Note: Intro -- Microconstituents in the Environment -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- About the Editors -- Part I Fundamental Ideas Regarding Microconstituents in the Environment -- 1 Introduction to Microconstituents -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Classification of Microconstituents -- 1.2.1 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products -- 1.2.2 Pesticides -- 1.2.3 Disinfection By-Products -- 1.2.4 Industrial Chemicals -- 1.2.5 Algal Toxins -- 1.3 Source of Microconstituents -- 1.3.1 Source of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the Environment -- 1.3.2 Source of Pesticides in the Environment -- 1.3.3 Source of Disinfection By-Products in the Environment -- 1.3.4 Source of Industrial Chemicals in the Environment -- 1.3.5 Source of Algal Toxins in the Environment -- 1.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Microconstituents -- 1.5 Impact on Human Society and Ecosystem -- 1.5.1 Impact on Human Health -- 1.5.2 Impact on the Ecosystem -- 1.6 The Structure of the Book -- 1.7 Conclusions -- 2 Occurrence -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Goals of Occurrence Survey -- 2.3 Environmental Occurrence of Microconstituents -- 2.3.1 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Groundwater -- 2.3.2 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Surface Water -- 2.3.3 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Marine Water -- 2.3.4 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Drinking Water -- 2.3.5 Occurrence of Microconstituents in WWTPs Effluent and Sludge -- 2.3.6 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Soil -- 2.3.7 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Foods and Vegetables -- 2.4 Challenges and Future Prospective in Occurrence Survey -- 2.5 Conclusions -- 3 Sampling, Characterization, and Monitoring -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sampling Protocols of Different Microconstituents -- 3.2.1 Sample Preparation -- 3.2.1.1 Traditional Sampling Techniques -- 3.2.1.2 Automatic Samplers and Pumps. , 3.2.1.3 Pore-Water Sampling -- 3.2.2 Extraction of Microconstituents -- 3.2.3 Passive Sampling -- 3.2.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control -- 3.2.5 Internal vs. External Quality Control -- 3.3 Quantification and Analysis of Microconstituents -- 3.3.1 Detection Techniques -- 3.3.2 UV-Visible Optical Methods -- 3.3.3 NMR Spectroscopy -- 3.3.4 Chromatographic Methods Tandem Mass Spectrometry -- 3.3.5 Biological Assay for Detection -- 3.3.6 Sensors and Biosensors for Detection -- 3.4 Source Tracking Techniques -- 3.4.1 Performance Criteria -- 3.4.2 Tracer Selection -- 3.4.3 Different Source Tracking Methods -- 3.4.4 Statistical Approaches in Source Tracking Modeling -- 3.4.4.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) -- 3.4.4.2 Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) -- 3.5 Remote Sensing and GIS Applications for Monitoring -- 3.5.1 Basic Concepts and Principles -- 3.5.2 Measurement and Estimation Techniques -- 3.5.3 Applications for Microconstituents Monitoring -- 3.6 Conclusions -- 4 Toxicity Assessment of Microconstituents in the Environment -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Microplastics in the Environment -- 4.3 Microplastics Pathways, Fate, and Behavior in the Environment -- 4.4 Concentration of Microplastics in the Environment -- 4.5 Influence of Microplastics on Microorganisms -- 4.6 Toxicity Mechanisms -- 4.6.1 Effect on Aquatic Ecosystem -- 4.6.2 Effect on Human Health -- 4.6.3 Toxicity Testing -- 4.6.3.1 Test Without PE MPs -- 4.6.3.2 With Microbeads -- 4.6.3.3 Analysis Limitations -- 4.7 Risk Assessment -- 4.8 Future Challenges in Quantification of the Environment -- 4.9 Conclusions -- Part II The Fate and Transportation of Microconstituents -- 5 Mathematical Transport System of Microconstituents -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Need for Mathematical Models -- 5.3 Fundamentals of Pollutant Transport Modeling -- 5.4 Development of Numerical Model. , 5.4.1 Advective Transport -- 5.4.2 Dispersive Transport -- 5.4.3 Discretization in Space and Time -- 5.5 Application of Models -- 5.6 Softwares for Pollutant Transport -- 5.6.1 Hydrus Model for Pollution Transport -- 5.7 Mathematical and Computational Limitation -- 5.8 Conclusions -- 6 Groundwater Contamination by Microconstituents -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Major Microconstituents in Groundwater -- 6.3 Mechanisms for Groundwater Contamination By Microconstituents -- 6.4 Modeling Transport of Microconstituents -- 6.5 Limitations -- 6.6 Concluding Remarks -- 7 Microconstituents in Surface Water -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Major Microconstituents in Surface Water -- 7.2.1 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) -- 7.2.2 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals -- 7.2.3 Industrial Chemicals -- 7.2.4 Pesticides -- 7.3 Water Cycles, Sources, and Pathways of Microconstituents, and the Applicability of Mathematical Models -- 7.3.1 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) -- 7.3.2 Pesticides in Surface Water -- 7.3.3 The Applicability of Mathematical Models -- 7.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Mathematical Tools -- 7.4 Fate and Transport of Microconstituents in Aquatic Environments -- 7.4.1 Adsorption of Microconstituents -- 7.4.2 Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Caffeine -- 7.4.3 Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Steroidal Estrogen -- 7.5 Modeling of Microconstituents in Aquatic Environments -- 7.5.1 BASINS System Overview -- 7.5.2 HSPF Model Evaluation (Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran Model) -- 7.5.3 Fundamental Mechanisms of SWAT Pesticide Modeling -- 7.5.3.1 SWAT Model Description -- 7.5.3.2 SWAT Model Set-Up -- 7.5.4 Model Sensitivity Analysis, Calibration, and Validation -- 7.5.4.1 Coefficient of Determination, R2 -- 7.5.4.2 Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Coefficient, NSE -- 7.5.5 Basin Level Modeling (Pesticide Transport). , 7.6 Conclusions -- 8 Fate and Transport of Microconstituents in Wastewater Treatment Plants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 The Sources of Microconstituents in Wastewater Treatment Plants -- 8.1.2 The Behavior of Microconstituents -- 8.2 The Fate of Microconstituents in WWTPs -- 8.2.1 Traditional Wastewater Treatment Process -- 8.2.2 The Fate of MCs in WWTPs -- 8.2.3 Biodegradation of Microconstituents -- 8.2.4 Sorption Onto Sludge Solids in WWTPs -- 8.3 Treatment Methods for Microconstituents Removal -- 8.3.1 Activated Sludge Process (ASP) -- 8.3.2 Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) -- 8.3.3 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) -- 8.3.4 Trickling Filter -- 8.4 Critical Parameters in WWTP Operation for MCs -- 8.4.1 ASP Operation -- 8.4.2 MBR Operation -- 8.4.3 MBBR Operation -- 8.4.4 TF Operation -- 8.5 Conclusions -- 9 Various Perspectives on Occurrence, Sources, Measurement Techniques, Transport, and Insights Into Future Scope for Research of Atmospheric Microplastics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Classification and Properties of Microplastics -- 9.2.1 Classification of Atmospheric Microplastics -- 9.2.2 Characteristics of Atmospheric Microplastics -- 9.2.3 Qualitative Assessment to Identify Microplastics -- 9.3 Sources of Atmospheric Microplastics -- 9.4 Measurement of Atmospheric Microplastics -- 9.5 Occurrence and Ambient Concentration of Microplastics -- 9.6 Factors Affecting Pollutant Concentration -- 9.7 Transport of Atmospheric Microplastics -- 9.8 Modeling Techniques in Prediction of Fate in the Atmosphere -- 9.9 Control Technologies in Contaminant Treatment -- 9.10 Challenges in Future Climate Conditions -- 9.11 Future Scope of Research -- 9.12 Conclusions -- 10 Modeling Microconstituents Based on Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques -- 10.1 Basic Components of Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Models -- 10.1.1 Source of Light or Energy. , 10.1.2 Radiation and the Atmosphere -- 10.1.3 Interaction With the Subject Target -- 10.1.4 Sensing Systems -- 10.1.5 Data Collection -- 10.1.6 Interpretation and Analysis -- 10.2 Coupling GIS With 3D Model Analysis and Visualization -- 10.2.1 Modeling and Simulation Approaches -- 10.2.1.1 Deterministic Models -- 10.2.1.2 Stochastic Models -- 10.2.1.3 Rule-Based Models -- 10.2.1.4 Multi-Agent Simulation of Complex Systems -- 10.2.2 GIS Implementation -- 10.2.2.1 Full Integration-Embedded Coupling -- 10.2.2.2 Integration Under a Common Interface-Tight Coupling -- 10.2.2.3 Loose Coupling -- 10.2.2.4 Modeling Environment Linked to GIS -- 10.3 Emerging and Application -- 10.3.1 Multispectral Remote Sensing -- 10.3.2 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing -- 10.3.3 Geographic Information System (GIS) -- 10.3.4 Applications -- 10.3.4.1 Urban Environment Management -- 10.3.4.2 Wasteland Environment -- 10.3.4.3 Coastal and Marine Environment -- 10.4 Uncertainty in Environmental Modeling -- 10.5 Future of Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Pollutant Monitoring -- 10.5.1 Types of Satellite-Based Environmental Monitoring -- 10.5.1.1 Atmosphere Monitoring -- 10.5.1.2 Air Quality Monitoring -- 10.5.1.3 Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) -- 10.5.1.4 Hazard Monitoring -- 10.5.1.5 Marine and Phytoplankton Studies -- 10.6 Identification of Microconstituents Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques -- 10.7 Conclusions -- Part III Various Physicochemical Treatment Techniques of Microconstituents -- 11 Process Feasibility and Sustainability of Struvite Crystallization From Wastewater Through Electrocoagulation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Struvite Crystallization Through Electrocoagulation -- 11.2.1 Working Principle -- 11.2.2 Types of Electrocoagulation -- 11.2.2.1 Batch Electrocoagulation -- 11.2.2.2 Continuous Electrocoagulation. , 11.2.2.3 Advantages of Electrocoagulation Over Other Methods for Struvite Precipitation.