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  • SAGE Publications  (5)
  • Kou, X.  (5)
  • 2015-2019  (5)
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  • SAGE Publications  (5)
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  • 2015-2019  (5)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    T Cells Are Required for Orthodontic Tooth Movement
    SAGE Publications ; 2015
    In:  Journal of Dental Research Vol. 94, No. 10 ( 2015-10), p. 1463-1470
    Details
    In: Journal of Dental Research, SAGE Publications, Vol. 94, No. 10 ( 2015-10), p. 1463-1470
    Abstract: The immune system plays a pivotal role during bone remodeling process. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) induces local inflammation in periodontium, but whether systemic immune response is involved in OTM remains unknown. In this study, we show that tooth movement distance was significantly reduced in T-cell–deficient immunocompromised mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Intravenous infusion of allogeneic T cells to the immunocompromised mice rescued the OTM distance. Correspondingly, increased numbers of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)–positive osteoclasts were detected around the alveolar bone after OTM in WT mice but were barely detected in immunocompromised mice. Moreover, intravenous infusion of T cells rescued the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts in the OTM area of the immunocompromised mice, thus suggesting T cells are required for OTM. We then reveal that OTM induced a significant elevation of type 1 T helper cell (Th1) cytokines tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) around periodontal tissue in WT but not in immunocompromised mice. Infusion of T cells could increase the levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ in periodontal tissues of immunocompromised mice. More interestingly, intraperitoneal injection of TNF-α inhibitor etanercept significantly reduced the distance of OTM in T-cell–infused immunocompromised mice. In summary, this study demonstrates a previously unrecognized mechanism that T cells are required for OTM depending on Th1-associated cytokines.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0345 , 1544-0591
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0022034515595003
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2057074-0
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    M1-like Macrophage Polarization Promotes Orthodontic Tooth Movement
    SAGE Publications ; 2015
    In:  Journal of Dental Research Vol. 94, No. 9 ( 2015-09), p. 1286-1294
    Details
    In: Journal of Dental Research, SAGE Publications, Vol. 94, No. 9 ( 2015-09), p. 1286-1294
    Abstract: Macrophages play a crucial role in inflammatory-mediated bone loss. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is associated with inflammatory bone remodeling. However, whether and how macrophages contribute to mechanical force–induced OTM remains unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that polarization of M1-like macrophages may contribute to the OTM. Orthodontic nickel-titanium springs were applied to the upper first molars of rats or mice to induce OTM. The distance of OTM gradually increased after mechanical force was applied to the rats for 5 and 10 d. M1-like macrophage polarization and expression of M1 cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α also increased after force application. More importantly, monocyte/macrophage depletion in mice by injection of clodronate liposomes decreased the distance of OTM and the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)–positive osteoclasts and CD68 + macrophages, accompanied by reduced expressions of M1 markers TNF-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), whereas systemic transfusion of M1 macrophages in mice increased them. Further experiments showed that injection of recombinant TNF-α increased the distance of OTM and the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts and CD68 + macrophages, as well as upregulated the expression of TNF-α and iNOS. Blockage of TNF-α by etanercept injection reduced the distance of OTM and the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts and CD68 + macrophages, as well as decreased the levels of TNF-α and iNOS. These data suggest that M1-like macrophage polarization promotes alveolar bone resorption and consequent OTM after mechanical force application.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0345 , 1544-0591
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0022034515589714
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2057074-0
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    PDL Progenitor–Mediated PDL Recovery Contributes to Orthodontic Relapse
    SAGE Publications ; 2016
    In:  Journal of Dental Research Vol. 95, No. 9 ( 2016-08), p. 1049-1056
    Details
    In: Journal of Dental Research, SAGE Publications, Vol. 95, No. 9 ( 2016-08), p. 1049-1056
    Abstract: Periodontal ligament (PDL) is subjected to mechanical force during physiologic activities. PDL stem/progenitor cells are the main mesenchymal stem cells in PDL. However, how PDL progenitors participate in PDL homeostasis upon and after mechanical force is largely unknown. In this study, force-triggered orthodontic tooth movement and the following relapse were used as models to demonstrate the response of PDL progenitors and their role in PDL remodeling upon and after mechanical force. Upon orthodontic force, PDL collagen on the compression side significantly degraded, showing a broken and disorganized pattern. After force withdrawal, the degraded PDL collagen recovered during the early stage of relapse. Correspondingly, increased CD90 + PDL progenitors with suppressed expression of type I collagen (Col-I) were observed upon orthodontic force, whereas these cells accumulated at the degradation regions and regained Col-I expression after force withdrawal during early relapse. Our results further showed that compressive force altered cell morphology and repressed collagen expression in cultured PDL progenitors, which both recovered after force withdrawal. Force withdrawal–induced recovery of collagen expression in cultured PDL progenitors could be regulated by transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β), a key molecule for tissue homeostasis and extracellular matrix remodeling. More interesting, inhibiting the regained Col-I expression in CD90 + PDL progenitors by blocking TGF-β interrupted PDL collagen recovery and partially inhibited the early relapse. These data suggest that PDL progenitors can respond to mechanical force and may process intrinsic stability to recover to original status after force withdrawal. PDL progenitors with intrinsic stability are required for PDL recovery and consequently contribute to early orthodontic relapse, which can be regulated by TGF-β signaling.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0345 , 1544-0591
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0022034516648604
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2057074-0
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enhanced M1/M2 Macrophage Ratio Promotes Orthodontic Root Resorption
    SAGE Publications ; 2015
    In:  Journal of Dental Research Vol. 94, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 129-139
    Details
    In: Journal of Dental Research, SAGE Publications, Vol. 94, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 129-139
    Abstract: Mechanical force–induced orthodontic root resorption is a major clinical challenge in orthodontic treatment. Macrophages play an important role in orthodontic root resorption, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we examined the mechanism by which the ratio of M1 to M2 macrophage polarization affects root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement. Root resorption occurred when nickel–titanium coil springs were applied on the upper first molars of rats for 3 to 14 d. Positively stained odontoclasts or osteoclasts with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase were found in resorption areas. Meanwhile, M1-like macrophages positive for CD68 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) persistently accumulated on the compression side of periodontal tissues. In addition, the expressions of the M1 activator interferon-γ and the M1-associated pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were upregulated on the compression side of periodontal tissues. When the coil springs were removed at the 14th day after orthodontic force application, root resorption was partially rescued. The number of CD68 + CD163 + M2-like macrophages gradually increased on the compression side of periodontal tissues. The levels of M2 activator interleukin (IL)-4 and the M2-associated anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 also increased. Systemic injection of the TNF-α inhibitor etanercept or IL-4 attenuated the severity of root resorption and decreased the ratio of M1 to M2 macrophages. These data imply that the balance between M1 and M2 macrophages affects orthodontic root resorption. Root resorption was aggravated by an enhanced M1/M2 ratio but was partially rescued by a reduced M1/M2 ratio.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0345 , 1544-0591
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0022034514553817
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2057074-0
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Orthodontic Force Induces Systemic Inflammatory Monocyte Responses
    SAGE Publications ; 2015
    In:  Journal of Dental Research Vol. 94, No. 9 ( 2015-09), p. 1295-1302
    Details
    In: Journal of Dental Research, SAGE Publications, Vol. 94, No. 9 ( 2015-09), p. 1295-1302
    Abstract: Periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement are considered regional reactions. However, how systemic immune responses are involved in this regional reaction remains unclear. In this study, we explored the systemic effects of orthodontic force by focusing on the mononuclear phagocyte system. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the percentage of inflammatory monocytes, in peripheral blood and in the monocyte reservoir spleen, decreased on days 1 and 3 and then recovered on day 7 after force application. Along with the systemic decrease of inflammatory monocyte percentage, the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase–positive osteoclasts increased in the compression side of the periodontal tissue during orthodontic tooth movement. Systemic transfusion of enhanced green fluorescent protein–labeled inflammatory monocytes showed recruitment of these monocytes to the orthodontic force compression side of periodontal tissues. These monocytes were colocalized with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase–positive osteoclasts. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that orthodontic force could upregulate the expression of pivotal monocyte chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in periodontal tissues or cultured periodontal ligament cells, which may contribute to monocyte recruitment to regional sites. These data suggest that orthodontic force induces systemic immune responses related to inflammatory monocytes and that systemic inflammatory monocytes can be recruited to periodontal tissues by orthodontic force stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0345 , 1544-0591
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0022034515592868
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2057074-0
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