBV were independent predictors of symptom development in carotid stenosis. Multimodal imaging may be useful to identify high risk patients of ischemic stroke among asymptomatic carotid stenosis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0039-2499 , 1524-4628
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1161/str.46.suppl_1.212
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 80381-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1467823-8
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Association of Thyroid Autoantibodies With Moyamoya-Type Cerebrovascular Disease : A Prospective Study
    Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) ; 2010
    In:  Stroke Vol. 41, No. 1 ( 2010-01), p. 173-176
    Details
    In: Stroke, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 41, No. 1 ( 2010-01), p. 173-176
    Abstract: Background and Purpose— To investigate the association between thyroid autoantibodies and moyamoya disease (MMD) in patients with an apparent euthyroid state. Methods— We prospectively studied angiographically diagnosed patients with MMD. We compared demographic profiles, thyroid function test, and thyroid autoantibody status between MMD and control groups. Results— A total of 63 patients with MMD, 71 patients with non-MMD stroke, and 200 healthy control subjects were included. The prevalence of elevated thyroid autoantibodies was higher in the MMD group than in other groups ( P 〈 0.01 for MMD versus non-MMD; P 〈 0.001 for MMD versus control subjects). After adjusting for covariates, the elevated thyroid autoantibodies (OR, 4.871; 95% CI, 1.588 to 15.277) and smoking habits (OR, 0.206 for current smoker; 95% CI, 0.054 to 0.786) were independently associated with MMD versus non-MMD stroke. Conclusions— Elevated thyroid autoantibodies were frequently observed in patients with MMD. The results of the present study suggest that immune aberrancies associated with or underlying thyroid autoimmunity are also playing a role in developing MMD.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0039-2499 , 1524-4628
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.562264
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 80381-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1467823-8
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Eligibility and Preference of New Oral Anticoagulants in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation : Comparison Between Patients With Versus Without Stroke
    Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) ; 2014
    In:  Stroke Vol. 45, No. 10 ( 2014-10), p. 2983-2988
    Details
    In: Stroke, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 45, No. 10 ( 2014-10), p. 2983-2988
    Abstract: Recent randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have evaluated the benefit of new oral anticoagulants in reducing the risk of vascular events and bleeding complications in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, abundant and strict enrollment criteria may limit the validity and applicability of results of RCTs to clinical practice. We estimated the eligibility for participation in RCTs of an unselected group of patients with AF. In addition, we compared features favoring new oral anticoagulant use between patients with versus without stroke. Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy Methods— We applied enrollment criteria of 4 RCTs (RE-LY, ROCKET-AF, ARISTOTLE, and ENGAGE-AF-TIMI 48) to 695 patients with AF taking warfarin, prospectively and consecutively collected at a university medical center; 500 patients with and 195 patients without stroke. Time in therapeutic range and bleeding risk scheme (anticoagulation and risk factors in atrial fibrillation) were also measured. Results— The proportions of patients fulfilling the trial enrollment criteria varied, ranging from 39% to 72.8%, depending on the differences in indications/contraindications among studies and presence/absence of stroke. The main reasons for ineligibility for RCTs were hemorrhagic risk (anticoagulation and risk factors in atrial fibrillation [ATRIA] score) (10.8%–40.5%) and planned cardioversion (5.1%–7.7%) for nonstroke patients, and a low creatinine clearance (5.6%–9.2%) and higher risk of bleeding (15.2%–20.8%) for patients with stroke. When compared with nonstroke patients, patients with stroke showed a lower time in therapeutic range (54.4±42.8% versus 65.4±34.9%, especially with severe disability) and a high hemorrhagic risk (ATRIA score) (3.06±2.30 versus 2.18±2.16) ( P 〈 0.05 in both cases). Conclusions— Patients enrolled in RCTs are partly representative of patients with AF in clinical practice. When time in therapeutic range and bleeding tendency with warfarin use were considered, the use of new oral anticoagulants was preferred in patients with stroke than in nonstroke patients, but they were more likely to be excluded in RCTs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0039-2499 , 1524-4628
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005599
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 80381-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1467823-8
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